Download Slides for test 2

Microbial Diversity
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
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Figure 19-1 Three common prokaryote shapes
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Figure 19-2 The prokaryote flagellum
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Figure 19-2b The structure of the bacterial flagellum
cell
wall
“wheelandaxle”
base
(b) The structure of the bacterial flagellum
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outer
membrane
peptidoglycan
layer
plasma
membrane
Figure 19-3 The cause of tooth decay
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Figure 19-4 Spores protect some bacteria
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Figure 19-5 Some prokaryotes thrive in extreme conditions
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Figure 19-6 Cyanobacteria
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Figure 19-7 Reproduction in prokaryotes
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Figure 19-8 Conjugation: prokaryotic “mating”
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Figure 19-9 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules
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Figure 19-10 The sizes of microorganisms
1 m
Staphylococcus
cyanobacterium
Escherichia
coli
Eukaryotic cells
(10–100 m)
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Prokaryotic cells
(0.2–10 m)
Viruses
(0.05–0.2 m)
Viruses
RNA or DNA
Can have a membrane
Plant viruses vs. animal viruses
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Figure 19-11b Bacteriophage
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Figure 19-13 Some viruses infect bacteria
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Figure 19-11a Rabies virus
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Figure 19-11c Tobacco mosaic viruses
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Figure 19-11d Influenza viruses
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Figure 19-12 Viral structure and replication
glycoproteins
envelope
(lipid bilayer)
protein
coat
spikes
core
proteins
genetic material
(viral RNA)
coated with protein
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reverse
transcriptase
Figure E19-2 How viruses replicate
Step 2
1 A virus attaches to a receptor on the host's
plasma membrane; its core disintegrates, and
viral RNA enters the cytoplasm
envelope
coat
core
(cytoplasm)
RNA
reverse
transcriptase
(nucleus)
DNA
RNA
mRNA
(a) HIV virus, a retrovirus, invades a white blood cell
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Figure E19-2 How viruses replicate
envelope
coat
Step 8
(cytoplasm)
DNA
DNA
1 A virus enters a
cell by endocytosis
mRNA
(nucleus)
(b) Herpes virus, a double-stranded DNA virus, invades a skin cell
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Figure 19-14 Prions: puzzling proteins
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Table 20-1 The Major Groups of Protists (1 of 2)
Representative
Features
Representative
Genus
Heterotrophic
Lack mitochondria;
inhabit soil or water,
or may be parasitic
Giardia (intestinal
parasite
of mammals)
Heterotrophic
Lack mitochondria;
parasites or
commensal
symbionts
Trichomonas
(causes the sexually
transmitted infection
trichomoniasis)
Group
Subgroup
Locomotion
Nutrition
Excavates
Diplomonads
Swim with
flagella
Parabasalids
Swim with
flagella
Euglenids
Swim with one Autotrophic;
Have an eyespot;
flagellum
photosynthetic all fresh water
Euglena (common
pond-dweller)
Kinetoplastids
Swim with
flagella
Heterotrophic
Inhabit soil or water,
or may be parasitic
Trypanosoma (causes
African sleeping
sickness)
Water molds
Swim with
flagella
(gametes)
Heterotrophic
Filamentous
Plasmopara (causes
downy mildew)
Diatoms
Glide along
surfaces
Autotrophic;
Have silica shells;
photosynthetic most marine
Navicula (glides
toward light)
Brown algae
Nonmotile
Autotrophic;
Seaweeds of temperate
photosynthetic oceans
Macrocystis (forms kelp
forests)
Dinoflagellates
Swim with two Autotrophic;
Many
flagella
photosynthetic bioluminescent;
often have cellulose
Gonyaulax (causes red
tide)
Apicomplexans
Nonmotile
Plasmodium (causes
malaria)
Ciliates
Swim with cilia Heterotrophic
Euglenozoans
Stramenopiles
(chromists)
Alveolates
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Heterotrophic
All parasitic; form
infectious spores
Include the most complex Paramecium (fastsingle cells
moving pond-dweller)
Table 20-1 The Major Groups of Protists (2 of 2)
Representative
Features
Representative
Genus
Heterotrophic
Have calcium carbonate
shells
Globigerina
Extend thin
pseudopods
Heterotrophic
Have silica shells
Actinomma
Lobose amoebas
Extend thick
pseudopods
Heterotrophic
Have no shells
Amoeba (common
pond-dweller)
Acellular slime
molds
Sluglike mass
oozes over
surfaces
Heterotrophic
Form multinucleate
plasmodium
Physarum (forms a
large, bright orange
mass)
Cellular slime
molds
Amoeboid cells Heterotrophic
extend
pseudopods;
sluglike mass
crawls over
surfaces
Group
Subgroup
Locomotion
Nutrition
Rhizarians
Foraminiferans
Extend thin
pseudopods
Radiolarians
Amoebozoans
Form pseudoplasmodium Dictyostelium (often
with individual amoeboid used in laboratory
cells
studies)
Red algae
Nonmotile
Green algae
Swim with
Autotrophic;
Closest relatives of land
flagella (some photosynthetic plants
species)
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Autotrophic;
Some deposit calcium
Porphyra (used to
photosynthetic carbonate; mostly marine make sushi wrappers)
Ulva (sea lettuce)
Figure 20-1 Pseudopods
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Figure 20-2a Reproducing by cell division
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Figure 20-2b Exchanging genetic material
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Figure 20-3 Giardia: The curse of campers
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Figure 20-4 Trichomonas causes a sexually transmitted infection
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Figure 20-5 Euglena, a representative euglenid
flagellum
eyespot
contractile
vacuole
stored food
nucleus
nucleolus
chloroplasts
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Figure 20-6 A disease-causing kinetoplastid
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Figure 20-8 Some representative diatoms
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Figure 20-9 Brown algae, a multicellular protist
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Figure 20-10 A dinoflagellate
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Figure 20-11 A red tide
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Figure 20-12 The life cycle of the malaria parasite
1 A female Anopheles mosquito
bites an infected human and ingests
gametocytes, which become gametes
(infected
human)
female
gametocyte
male
gametocyte
salivary
glands
male gamete
female gamete
2 Fertilization
produces a zygote
that enters the wall
of the mosquito’s
stomach
3 The zygote gives
rise to sporozoites
that migrate to the
mosquito’s salivary
glands
7 The synchronized rupture
of red blood cells releases
toxins and the parasites;
some parasites infect more
blood cells
6 Parasites
multiply in the
red blood cells
8 Some parasites become
gametocytes, which may be
ingested by another feeding
Anopheles mosquito
4 The infected
mosquito bites an
uninfected human
and saliva containing
sporozites is injected;
the sporozites enter
the liver and develop
through several stages
5 Parasites
emerge from the
liver and enter
red blood cells
liver
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Figure 20-13 The complexity of ciliates
macronucleus
oral groove
food vacuole
forming
micronucleus
food vacuole
anal pore
contractile
vacuole
cilia
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Figure 20-14 A microscopic predator
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Figure 20-15a Foraminifera
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Figure 20-15b A radiolarian
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Figure 20-16 An amoeba
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Figure 20-17a Plasmodium
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Figure 20-17b Fruiting bodies
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Figure 20-18 The life cycle of a cellular slime mold
1 When food becomes
scarce, cells aggregate
into a slug-like mass called
a pseudoplasmodium
nucleus
fruiting
bodies
3 Single,
amoeba-like
cells emerge
from spores,
and crawl
and feed
haploid (n)
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spores
2 A pseudoplasmodium
migrates toward light and
forms a fruiting body in
which spores are produced
Figure 20-19 Red algae
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Figure 20-20a Spirogyra
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Figure 20-20b Ulva
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Figure E19-1 Rare beef is a haven for dangerous bacteria
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Figure 20-20 Green algae
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Table 20-1 The Major Groups of Protists
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