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Animal Kingdom Vertebrates Mr. Cobb Biology 1 Zoology: study of animals The Kingdom Animalia No cell wall Heterotrophic Motile Sexual reproduction Tissue / organs Multicellular Distinct body plan Basic Anatomy Posterior Anterior cephali c Basic Anatomy Left & Right Front & Back Lateral Lateral Medial a: asymmetrical b: spherical Radial Symmetry: can be cut in half along many planes that allow for nearly identical ½s Bilateral Symmetry: a single plane divides body into two mirror images Animal Kingdom Invertebrates Mr. Cobb Biology Invertebrates Invertebrates are organisms that lack a notochord, or backbone. Invertebrates sometimes have a hard exoskeleton to protect themselves from predators and their environment. Invertebrates 97% of all animals on earth are invertebrates. Consists of over 30 Phyla Porifera Cnidarians Mollusca Arthropoda Echinoderms Worms: Nematoda, Annelida, Flatworms Invertebrates = without a backbone 97% of all animals Phylum Porifera Sponges Porifera: ex.Sponges Simplest animal life on Earth No body symmetry No real sense organ or nerve system Phylum Porifera “pore bearers” * sponges * aquatic * adult is sessile * living pumps uses… * home * camouflage * padding * paint brush * cup * cleaning Phylum Poifiera Sponge cells Amebocytes: move food & waste Choanocytes: collar cells flagella make water current Sponge cells Porocytes: line the pores Phylum Poifiera Choanocytes choanocyt es Sponges are supported by spicules Phylum Cnidaria Cnidarians: ex. Jellyfish Two layers of tissues Radial Symmetry Nerve system is not complex and sensory is limited 2 Basic Body Forms Medussa Polyp Phylum Cnidaria • cnidoblasts stinging cells • nematocyst poisonous barbs, threads, or sticky stuff Other Cnidarians Corals Other Cnidarians Corals Sea anemones Portuguese Man-of-war Mollusca Mollusks are bilateral animals that have a complete digestive system, sense organs, a brain, and a nervous system. There are three classes of mollusks: Gastropoda – “belly footed” Bivalvia – 2 shells Cephalopoda – “head footed” Phylum Mollusca * molluable = malleable = soft * 2nd largest phyla * largest source of invertebrate food Phylum Mollusca * Shell: tough outer covering protects & supports * Foot: fleshly, muscular organ, used for locomotion * Radula: “rake” covered with teeth scrapes up food particles Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropod (stomach-foot) Ex: snail … univalve Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropod Ex: snail Gastropoda Gastropods have a muscular foot that they use for movement. These are found in both fresh and salt water. Have a radula (a tongue like structure that scrapes algae from surfaces). Open circulatory system Internal fertilization Gastropoda Bivalvia Found in both salt and fresh water Filter feeders – mucous covers the gills and traps food as water siphons through. Gills push food to the mouth. External fertilization Foot can be used to burrow Bivalvia Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia (2 valves) Ex: Clam * Valves: 3 layers 1) horny outer layer 2) prismatic layer 3) pearly layer Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalva Ex: Clam (lacks radula) * Cephalopods Have tentacles with suction cups that are used to capture food. Have a radula and a beak used to tear and crush food. Found only in salt water environments. Their eyes are similar to humans’ eyes. Inky fluid can be expelled to escape predators. Cephalopods Internal reproduction Closed circulatory system – has veins and arteries Highly developed brain, intelligent (Mather, Anderson, and Wood, 1998) Can change colors Cephalopods Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopod (head-foot) Ex: octopus * sucker-bearing arms * change colors * squirt black ink Giant Squid = largest known invertebrate Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopod (head-foot) Ex: octopus hatching & eating Octopus color change water pistil defense camo wow giant octopus Squid wash up in CA after an earth quake July 9, 2009 Jumbo squid invade San Diego shores, spook divers Jul 16 02:55 PM US/Eastern Phylum Echinodermata Ex: starfish * System of canals & tubes for locomotion & food capture Link to visuals Arthropods Bilateral with exoskeleton made of protein and chitin. Exoskeleton is shed (molting) and is replaced as they grow. Have jointed appendages Have 2 or 3 body sections (head, thorax, abdomen). Arthropods Open circulatory system Simple nervous system Some undergo external fertilization (in water), or internal fertilization (on land) Arthropods Many classes of Arthropoda, including: Insecta Arachnida Crustacea Millipedes and Centipedes Echinoderms Insecta Largest and most diverse group of the arthropods. Classified by wing type (those that fly) and metamorphosis Have 3 pairs of jointed legs, mandibles, touch receptor hairs, and tympanum (sense sounds) Insecta Found in almost all habitats Produce large amounts of offspring Communicate through touch and pheremones Insecta Arachnida Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks Have a combined cephalothorax and eight legs Have a tracheal tube and book lungs Fang-like protrusions near mouth (chelicerae) Arachnida Have external digestion Spinnerets spin protein into silk. Have Pedipalps for holding, crushing, and sensing Arachnida Crustacea Different from other arthropods because they have gills. Lobsters, crabs, crayfish, barnacles, pill bugs Have large, heavy mandibles Can regenerate appendages Have a carapace Crustacea Millipedes and Centipedes Millipedes (class diplopoda) Millipedes release a foul odor to deter predators Millipedes are herbivores and scavengers Millipedes have two pairs of legs per body segment Millipedes and Centipedes Centipedes (class chilopoda) Centipedes have painful, poisonous bite that can be dangerous to small children. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment Millipedes and Centipedes Echinoderms Echinoderms are marine organisms with radial symmetry as adults, with long arms or rays. Undergo external fertilization Have complex organs and organ systems Echinoderms Digestion – stomach pushes through the mouth and covers food. Food is digested, then brought inside organism as a liquid. Types of Echinoderms Class Asteroidea – starfish are the most common members of this group. Brittle Stars – Look similar to starfish, but have longer, more slender rays. Move by wiggling their arms. Sand dollars and sea urchins – have spines instead of rays. Types of Echinoderms Sea cucumber – cucumber shaped with rays around mouth. Can regenerate some of its internal organs. Feather stars – small, freeswimming. Primitive digestive and nervous systems. Types of Echinoderms Sea lilies – look like plants, primitive digestive and nervous systems. Echinoderms Echinoderms The Worms > soft bodied > legless > bilateral symmetry > some cephalization > develop from 3 cell layers 1) Phylum Platyhelminthes Plat = flat ex: planarian * free living Phylum Platyhelminthes = flatworms Example: planarian (freeliving) Phylum Platyhelminthes Parasitic flatworms have … • thick tegument •hooks/suckers •no external cilia •no organs Phylum Platyhelminthes Example: flukes (parasitic) Phylum Platyhelminthes Example: tapeworm (parasitic) Phylum Platyhelminthes proglottid scolex Example: tapeworm (parasitic) Phylum Platyhelminthes Example: tapeworm (parasitic) Phylum Platyhelminthes Example: tapeworm (parasitic) Phylum Nematoda = roundworms Example: Ascaris (parasitic) Phylum Nematoda = roundworms Example: Ascaris (parasitic) Phylum Nematoda Example: hookworms (parasitic) Phylum Nematoda Example: heart worms (parasitic) Phylum Nematoda Phylum Nematoda Phylum Nematoda Elephantiasis due to roundworm infection Phylum Annelida = segmentes worms Example: earthworm Phylum Annelida = segmented worms Example: earthworm Phylum Annelida Example: clam worm (parasitic) Phylum Annelida Example: feather worm Phylum Annelida Example: leeches (parasitic)