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Animal Kingdom Vertebrates
Mr. Cobb
Biology
1
Zoology:
study of animals
The Kingdom Animalia
No cell wall
Heterotrophic
Motile
Sexual reproduction
Tissue / organs
Multicellular
Distinct body plan
Basic Anatomy
 Posterior
Anterior 
cephali
c
Basic Anatomy
Left &
Right
Front &
Back
Lateral
Lateral 
 Medial 
a: asymmetrical
b: spherical
Radial Symmetry: can be cut in half along
many planes that allow for nearly identical ½s
Bilateral Symmetry: a single plane
divides body into two mirror images
Animal Kingdom Invertebrates
Mr. Cobb
Biology
Invertebrates
Invertebrates are organisms that
lack a notochord, or backbone.
Invertebrates sometimes have a
hard exoskeleton to protect
themselves from predators and
their environment.
Invertebrates
97% of all animals on earth are
invertebrates.
Consists of over 30 Phyla
Porifera
Cnidarians
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinoderms
Worms: Nematoda, Annelida, Flatworms
Invertebrates = without a backbone
97% of all animals
Phylum
Porifera
Sponges
Porifera: ex.Sponges
Simplest animal
life on Earth
No body
symmetry
No real sense
organ or nerve
system
Phylum Porifera
“pore bearers”
* sponges
* aquatic
* adult is sessile
* living pumps
uses…
* home
* camouflage
* padding
* paint brush
* cup
* cleaning
Phylum
Poifiera
Sponge cells
Amebocytes:
move food & waste
Choanocytes:
collar cells
flagella make
water current
Sponge cells
Porocytes:
line the pores
Phylum
Poifiera
Choanocytes
choanocyt
es
Sponges are
supported by
spicules
Phylum
Cnidaria
Cnidarians: ex. Jellyfish
Two layers of
tissues
Radial
Symmetry
Nerve system is
not complex and
sensory is
limited
2 Basic Body Forms
Medussa
Polyp
Phylum Cnidaria
• cnidoblasts
stinging cells
• nematocyst
poisonous
barbs,
threads,
or sticky stuff
Other
Cnidarians
Corals
Other
Cnidarians
Corals
Sea anemones
Portuguese
Man-of-war
Mollusca
Mollusks are bilateral animals that
have a complete digestive system,
sense organs, a brain, and a nervous
system.
There are three classes of mollusks:
Gastropoda – “belly footed”
Bivalvia – 2 shells
Cephalopoda – “head footed”
Phylum Mollusca
* molluable = malleable = soft
* 2nd largest phyla
* largest source of invertebrate food
Phylum Mollusca
* Shell: tough outer covering
protects & supports
* Foot: fleshly, muscular organ,
used for locomotion
* Radula: “rake” covered with teeth
scrapes up food particles
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropod (stomach-foot)
Ex: snail … univalve
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropod
Ex: snail
Gastropoda
Gastropods have a muscular foot that
they use for movement.
These are found in both fresh and salt
water.
Have a radula (a tongue like structure
that scrapes algae from surfaces).
Open circulatory system
Internal fertilization
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Found in both salt and fresh water
Filter feeders – mucous covers the
gills and traps food as water
siphons through. Gills push food
to the mouth.
External fertilization
Foot can be used to burrow
Bivalvia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia (2 valves)
Ex: Clam
* Valves: 3 layers
1) horny outer layer
2) prismatic layer
3) pearly layer
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalva
Ex: Clam
(lacks radula)
*
Cephalopods
Have tentacles with suction cups that
are used to capture food. Have a
radula and a beak used to tear and
crush food.
Found only in salt water environments.
Their eyes are similar to humans’ eyes.
Inky fluid can be expelled to escape
predators.
Cephalopods
Internal reproduction
Closed circulatory system – has
veins and arteries
Highly developed brain, intelligent
(Mather, Anderson, and Wood,
1998)
Can change colors
Cephalopods
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopod (head-foot)
Ex: octopus
* sucker-bearing arms
* change colors
* squirt black ink
Giant Squid
= largest known invertebrate
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopod (head-foot)
Ex: octopus
hatching & eating
Octopus color change
water pistil
defense
camo wow
giant octopus
Squid wash up in CA after an earth quake July 9,
2009
Jumbo squid invade San Diego shores,
spook divers
Jul 16 02:55 PM US/Eastern
Phylum Echinodermata
Ex: starfish
* System of canals & tubes
for locomotion & food capture
Link to visuals
Arthropods
Bilateral with exoskeleton made of
protein and chitin.
Exoskeleton is shed (molting) and
is replaced as they grow.
Have jointed appendages
Have 2 or 3 body sections (head,
thorax, abdomen).
Arthropods
Open circulatory system
Simple nervous system
Some undergo external fertilization
(in water), or internal fertilization
(on land)
Arthropods
Many classes of Arthropoda,
including:
Insecta
Arachnida
Crustacea
Millipedes and Centipedes
Echinoderms
Insecta
Largest and most diverse group of
the arthropods.
Classified by wing type (those that
fly) and metamorphosis
Have 3 pairs of jointed legs,
mandibles, touch receptor hairs,
and tympanum (sense sounds)
Insecta
Found in almost
all habitats
Produce large
amounts of
offspring
Communicate
through touch
and pheremones
Insecta
Arachnida
Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks
Have a combined cephalothorax
and eight legs
Have a tracheal tube and book
lungs
Fang-like protrusions near mouth
(chelicerae)
Arachnida
Have external digestion
Spinnerets spin protein into silk.
Have Pedipalps for holding,
crushing, and sensing
Arachnida
Crustacea
Different from other arthropods
because they have gills.
Lobsters, crabs, crayfish,
barnacles, pill bugs
Have large, heavy mandibles
Can regenerate appendages
Have a carapace
Crustacea
Millipedes and Centipedes
Millipedes (class diplopoda)
Millipedes release a foul odor to
deter predators
Millipedes are herbivores and
scavengers
Millipedes have two pairs of legs
per body segment
Millipedes and Centipedes
Centipedes (class chilopoda)
Centipedes have painful, poisonous
bite that can be dangerous to small
children.
Centipedes have one pair of legs
per body segment
Millipedes and Centipedes
Echinoderms
Echinoderms are marine organisms
with radial symmetry as adults,
with long arms or rays.
Undergo external fertilization
Have complex organs and organ
systems
Echinoderms
Digestion – stomach pushes
through the mouth and covers
food. Food is digested, then
brought inside organism as a
liquid.
Types of Echinoderms
Class Asteroidea – starfish are the most
common members of this group.
Brittle Stars – Look similar to starfish,
but have longer, more slender rays.
Move by wiggling their arms.
Sand dollars and sea urchins – have
spines instead of rays.
Types of Echinoderms
Sea cucumber – cucumber shaped
with rays around mouth. Can
regenerate some of its internal
organs.
Feather stars – small, freeswimming. Primitive digestive and
nervous systems.
Types of Echinoderms
Sea lilies – look like plants,
primitive digestive and nervous
systems.
Echinoderms
Echinoderms
The Worms
> soft bodied
> legless
> bilateral symmetry
> some cephalization
> develop from 3 cell layers
1) Phylum Platyhelminthes
Plat = flat
ex: planarian
* free living
Phylum Platyhelminthes = flatworms
Example: planarian (freeliving)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Parasitic flatworms have …
• thick tegument
•hooks/suckers
•no external cilia
•no organs
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Example: flukes (parasitic)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Example: tapeworm (parasitic)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
proglottid
scolex
Example: tapeworm (parasitic)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Example: tapeworm (parasitic)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Example: tapeworm (parasitic)
Phylum Nematoda = roundworms
Example: Ascaris (parasitic)
Phylum Nematoda = roundworms
Example: Ascaris (parasitic)
Phylum Nematoda
Example: hookworms (parasitic)
Phylum Nematoda
Example: heart worms (parasitic)
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Nematoda
Elephantiasis due to roundworm infection
Phylum Annelida = segmentes worms
Example: earthworm
Phylum Annelida = segmented worms
Example: earthworm
Phylum Annelida
Example: clam worm (parasitic)
Phylum Annelida
Example: feather worm
Phylum Annelida
Example: leeches (parasitic)