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Vocabulary
Prologue – The Story of Psychology
Chapter 1 – Approaches, History and Research
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Behaviorism
Cognitive
Evolutionary
Functionalism
Psychology
hindsight bias p. 21
critical thinking p. 23
basic research p. 12
applied research p. 12
theory p. 24
hypothesis p. 24
operational definition p. 24
replication p. 24
case study p. 27
survey p. 27
false consensus effect, p. 28
population p. 28
random sample p. 28
naturalistic observation p. 28
correlation coefficient p. 31
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scatterplot p. 31
illusory correlation p. 33
experiment p. 38
double-blind procedure p. 38
placebo effect p. 38
experimental condition p. 38
control condition p. 38
random assignment p. 38
independent variable p. 38
dependent variable p. 38
mode p. 42
mean p. 42
median p. 42
range p. 42
standard deviation p. 44
regression toward the mean p. 676
meta-analysis p. 677
statistical significance p. 44
culture p. 47
Chapter 9 - Memory
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memory p. 344
flashbulb memory p. 344
encoding p.344
storage p. 344
retrieval p. 344
sensory memory p. 346
short-term memory p. 346
long-term memory p. 346
automatic processing p. 347
effortful processing p. 347
rehearsal p. 347
spacing effect p. 348
serial position effect p. 349
semantic encoding p. 350
acoustic encoding p. 350
visual encoding p. 350
imagery p. 351
mnemonics p. 351
chunking p. 353
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iconic memory p. 355
echoic memory p. 355
long-term potentiation (LTP) p. 356
amnesia p.358
implicit memory p. 358
explicit memory p. 358
hippocampus p. 360
recall p. 361
recognition p. 363
relearning p. 363
priming p. 363
deja vu p. 363
mood congruent memory p. 364
proactive interference p. 368
retroactive interference p. 368
repression p. 370
misinformation effect p. 372
source amnesia p. 375
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Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language
cognition p. 387
16. belief perseverance p. 397
concept p. 387
17. artificial intelligence (Al) p. 397
prototype p. 387
18. computer neural networks p. 399
algorithm p. 387
19. language p. 401
heuristic p. 387
20. phoneme p.401
insight p. 387
21. morpheme p. 401
confirmation bias p. 388
22. grammar p. 403
fixation p. 388
23. semantics p. 403
mental set p. 388
24. syntax p. 403
functional fixedness p. 388
25. babbling stage p. 403
representativeness heuristic p. 388
26. one-word stage p. 403
availability heuristic p. 390
27. two-word stage p. 386
overconfidence p. 391
28. telegraphic speech p. 386
framing p. 395
29. linguistic determinism p. 409
belief bias p. 395
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Chapter 18 – Social Psychology
social psychology p. 696
20. scapegoat theory p. 716
attribution theory p. 696
21. just-world phenomenon p. 719
fundamental attribution error p. 696
22. aggression p. 719
attitude p. 699
23. frustration-aggression principle p.720
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon p. 699
24. conflict p. 727
cognitive-dissonance theory p. 676
25. social trap p. 727
conformity p. 705
26. mere exposure effect p. 729
normative social influence p. 705
27. passionate love p. 733
informational social influence p. 705
28. companionate love p. 733
social facilitation p. 709
29. equity p. 735
social loafing p. 711
30. self-disclosure p. 735
deindividuation p. 711
31. altruism p. 735
group polarization p. 711
32. bystander effect p. 736
groupthink p. 712
33. social exchange theory p. 736
prejudice p. 715
34. superordinate goals p. 738
stereotype p. 715
35. GRIT p. 738
in-group p. 716
out-group p. 716
in-group bias p. 716
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biological psychology p. 58
neuron p. 58
dendrite p. 58
axon p. 58
myelin sheath p. 58
action potential p. 47
Chapter 2 – Neuroscience
7. threshold p. 60
8. synapse p. 60
9. neurotransmitters p. 60
10. acetylcholine (ACh) p. 63
11. endorphins p. 63
12. nervous system p. 65
13. central nervous system (CNS) p. 63
14. peripheral nervous system (PNS) p.
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15. nerves p. 63
16. sensory neurons p. 63
17. interneurons p. 63
18. motor neurons p. 63
19. somatic nervous system p. 63
20. autonomic nervous system p. 63
21. sympathetic nervous system p. 63
22. parasympathetic nervous system p.
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23. reflex p. 63
24. neural networks p. 69
25. lesion p. 70
26. electroencephalogram (EEG) p. 70
27. CT (computed tomography) scan p. 70
28. PET (positron emission tomography)
scan p. 7o
29. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) p.
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30. brainstem p. 72
31. medulla p. 72
32. reticular formation p. 72
33. thalamus p. 72
34. cerebellum p. 73
35. limbic system p. 74
36. amygdala p. 74
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hypothalamus p. 75
cerebral cortex p. 77
glial cells p. 77
frontal lobes p. 77
parietal lobes p. 77
occipital lobes p. 77
temporal lobes p. 77
motor cortex p. 79
sensory cortex p. 79
association areas p. 79
aphasia p. 82
Broca's area p. 82
Wernicke's area p. 82
plasticity p. 84
corpus callosum p. 85
split brain p. 87
endocrine system p. 94
hormones p. 94
adrenal glands p. 94
pituitary gland p. 95
clinical psychology p. 14
psychiatry p. 14
psychopharmacology p. 685
lithium p. 689
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) p.
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62. psychosurgery p. 690
63. lobotomy p. 690
Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders
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psychological disorder p. 620
medical model p. 620
bio-psycho-social perspective p. 623
DSM-IV p. 623
neurotic disorder p. 623
psychotic disorder p. 623
anxiety disorders p. 627
generalized anxiety disorder p. 627
panic disorder p. 627
phobia p. 627
obsessive-compulsive disorder p. 627
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mood disorders p. 633
major depressive disorder p. 635
manic episode p. 635
bipolar disorder p. 635
dissociative
disorders p. 645
dissociative
identity disorder p. 645
schizophrenia p. 647
delusions p. 647
personality disorders p.653
Chapter 17 – Therapy
1. Eclectic approach
2. Psychotherapy
3. Psychoanalysis
4. Resistance
5. Interpretation
6. Transference
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Psychodynamic
Insight therapies
Client-centered therapy
Active learning
Unconditional positive regard
Behavior therapy
Counterconditioning
Exposure therapies
Systematic desensitization
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Aversive conditioning
Token economy
evidence-based practice
Meta-analysis
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Cognitive therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Family therapy
Regression toward the mean
Biomedical therapy
Psychopharmacology
Antipsychotic drugs
Anti-anxiety drug
Antidepressant drugs
ECT
ECT
Psychosurgery
Lobotomy
resilience
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Chapter 5 – Sensing the World Basics
sensation p. 194
25. cones p. 202
perception p. 194
26. optic nerve p. 202
bottom-up processing p. 194
27. blind spot p. 202
top-down processing p. 194
28. fovea p. 202
psychophysics p. 194
29. feature detectors p. 205
absolute threshold p. 194
30. parallel processing p. 206
signal detection theory p. 194
31. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
subliminal p. 194
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difference threshold p. 194
32. opponent-process theory p. 210
Weber's law p. 194
33. color constancy p. 210
sensory adaptation p. 199
34. audition p. 212
transduction p. 199
35. frequency p. 212
wavelength p. 201
36. pitch p. 212
hue p. 201
37. middle ear p. 213
intensity p. 201
38. inner ea, p. 213
pupil p. 201
39. cochlea p. 213
iris p. 201
40. place theory p. 215
lens p. `201
41. frequency theory p. 215
accommodation p. 201
42. conduction hearing loss p. 216
retina p. 201
43. sensorineural hearing loss p. 216
acuity p. 201
44. gate-control theory p. 221
nearsightedness p. 201
45. sensory interaction p. 224
farsightedness p. 202
46. kinesthesis p. 226
rods p. 202
47. vestibular sense p. 226
Chapter 6 – Perception: Selective Attention, Perceptual Illusions and Organization
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selective attention p. 232
visual capture p. 210
gestalt p. 210
figure-ground p. 211
grouping p. 212
depth perception p. 213
visual cliff p. 213
binocular cues p. 214
monocular cues p. 214
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retinal disparity p. 214
convergence p. 215
phi phenomenon p. 218
perceptual constancy p. 218
perceptual adaptation p. 249
perceptual set p. 250
human factors psychology p. 255
extrasensory perception (ESP) p. 257
parapsychology p. 259
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Chapter 7 – States of Consciousness: Waking Consciousness, Sleep & Dreams
consciousness p. 266
5. hidden observer p. 292
biological rhythms p. 269
1. psychoactive drug p. 295
circadian rhythm p. 269
2. tolerance p. 295
REM sleep p. 273
3. withdrawal p. 295
alpha waves p. 273
4. physical dependence p. 295
sleep p.273
5. psychological dependence p. 295
hallucinations p. 273
6. depressants p. 295
delta waves p. 273
7. stimulants p. 295
insomnia p. 278
8. hallucinogens p .295
narcolepsy p. 278
9. barbiturates p. 297
sleep apnea p. 281
10. opiates p. 297
night terrors p. 281
11. amphetamines p. 299
dream p. 281
12. ecstasy (MDMA) p. 299
REM rebound p. 284
13. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) p. 299
hypnosis p. 285
14. THC p. 301
posthypnotic amnesia p. 287
15. near-death experience p. 305
posthypnotic suggestion p. 291
16. dualism p. 306
dissociation p. 291
17. monism p. 306
Chapter 8 – Learning and Classical Conditioning
1. associative learning p. 309
4. behaviorism p. 312
2. learning p. 309
5. unconditioned response (UCR) p. 312
3. classical conditioning (Pavlovian
6. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) p. 312
conditioning) p. 312
7. conditioned response (CR) p. 314
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conditioned stimulus (CS) p. 314
acquisition p. 314
extinction p. 317
spontaneous recovery p. 317
generalization p. 317
discrimination p. 317
operant conditioning p. 322
respondent behavior p. 322
operant behavior p. 322
law of effect p. 322
operant chamber (Skinner box) p 322
shaping p. 322
Reinforcer. 324
primary reinforcer p. 324
conditioned reinforcer (secondary
reinforcers) p. 324
23. continuous reinforcement p. 326
24. partial (intermittent) reinforcement
p. 326
25. fixed-ratio schedule p. 326
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variable-ratio schedule p. 326
fixed-interval schedule p. 326
variable-interval schedule p. 326
punishment p. 329
cognitive map p. 329
latent learning p. 331
overjustification effect p. 331
intrinsic motivation p. 331
extrinsic motivation p. 331
behavior therapy p. 665
counterconditioning p. 665
exposure therapies p. 667
systematic desensitization p. 667
aversive conditioning p. 667
token economy p. 668
observational learning p. 336
modeling p. 336
mirror neurons p. 336
prosocial behavior p. 336
Chapter 11 – Intelligence: The Origins of Intelligence Testing
intelligence test p. 420
3. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
mental age p. 409
p. 432
Stanford-Binet p. 420
4. standardization p. 434
intelligence quotient (IQ) p. 420
5. normal curve p. 434
intelligence p. 423
6. reliability p. 434
factor analysis p. 423
7. validity p. 437
general intelligence (g) p. 423
8. content validity p. 437
savant syndrome p. 425
9. criterion p. 437
emotional intelligence p. 426
10. predictive validity p. 437
creativity p. 428
11. mental retardation p. 439
aptitude test p. 432
12. Down syndrome p. 439
achievement test p. 432
13. stereotype threat p. 450
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Chapter 12 – Motivation and work
motivation p. 457
3. sexual disorder p. 469
instinct p. 457
4. estrogen p. 470
drive-reduction theory p. 457
5. sexual orientation p. 475
homeostasis p. 457
1. flow p. 486
incentive p. 457
2. industrial/organizational (I/O)
hierarchy of needs p. 458
psychology p. 486
glucose p. 461
3. structured interviews p. 490
set point p. 462
4. achievement motivation p. 490
basal metabolic rate p. 462
5. task leadership p. 495
anorexia nervosa p. 464
6. social leadership p. 495
bulimia nervosa p. 464
7. Theory X p. 495
sexual response cycle p. 469
8. Theory Y p. 495
refractory period p. 469
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emotion p. 500
James-Lange theory p. 500
Cannon-Bard theory p. 500
two-factor theory p. 500
polygraph p. 509
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Chapter 4 – The Developing Person: Prenatal Development and the Newborn
developmental psychology p. 136
13. concrete operational stage p. 14930
zygote p. 137
14. formal operational stage p. 149
embryo p. 137
15. stranger anxiety p. 150
fetus p. 137
16. attachment p. 150
teratogens p. 137
17. critical period p. 151
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) p. 137
18. imprinting p. 151
rooting reflex p. 138
19. basic trust p. 154
habituation p. 139
20. self-concept p. 15
maturation p. 140
1. adolescence p. 159
schema p. 143
2. puberty p. 160
assimilation p. 143
3. primary sex characteristics p. 160
accommodation p. 143
4. secondary sex characteristics p. 160
cognition p. 145
5. menarche p. 163
sensorimotor stage p. 145
6. identity p. 167
object permanence p. 145
7. intimacy p. 168
preoperational stage p. 147
1. menopause p. 172
conservation p. 147
2. Alzheimer's disease p. 178
egocentrism p. 147
3. cross-sectional study p. 180
theory of mind p. 147
4. longitudinal study p. 180
autism p.147
5. crystallized intelligence p. 180
Chapter 13 - Emotion
2. catharsis p. 520
3. feel-good, do-good phenomenon p 522
4. subjective well-being p. 522
5. adaptation-level phenomenon p. 525
6. relative deprivation p. 526
6. fluid intelligence p. 180
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7. social clock p. 183
Chapter 15
personality p. 576
free association p. 576
psychoanalysis p. 576
unconscious p. 576
id p. 576
ego p. 579
superego p. 579
psychosexual stages p. 579
Oedipus complex p. 579
identification p. 579
fixation p. 579
defense mechanisms p. 580
repression p. 580
regression p. 580
reaction formation p. 581
projection p. 581
rationalization p. 581
displacement p. 581
projective test p. 581
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) p.
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Rorschach inkblot test p. 581
collective unconscious p. 582
psychotherapy p. 660
eclectic approach p. 660
psychoanalysis p. 660
resistance p. 660
interpretation p. 660
manifest content p. 281
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latent content p. 282
transference p. 660
self-actualization, p. 587
unconditional positive regard p. 589
self-concept p. 589
client-centered therapy p. 663
active listening p. 665
trait p. 591
personality inventory p. 593
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI) p. 593
empirically derived test p. 593
social-cognitive perspective p. 600
reciprocal determinism p. 600
personal control p. 600
external locus of control p. 602
internal locus of control p. 602
learned helplessness p. 602
positive psychology p. 604
Cognitive therapy p. 668
cognitive-behavior therapy p. 671
family therapy p. 672
spotlight effect p. 608
self-esteem p. 608
self-serving bias p. 608
individualism p. 611
collectivism p. 611
terror-management theory p. 615
Chapter 14 – Stress and Health
behavioral medicine p. 532
7. Type B p. 539
health psychology p. 631
8. psychophysiological illness p. 541
stress p. 532
9. lymphocytes p. 542
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) p.
1. aerobic exercise p. 546
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2. biofeedback p. 548
coronary heart disease p. 539
3. complimentary and alternative medicine
Type A p. 539
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Chapter 3 – The Nature and Nurture of Behavior
chromosomes p. 100
16. molecular genetics p. 115
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) p. 100
17. culture p. 121
genes p. 100
18. norm p. 123
genome p. 100
19. personal space p.123
natural selection p.101
20. memes p. 123
mutations p. 101
21. X chromosome p.126
evolutionary psychology p. 101
22. Y chromosome p.126
gender p. 101
23. testosterone p.126
behavior genetics p. 109
24. role p.127
environment p. 109
25. gender role p. 127
identical twins p. 109
26. gender identity p. 128
fraternal twins p. 109
27. gender-typing, p. 129
temperament p. 112
28. social learning theory p. 129
heritability p. 112
29. gender schema theory p. 131
interaction p 114