Download APES First Semester Final Exam Review

APES Review
This review lists the highlights
of the covered chapters. In no
way does it cover everything
you’ve learned!
Introduction
Chapter 1
Exponential Growth
GDP
Per capita GDP
Developing, developed nations
Perpetual, renewable, nonrenewable resources
Tragedy of the commons
Ecological Footprint
Affluenza
Rule of 70
Natural capital
Frontier Worldview
Chapter 2
Easter Island
Scientific Method
Positive and negative feedback
loops
Synergistic effect
Isotopes
Organic compounds
High and low quality matter
High and low quality energy
High through put economy
Low through put economy
Ionizing radiation vs. nonionizing radiation
Organic vs. inorganic
compounds
Law of conservation of matter
half lives
Nuclear fission vs. fusion
First Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Ch. 3 Ecosystems
Levels of Ecology (Realm of
ecology)
Habitat
Ecosystem
Community
Biosphere
Range of tolerance
Limiting factor
Abiotic vs biotic
Biomes
Autotroph vs. heterotroph
Producer vs. consumer
Decomposers vs. detrivore
Trophic levels
Aerobic vs. anaerobic
respiration
Biodiversity
Food chain vs. food web
Biomass
Energy pyramid
NPP
GPP
Horizons (describe each layer)
Profile
Humus
Infiltration
Leaching
Sand, silt, clay
Porosity
Soil texture triangle
Loam
Aquifer
Surface Runoff
Evaporation
Transpiration
Percolation
Condensation
Carbon cycle
Photosynthesis
Calcium carbonate
Green house effect
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen fixation
Ammonification
Nitrite vs. nitrate
Denitrification
NOx
Phosphorous cycle
Sulfur cycle
Sources of sulfur
Evolution Ch.4
Natural selection
Mutations
Coevolution
Fundamental vs. realized niche
Specialist vs. generalist
Divergent evolution
Speciation
Endemic species
Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation
Mass extinction
Mass depletion
Background extinction
Recombinant DNA
GMO’s
Artificial selection
Founder effect
Bottleneck effect
Climate and Terrestrial
Biodiversity: ch. 5
Climate vs. weather
Relationship between
elevation and latitude
Tropical desert
Temperate desert
Polar desert
Savanna
Prairie
Tundra
Permafrost
Chaparral
Tropical rain forest
Steppe
Veldt
Pampas
Temperate deciduous forest
Taiga
Canopy
Coniferous forest
What causes seasons
Cold front
Warm front
El nino
La nina
Aquatic Biodiversity
Chapter 6
Zooplankton
Nekton
Benthos
Phytoplankton
Euphotic
Coastal zone
Coral reefs
Continental shelf
Where is NPP highest
Coastal wetlands
Mangrove
Estuary
Open sea
Intertidal zone
Abyssal zone
Bathyal zone
Barrier beach
Barrier island
Marine snow
Mid-Atlantic ridge
Lentic
Lotic
Littoral zone
Profundal
Limnetic
Overturns
Eutrophic lake
Oligotrophic lake
Cultural eutrophication
Drainage basin or watershed
Floodplain zone
Brackish water
Thermocline
Levee
Stream channelization
Ch.7 Community ecology
Species diversity
Species richness
Species evenness
Invasive species
Indicator species
Keystone species
Foundation species
Interspecific competition
Intraspecific competition
Resource partitioning
Predation
Camouflage
Carnivores
Parasitism
Epiphyte
Mutualism
Commensalism
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Climax community
Inertia
Constancy
Resilience
Law of competitive exclusion
Population
Chapter 8
Population change formula
age structures diagram
Environmental resistance
Carrying capacity (K)
Intrinsic rate of increase (r)
Logistic growth vs.
exponential growth
Density dependent and density
independent controls
K-selected species (Kstrategist)
r-selected species (r-strategist)
Survivorship curves (late,
constant, early loss) or
type I, II, or III
Chapter 9
Crude birth/crude death rates
Natality
Formula to find rate of
population change %
Rule of 70
Replacement Level Fertility
Total fertility rate
US population changes (baby
boom, baby bust, etc)
Factors that affect birth rates
(poverty, infant
mortality, education, etc)
Terrestrial Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Selective cutting
Clear cutting
Strip cutting
Crown fires
Surface fire
Ground fires
Prescribed fires
Canopy
Rotational grazing
Riparian zones
Overgrazing
National forest
National park
Biosphere reserve
Core and buffer zones
Healthy Forest Restoration Act
Kenaf
Sustaining Biodiversity
Chapter 11
Intrinsic value
HIPPO
Habitat island
Habitat fragmentation
Invasive species
Biotic pollution
Over exploitation
Local extinction
Ecological extinction
Biological (global) extinction
Endangered species
Threatened species
Ecotourism
Captive breeding
Seed banks
Theory of island
biogeography
Habitat Corridors
Edge effect
Wildlife refuges
Wilderness areas
National forest vs. park
CITES
Poaching
Earth Systems and Resources
Chapter 12
Drift net
Long line
Sonar
Purse-seine
Bottom trawling
Commercial extinction
IWC
Cetaceans
Baleen vs toothed whales
TEDs
Bycatch
MPA’s
High seas
Marine reserves
Maximum sustained yield
Optimum sustained yield
Mitigation banking
Chapter 13
Industrialized, plantation,
traditional subsistence,
traditional intensive
agriculture
Green Revolutions
Dust Bowl
Desertification
Soil salinization
Conservation tillage
Terracing, contour planting,
strip cropping, alley cropping
Agroforestry
Crop rotation
Organic vs. inorganic fertilizer
Land use for meat vs. grain
Monoculture
IPM
Rill
Gully
Sheet erosion
FIFRA
________________________
Chapter 14
What most our water is used
for
Advantages and disadvantages
of damming rivers
Three Gorges Dam - China
Colorado River Basin – US
Aral Sea
Ogallala aquifer
Center pivot
LEPA
Drip irrigation
Flood irrigation
Causes of flooding
Chapter 15
Subduction zone
Layers of the Earth (inner and
outer core, mantle, crust,
asthenosphere, lithosphere)
Divergent, convergent,
transform faults
Ring of Fire
Examples of igneous,
sedimentary, metamorphic
rock
Rock cycle
Subsurface vs. surface mining
types
Hazards of subsurface mining
Subsidence
Mineral resources available in
ocean
Energy
Chapter 16
Crude oil
Where the world’s oil is
mostly located
advantages, and disadvantages
of oil
tar sand
shale oil
bitumen
Where natural gas is mostly
located
natural gas-pros/cons
fracking
LPG vs. LNG
Where the world’s coal is
mostly located
Coal pros/cons
SNG
Bituminous
anthracite
Who uses nuclear power
nuclear power: pros/cons
U-235
U-238
breeder reactors
fusion vs. fission
control rods
moderator
coolant
Three Mile Island
Chernobyl
Chapter 17
Energy efficiency
Co-generation
Passive and active solar
heating – how it works
Advantages and disadvantages
to solar heating
Hydroelectric power– how it
works
Hydropower-pros/cons
Wind power– how it works
wind power- pros/cons
Biomass energy– how it works
biomass energy-pros/cons
Geothermal energy– how it
works
Geothermal- pros/cons
Hydrogen power –how it
works
hydrogen power-pros/cons
Green roof or living roof
Pollution
Chapter 18
Toxicity factors
LD50
Threshold level
Bioaccumulation
biomagnification
synergistic interactions
Acute vs. chronic effects
Teratogens
Mutagens
carcinogens
Nontransmissible
transmissible
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Bioassay
Malnutrition vs. undernutrition
CDC
Anemia
Scurvy
Bhopal India
Goiter
Vaccine
Chapter 19
Layers of the atmosphere
Primary and secondary
pollutants
Particulate matter
Types and sources of smog
Acid rain locations
Acid rain causes and effects
Health effects and sources of:
 carbon monoxide,
 asbestos
 radon-222
 formaldehyde,
 Chloroform
 particulate matter
Clean Air Acts
Emission Allowances trading
Catalytic converter
Dioxin
EPA
NAAQS
Tropospheric ozone
__________________________
Climate Change Chapter 20
how volcanoes affect climate
Greenhouse gases
Effects of global warming
Ocean acidification
Conveyer belt current
Ways to remove CO2
Stratospheric ozone
Ozone hole
How CFC’s destroy ozone
UVA, UVB, UVC
Malignant melanoma
Cataracts
Montreal protocol
Chapter 21
Point and non-point pollution
Causes and health effects of:
 lead
 mercury
 arsenic
Factors that affect DO
Eutrophication
Prevention of groundwater
pollution
Prevention of oil spills
Clean up of oil spills in ocean
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
Septic tank
Oxygen sag curve
Clean water act
Safe drinking water act
____________________________
Chapter 22
Love Canal
Solid waste sources
What makes up US landfills
Ways to reduce amount of
solid waste
The 5 R’s
Hazardous wastes
Phytoremediation
bioremediation
Plasma Arc
Deep underground wells
Surface impoundments
Mercury poisoning sources
and effects
Lead poisoning sources and
effects
e-waste
Basel convention
Stockholm Convention
Brown fields
Superfund