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17 Locomotion in humans
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17.1 Why do animals need a skeleton?
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17.2 The human skeleton
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17.3 General plan and functions of the human
skeleton
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17.4 Joints
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17.5 Muscles
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17.6 Locomotion in humans
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Mind Map
17.1 Why do animals need a skeleton?
17.1 Why do animals need a skeleton?
1
Support
body weight
2
Help
movement
17.1 Why do animals need a skeleton?
 Bones inside the body
17.2 The human skeleton
17.2 The human skeleton
Human
skeleton
Bones
Cartilage
17.2 The human skeleton
Bones
Composition
1
Living cells
makes the
bone hard
2
Minerals
mainly
calcium
phosphate
17.2 The human skeleton
spongy
bone
cartilage
yellow bone
marrow
Bones
compact
bone
17.2 The human skeleton
spongy
bone
contains red
bone marrow
produces
blood cells
small cavities
17.2 The human skeleton
yellow bone
marrow
stores fat
(in adults)
17.2 The human skeleton
compact
bone
very hard &
dense
17.2 The human skeleton
On the two
ends of bone
Cartilage
much softer
and more
flexible than
bone
does not
contain
calcium salts
17.2 The human skeleton
Pressure
Functions
It is cushion-like
acts
as
shock-absorber
17.2 The human skeleton
Functions
During movement
reduces friction
avoids
wearing of bones
17.2 The human skeleton
Functions
can be found in ear
pinna & the end of
nose
gives shape
can be found in
trachea
keeps trachea
open all the time
17.2 The human skeleton
Cartilage
Functions
1
Absorbs shock
2
3
Reduces friction
Maintains shape
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Human
skeleton
skull
sternum
rib cage
rib
vertebral
column
collar bone pectoral
girdle
scapula
humerus
forelimb
radius
ulna
pelvic girdle
femur
knee cap
tibia
fibula
Axial skeleton
hind
limb
Appendicular skeleton
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Skull
cranium
eye socket
nose bones
upper jaw
teeth
lower jaw
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Skull
cranium
eye socket
nose bones
upper jaw
teeth
immovable
lower jaw
movable
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Skull
Function
protects
brain
eyes
ears
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Vertebral column
spinal cord
vertebra
intervertebral
disc
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Vertebral column
S-shaped
composed of
33 vertebrae
Functions
1
protects
spinal
cord
2
gives support to
upper part
of the
body
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Rib Cage
Vertebral
Column
Sternum
Rib
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Rib Cage
1
protects
Functions
lungs
heart
2
involved in
breathing
3
produces
blood cells
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Appendicular
skeleton
pectoral girdle
links
arm
with
vertebral
column
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Appendicular
skeleton
pelvic girdle
links
protects the
organs in the
lower part of
the abdomen
leg
with
vertebral
column
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Human skeleton
Functions
weight
1
Support &
maintenance
of the body
shape
support
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Human skeleton
Functions
bends
2
extends
For attachment of
muscles and for
movement
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Human skeleton
Functions
3
rib
heart
lung
Protection of
internal organs
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Human skeleton
Functions
red bone
marrow
red blood cell
4
Production of
blood cells
white blood cell
17.3 General plan and functions of the human skeleton
Human skeleton
Functions
compact bone tissue
stores calcium salts
and phosphorus
5
Storage
yellow bone marrow
stores fat
17.4 Joints
17.4 Joints
Joints -- where two or more bones meet
some are immobile
e.g. sutures in the
cranium
some are mobile,
called movable joints
e.g. knee joint, elbow
joint
17.4 Joints
Structure
ligaments
bone 1
hold two bones
together
elastic
tough
bone 2
prevent
dislocation
allow
movement
17.4 Joints
Structure
tendon
articular
cartilage
muscle
femur
synovial
fluid
synovial
membrane
ligament
tibia
17.4 Joints
Structure
synovial
membrane
secretes
synovial fluid
Reduce Friction
17.4 Joints
Structure
articular
cartilage
1
Absorb shocks
2
Reduce friction
3
Prevent wearing
17.4 Joints
Types of Joint
Hinge joint
Allows movement
in ONE plane only
17.4 Joints
Types of Joint
Ball-andsocket
joint
Allows movement
in ALL planes
ball
socket
17.4 Joints
Ball-and-socket joint
Hinge joint
1. Shoulder joint
1. Elbow joint
2. Hip joint
2. Knee joint
17.5 Muscles
17.5 Muscles
Muscle
contractio
n
force
Energy
(ATP)
Respiration
17.5 Muscles
Muscles attached
to bone
Skeletal muscles
contracts
powerfully
for a long
period of time
1
becomes
shortened
2
becomes
fatigued
because of
accumulation
of lactic acid
17.6 Locomotion in humans
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Muscle and the skeleton
joining
muscle to
bones
tendons
made up of
collagen
bone
muscle
tough and
inelastic
transmit force
from muscles to
bones
immediately
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Comparisons between tendons and ligaments
Tendon
attaches
muscle to bone
Ligament
attaches
bone to bone
elastic
inelastic
transmits force
from muscles to
bones
prevents
dislocatio
n
allows
movement
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Movement of the forearm
biceps
biceps
contracts
(thicker & shorter)
triceps
triceps
relaxes
(thinner & longer)
Bending the arm
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Movement of the forearm
biceps
biceps
relaxes
(thinner & longer)
triceps
contracts
(thicker & shorter)
triceps
Straightening the arm
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Movement of the forearm
Bending the arm
Straightening the arm
biceps
relaxes
biceps
contracts
triceps
relaxes
Biceps
Triceps
triceps
contracts
Work in pair & carry
out opposite actions
Antagonistic
(opposing)
muscles
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Movement of the forearm
Bending the arm
Straightening the arm
biceps
relaxes
biceps
contracts
triceps
relaxes
triceps
contracts
Biceps
bends a limb by
contraction
Flexor
Triceps
straightens a limb
by contraction
Extensor
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Bone as levers
muscles act on
the bones across
the joints
bones are
moved like
levers
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Bone as levers
The force is transmitted along the lever to the load
contraction
of biceps
(effort)
hand
(load)
effort
elbow
joint
(fulcrum)
load
fulcrum
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Experiment 17.1
Examination of an arm model
wooden board X
nail
string tying the
balloon to a nail
balloon B
balloon A
wooden
board Z
wooden board Y
screw allowing
movement of
wooden board Z
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Experiment 17.1
Examination of an arm model
1. Study the arm model.
2. Move wooden board Z so that it forms an angle of less than
90º with wooden board Y. Notice the thickness of the two
balloons.
3. Move wooden board Z so that it forms a large angle with
wooden board Y. (Wooden boards Y and Z may lie on the
same line. The angle should not exceed 180 º.) Notice the
thickness of the two balloons.
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Experiment 17.1
Examination of an arm model
Question 1:
What parts of the forelimb are represented by the wooden
boards and the screw between wooden boards Y and Z
respectively?
Answer:
The wooden boards represent the
bones and the screw between
wooden boards Y and Z represents
the elbow joint.
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Experiment 17.1
Examination of an arm model
Question 2:
Which balloon represents the triceps? Which represents the
biceps?
Answer:
Balloon A represents the triceps and
balloon B represents the biceps.
17.6 Locomotion in humans
Experiment 17.1
Examination of an arm model
Question 3:
What happens to the biceps and triceps as the forearm is bent
or straightened?
Answer:
As the forearm is bent, the biceps contracts and becomes
shorter and thicker, and the triceps relaxes and becomes longer
and thinner. The actions of the two muscles oppose each other.
To straighten the forearm, the biceps relaxes and the triceps
contracts.
Mind Map
Locomotion in humans
involves the coordination of
skeleton
is made
up of
linked
up by
held
together
by
ligaments
examples
can be
divided
tendons
into
1. bones
joints
skeletal muscles
consists of
2. cartilage
axial
skeleton
consists
of
1. skull
2. vertebral
column
3. ribs and
sternum
appendicular
skeleton
consists
of
1. pectoral
girdles
2. pelvic
girdles
3. limb
bones
flexor
example
biceps
extensor
1. hinge
joints
example
triceps
2. ball-and
-socket
joints
examples
examples
1. knee
joints
1. shoulder
joints
2. elbow
joints
2. hip
joints