Download Pest monitoring for table grape exports to China

Pest monitoring for
table grape exports to China
Acknowledgements
David Madge, Victorian Department of Primary Industries
NSW DPI Primefacts – Prime Fact 511. February 2007. Grapevine pests and their management.
Wine Titles (1999) The Australian and New Zealand Field Guide for Diseases, Pests and Disorders of Grapes.
ATGA/Scholefield Robinson Horticultural Services (June 2008) Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM) Factsheets.
If you would like to receive this information/publication in an accessible format (such as large print or
audio) please call the Customer Service Centre on 136 186, TTY 1800 122 969, or email
[email protected].
Authorised by the Department of Primary Industries, 1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000.
Published by the Department of Primary Industries
Farm Services Victoria Division, November 2010.
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is
without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or
other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
© The State of Victoria 2010.
This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright Act 1968.
ISBN 978-1-74264-563-6 (print)
ISBN 978-1-74264-564-3 (online)
For more information about DPI go to www.dpi.vic.gov.au or phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186.
Pest monitoring for table grape exports
Protocol for monitoring for pests in the table grape
industry – 2010
Grapevine growth stages –the modified E-L system
As per Protocol of Phytosanitary Requirements for the Export of Table Grapes from
Australia to China between the General Administration of Quality Supervision,
Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Repulic of China and the Australian
Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
Light Brown Apple Moth
For Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM), (Epiphyas postvittana), the registered vineyard shall be
monitored visually and with trapping from the bud period to harvest period once every two weeks.
When the number of LBAM in each block exceeds following threshold by visual inspection, biological
or chemical control measures shall be adopted according to the recommended treatment management
thresholds for Epiphyas postvittana (LBAM): when more than 10 LBAM caterpillars per 100 branches
or 100 bunches at pre-flowering, 5 LBAM caterpillars per 100 shoots or 100 bunches at flowering to
veraison and less than 5 LBAM caterpillars per 100 shoots or 100 bunches from veraison to harvest
are detected. At least one trapping device should be placed in each block of registered vineyards,
no more than 5 adult LBAM should be detected in each trapping device from veraison to harvest. In
case of failure to meet these treatment management conditions, no grapes from the vineyard in this
season shall be exported to China.
Grape leaf rust mite/Bunch mite/Black plague thrip/Tubular black thrip/
Long-tailed mealybug
For grape leaf rust mite (Calepitrimerus vitis), bunch mite (Brevipalpus californicus), black plague
thrip (Haplothrips froggatti), tubular black thrip (Haplothrips victoriensis), and long-tailed
mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus), the vineyard shall be monitored once every two weeks during
the bud period to the harvest period of grapes. In case of pests or corresponding symptoms detected
during monitoring, biological or chemical control measures shall be adopted.
Figure 1. The modified E-L system by Coombe 1995. This system has in total 47 continuous stages of grapevine
development. When examining phenology key timings of budburst (E-L 4), flowering (E-L 19), veraison (E-L 35) and
harvest (E-L 38) are of particular note and significance.
Pest monitoring for table grape exports
Light Brown Apple Moth (Epiphyas postvittana)
Caterpillars
Monitor for newly hatched caterpillars because large caterpillars
are difficult to control. The caterpillars are yellow when young, but
become green with a brown head capsule as they mature. They hide
in webbing in leaf rolls or bunches. When disturbed they wriggle
backward quickly and may hang by a thread.
Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM)
is a native Australian leaf-roller.
They have a wide range of hosts
(including grapevines) making
it an ongoing pest of table
grapes, as well as a range of other Look for
horticultural crops. LBAM favour
• Egg masses and small caterpillars every 7-14 days from budburst
cool climates, lush growth and cool • Egg masses on the upper surface of fully expanded leaves
summers.
• Tiny, pale yellow caterpillars inside shoot tips, in leaf rolls, or in young
bunches and on the underside of mature leaves at flowering and onwards.
Moths
Moths are a pale brown with a wing span of about 10mm. Male moths are smaller than female moths and
have a dark band on the hind part of the forewings. The moths are mostly active towards dusk and early
morning when conditions are calm.
Pupae
Mature caterpillars will undergo pupation at the feeding site. The pupae are about 10-12mm long, and turn
from green to brown as they mature. The moth emerges one to several weeks later.
Monitoring
Management - biological control
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
budburst to harvest
pheromone traps (males)
10% port wine lures (male & female)
v ine searches – eggs and larvae – around moth
flight peaks
• egg masses – check about 1000 leaves/block
• l arvae – check 100 shoots or 100 bunches/block
Management - cultural control
Females lay most of their eggs between 6 and 10 days after they
emerge from the pupae. Eggs hatch within 7-21 days (about 1 week
in summer) depending on temperature. Newly laid egg masses
appear green. Mature egg masses appear yellow-brown with a small
black dot in the centre of each egg when they are ready to hatch.
Hatched egg masses appear translucent. Egg hatch may occur over
a number of weeks, depending on temperature.
Vine
Growth
Stage
Pre-Flowering
Flowering to
Veraison
*Veraison to
Harvest
Management - applied control
• spray timing should coincide with egg hatch
• monitor ‘tagged’ egg masses
• If using B.t., apply early evening
• removal of host ‘weeds’ and groundcover
Egg Masses
predators and parasites
Trichogramma wasp
lacewing larvae
predatory spiders & shield bugs
parasitic flies
avoid broad-spectrum contact insecticides
Recommended Treatment Thresholds
Larvae
Shoots
Bunches
Monitor 100 shoots
Monitor 100 bunches
More than 10 caterpillars per 100 shoots (10%) More than 10 caterpillars per 100 bunches (10%)
5 caterpillars per 100 inflorescences/bunches
5 caterpillars per 100 shoots (5%)
(5%)
<5 caterpillars per 100 shoots (<5%)
<5 caterpillars per 100 bunches (<5%)
Pest monitoring for table grape exports
Bunch mite (Brevipalpus californicus)
Bunch mite adults are microscopic
(0.3 mm long), flat, shield-shaped and
reddish-brown in colour. Their eggs
are oval, bright red and deposited
throughout the vine. They can only be
seen with a hand lens.
•
•
T he six-legged larvae, which are
lighter coloured than the adults,
subsequently moult to eight-legged
nymphs, which moult into adults
I n spring, bunch mites feed on
developing canes, and later on the
under-surfaces of leaves.
• E arly season damage is characterised by small dark spots or scars around the base of canes.
They later move to the bunch stalks, berry pedicels and berries.
• D
amage to the bunch stalks and pedicels can partly starve the berries, preventing sugar
accumulation.
Look for
• Brown scars on bunch stalks or berry stems
Monitoring
• fortnightly, budburst to harvest
• f or small dark spots on berries and
stems
• t he mites themselves are difficult
to see
Management – biological
control
• Predators and parasites;
− predatory mites
− lacewing and hoverfly larvae
− thrips
− ladybirds
• a void broad-spectrum contact
insecticides
• T he adults spend the winter under the outer bud scales and under the rough bark at the base of
the canes.
Management – cultural control
• Favoured by hot dry weather
• minimise dust
If you would like to receive this information/publication in an accessible format (such as large print or
audio) please call the Customer Service Centre on 136 186, TTY 1800 122 969, or email
[email protected].
Authorised by the Department of Primary Industries, 1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000.
Published by the Department of Primary Industries
Farm Services Victoria Division, November 2010.
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is
without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or
other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
© The State of Victoria 2010.
This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright Act 1968.
ISBN 978-1-74264-563-6 (print)
ISBN 978-1-74264-564-3 (online)
For more information about DPI go to www.dpi.vic.gov.au or phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186.
Pest monitoring for table grape exports
Grape leaf rust mite (Calepitrimerus vitis)
Grape leaf rust mites are
microscopic (0.2mm long), cream
to pink in colour, wormlike and
possesses two pairs of legs near
the head. The most visible and
easily recognisable symptoms
of rust mite occur from January
to March. The vine leaves start
to darken and take on a bronzed
appearance because of the
damage caused by mites feeding
on the leaves.
• R
ust mites overwinter on trunks/
cordons then migrate to spurs/canes
prior to budburst
• Infest newly emerging shoots
Microscopic mites (0.2mm)
Look for
• Bronzed leaves
Monitoring
• fortnightly, budburst to harvest
• scarred berries
• bronzing of leaves in autumn
• mites difficult to see
Management - cultural control
• minimise dust
Rust mites feeding damages leaves => leaf
bronzing and premature leaf drop
Management - biological control
• predators and parasites
– Predatory mites
– lacewing and hoverfly larvae
– thrips and ladybirds
Damage to grapes caused by grape leaf rust
mite
• avoid broad-spectrum contact insecticides
If you would like to receive this information/publication in an accessible format (such as large print or
audio) please call the Customer Service Centre on 136 186, TTY 1800 122 969, or email
[email protected].
Authorised by the Department of Primary Industries, 1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000.
Published by the Department of Primary Industries
Farm Services Victoria Division, November 2010.
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is
without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or
other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
© The State of Victoria 2010.
This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright Act 1968.
ISBN 978-1-74264-563-6 (print)
ISBN 978-1-74264-564-3 (online)
For more information about DPI go to www.dpi.vic.gov.au or phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186.
Pest monitoring for table grape exports
Black Plague Thrips (Haplothrips froggatti)
Black plague thrips are narrow,
dark grey to black and along
with other thrips, are abundant
in some years but rarely cause
damage. They may swarm in
clouds when disturbed. The
adults are 2-3mm long.
Look for
• Scarred berries
Monitoring
• fortnightly, budburst to harvest
• check flowers, young leaves and berries
Management - cultural control
• avoid slashing cover crops infested with thrips
Black Plague Thrips (1mm long)
Tubular Black Thrips (Haplothrips Victoriensis)
Tubular black thrips are a
predator of two-spotted mite
and rust mite on vines in the
Sunraysia region. The adults
are 1mm long and the larvae
are red.
Management - biological control
• predatory ladybirds, mites, thrips and bugs
Black plague thrips and red larvae
• avoid broad-spectrum pesticides
Damage (scarring) to grape berries caused
by thrips
Tubular Black Thrips
If you would like to receive this information/publication in an accessible format (such as large print or
audio) please call the Customer Service Centre on 136 186, TTY 1800 122 969, or email
[email protected].
Authorised by the Department of Primary Industries, 1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000.
Published by the Department of Primary Industries
Farm Services Victoria Division, November 2010.
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is
without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or
other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
© The State of Victoria 2010.
This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright Act 1968.
ISBN 978-1-74264-563-6 (print)
ISBN 978-1-74264-564-3 (online)
For more information about DPI go to www.dpi.vic.gov.au or phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186.
Pest monitoring for table grape exports
Long-tailed Mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus)
Look for
• Young mealybugs on undersides of basal leaves inside the canopy from late
Long tailed mealybugs have
spring
soft bodies covered with a white • Look for sticky leaves and ant activity in dense canopies or where mealybugs
have occurred previously
powdery wax and are fringed
by white filaments. Their anal
filaments are usually as long as
Monitoring
the body. Mealybugs survive over
• Fortnightly, budburst to harvest
winter beneath vine bark and
• Vine searches - crawlers from November onwards
in cracks in trellis posts. There
• ‘Hotspots’ (previous infestations/insecticide use)
are often 3-4 generations each
• Sheltered sites
• Ant activity
season. They prefer mild, humid
conditions; mild seasons; dense
Management - biological control
canopies and sheltered sites.
• Predators and parasites
Hot dry conditions can kill young
– Parasitic wasps
mealybugs.
– ladybird larvae and adults
– lacewing larvae
– hover flies
• avoid broad-spectrum contact insecticides
Management – cultural control
• Avoid dense, lush canopy
If you would like to receive this information/publication in an accessible format (such as large print or
audio) please call the Customer Service Centre on 136 186, TTY 1800 122 969, or email
[email protected].
Authorised by the Department of Primary Industries, 1 Spring Street, Melbourne 3000.
Published by the Department of Primary Industries
Farm Services Victoria Division, November 2010.
Disclaimer
This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is
without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or
other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.
© The State of Victoria 2010.
This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright Act 1968.
ISBN 978-1-74264-563-6 (print)
ISBN 978-1-74264-564-3 (online)
For more information about DPI go to www.dpi.vic.gov.au or phone the Customer Service Centre on 136 186.