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Lecture 1 CS148/248 UC Santa Cruz School of Engineering [email protected] 3 April 2007 Class Mechanics UC SANTA CRUZ What is interactive narrative? Somehow combine “interactivity” and “story” What is interaction? What is story? The two terms seem to be in conflict “I won't go so far as to say that interactivity and storytelling are mutually exclusive, but I do believe that they exist in an inverse relationship to one another… Interactivity is almost the opposite of narrative; narrative flows under the direction of the author, while interactivity depends on the player for motive power…” Ernest Adams in Gamasutra UC SANTA CRUZ The holy grail of interactive narrative? UC SANTA CRUZ Live in a storyworld UC SANTA CRUZ Questions about the holodeck Are all holodeck experiences story? What are the limitations of a pure, first-person, realist perspective? Are there stories for which it is inappropriate (or at least unlikely) for the player to be the protagonist? Let’s look at other examples that have been called interactive stories UC SANTA CRUZ Example 1 UC SANTA CRUZ Example 2 UC SANTA CRUZ Example 3 ZORK I: The Great Underground empire Copyright (c) 1981, 1982, 1983 Infocom, Inc. All rights reserved. ZORK is a registered trademark of Infocom, Inc. Revision 88 / Serial number 840726 West of House You are standing in an open field west of a white house, with a boarded front door. There is a small mailbox here. >open mailbox Opening the mailbox reveals a leaflet. >read leaflet (taken) "WELCOME TO ZORK! ZORK is a game of adventure, danger, and low cunning. In it you will explore some of the most amazing territory ever seen by mortals. No computer should be without one!" > UC SANTA CRUZ Example 4 UC SANTA CRUZ Example 5 UC SANTA CRUZ Artificial Intelligence and Story Story generation Story understanding Drama Management Autonomous Characters UC SANTA CRUZ Story generation I: Morphemes & grammars Morphemes – story events or “functions” Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folk tales Example morphemes: The hero leaves home, the hero is given a difficult task, the hero defeats the villain Grammars – hierarchic combination rules Story grammars – use story functions by analogy to linguistic elements UC SANTA CRUZ Sample output & story grammar once upon a time there lived a dog. one day it happened that farmer evicted cat. when this happened, dog felt pity for the cat. in response, dog sneaked food to the cat. farmer punished dog. story setting + episodes episodes episode + episodes episode story_event + emotional_response + action_response Joseph story generator – R. Raymond Lang UC SANTA CRUZ Story generation II: Author simulation Model authorial knowledge beyond story structure Examples: Authorial goals, plans, knowledge about the world UC SANTA CRUZ Terminal Time Collaborators: Steffi Domike, Design Department, Chatham College Paul Vanouse, Art Department, SUNY Buffalo UC SANTA CRUZ History engine Goal trees (ideology) Historical events Audience feedback Audio-visual elements UC SANTA CRUZ Terminal Time architecture Media Retrieval & Sequencing Natural Language Generation Rhetorical Devices To multimedia front end Storyboard Biased event Rhetorical Goal Trees Knowledge Base Event Event Event Event Event Event UC SANTA CRUZ Interactive Drama Plot structure Tension/Complexity Climax Crisis Falling action Rising action Exposition Inciting incident Time Denouement Characters • • • • • • • Personality Emotion Self motivation Change Social relationships Consistency Illusion of life UC SANTA CRUZ Story AI: authorship and interaction The Enemy Author has control but All interaction paths must be pre-coded by author Can only make very small stories Bits of story can’t be incrementally added UC SANTA CRUZ Drama management Policy for “story piece” selection An alternative to explicitly coded links Actual sequence Selection policy Story library UC SANTA CRUZ General interactive drama (story) architecture UC SANTA CRUZ