Download Raphael, School of Athens Michelangelo David – Most unreligious

Chapter 8 Transition to the Modern Age6/14/2011 11:10:00 PM
Raphael, School of Athens
Michelangelo
David – Most unreligious religious statue by Michelangelo
Leonardo da Vinci
Petrarch – "Father of humanism / encouraged learning Greek
and education should also include how to communicate
knowledge and use it for public good (Ciceronan values)
Johann Gutenberg – introduced modern book printing
Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man – "We
have made you a creature you may, as the free and proud shaper
of your own being, fashion yourself in the form you may prefer"
Machiavelli, The Princei – book: Where his name means deceit
/ Machiavellian = unscrupulous Politian
Erasmus – Credited for making Renaissance humanisn an
international movement
Shakespeare – Wrote intensely human plays
Martin Luther – Protestant reformer (criticized the church and
indulgences)
Johann Tetzel – a Dominican Friar who was attacked by Luther
for selling Indulgences
95 Theses – 95 propositions that challenged the practice of
selling indulgences
Pope Leo X – last non-priest to be elected pope and challenged
Luther's 95 theses'
Henry VIII (P)
Edward VI (P)
Mary I (C)
Elizabeth I (P)
Ignatius Loyola, Society of Jesus – Jesuit founder and
jesuits
Thomas More, Utopia – book: one of the most original works of
the entire Renaissance / ELIMINATION OF PRIVATE PROPERTY
John Calvin
Predestination – God already knows!
Council of Trent – Ecumenical
Peace of Augsburg
Chapter 10 Intellectual Transformation
Copernicus – book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres: marks the beginning of modern astronomy.
Francis Bacon – book: Advancement in learning: Father of
empiricism / developed the scientific method.
Kepler – Developed the laws of planetary motion.
Galileo – book: The Starry Messenger: asserted the uniformity of
nature and physics. (the church condemns his teachings and
places him under house arrest)
Newton – book: Principia Mathematica: Marked the climax of
scientific revolution / developed calculus / Newton's law of motion
/ His discovery of the composition of light laid the foundation for
optics
Thomas Hobbes – book: Leviathan: thought that absolutism
was the most desirable and logical from of government / Only
absolute rule could provide an environment secure enough for
people to pursue their individual interests.
Voltaire – Letters: Letters concerning the English Nation:
reforming society through the advancement of reason and the
promotion of science and technology.
Montesquieu – book: Spirit of Laws: to found a science of
society based on the mode of natural science.
Diderot – Edited the Encyclopedia
J.J. Rousseau – "Man is born free and everywhere he is in
chains": The social contract: He sought to recreate the
community spirit and the political freedom that characterized the
Greek city-state.
Epistemology - a branch of philosophy that investigates
the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.
C Beccaria – book: On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which
condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding
work in the field of penology.
Adam Smith – books: The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations /
father of modern economics and capitalism
Rene Descartes – Father of modern philosophy and developer of
geometry
Philosophes – French thinkers: This group was a heterogenous
mix of people who pursued a variety of intellectual interests:
scientific, mechanical, literary, philosophical, and sociological
Deism - the standpoint that reason and observation of the
natural world, without the need for organized religion, can
determine that the universe is a creation and has a creator
Laissez-Faire - an environment in which transactions between
private parties are free from state intervention, including
restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies.
Frederick II the Great of Prussia – (King of Prussia Frederick
IV) a brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic
stratagems and wars against Austria and other powers, greatly
enlarged Prussia’s territories and made Prussia the foremost
military power in Europe
Maria Theresa of Austria - was the only female ruler of the
Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She
was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia,
Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands
and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine
Seven Years’ War - a global military conflict between 1756 and
1763, involving most of the great powers of the time affecting
North and Central America, Europe, the West African coast, India
and the Philippines
American Revolution - the political upheaval during the last
half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North
America joined together to break free from the British Empire,
combining to become the United States of America
Chapter 11 Era of the French Revolution
Ancien Regime - Political and social system of France prior to
the French Revolution. Under the regime, everyone was a subject
of the king of France as well as a member of an estate and
province. All rights and status flowed from the social institutions,
divided into three orders: clergy, nobility, and others (the Third
Estate
Nobles of the Sword - This class was heir to a militaristic
ideology of professional chivalry
Nobles of the Robe - French aristocrats who owed their rank to
judicial or administrative posts — often bought outright for high
sums (most inherited their positions)
Bourgeoisie – the social order that is dominated by the so-called
middle class. In social and political theory, the notion of the
bourgeoisie was largely a construct of Karl Marx (1818–83) and
of those who were influenced by him
Estates General - the representative assembly of the three
“estates,” or orders of the realm (clergy, nobles, everyone else)
Louis XV - king of France from 1715 to 1774, whose ineffectual
rule contributed to the decline of royal authority that led to the
outbreak of the Revolution in 1789.
Louis XVI - the last king of France (1774–92) in the line of
Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789
(terrible king)
Marie Antoinette - queen consort of King Louis XVI of France
(1774–93). Imprudent and an enemy of reform, she helped
provoke the popular unrest that led to the French Revolution and
to the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792.
Bastille – Medieval fortress in Paris that became a symbol of
despotism
June 14, 1789 – Storming of Bastille
Great Fear - a period of panic and riot by peasants and others
amid rumours of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king and the
privileged to overthrow the Third Estate
Civil Constitution of the Clergy - during the French Revolution,
an attempt to reorganize the Roman Catholic Church in France on
a national basis
August 4, 1789 - the National Constituent Assembly abolished
feudalism in what is known as the August Decrees
Women’s March (Oct. 1789) - one of the earliest and most
significant events of the French Revolution
Constitution of 1791 - French constitution created by the
National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the
monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative
Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting
Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen - a fundamental
document of the French Revolution, defining the individual and
collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal
Sans Culottes - were the radical militants of the lower classes,
typically urban laborers
Emigres - literally refers to a person who has "migrated out," but
often carries a connotation of politico-social self-exile
Brunswick Manifesto - The Brunswick Manifesto threatened
that if the French royal family were harmed, then French civilians
would be harmed
Jacobin - a member of the Jacobin Club (1789–1794). The
Jacobin Club was the most famous political club of the French
Revolution
Girondin - a political faction in France within the Legislative
Assembly and the National Convention during the French
Revolution
Vendee - a Royalist rebellion and counterrevolution in the
Vendée region of France during the French Revolution
Robespierre - is one of the best-known and most influential
figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the
Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of
the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which
ended with his arrest and execution in 1794.
Thermidorian Reaction - a revolt in the French Revolution
against the excesses of the Reign of Terror
Directory - was a body of five Directors that held executive
power in France following the Convention and preceding the
Consulate
Napoleon Bonaparte - a French military and political leader
during the latter stages of the French Revolution
Concordat - an agreement between the Holy See of the Catholic
Church and a sovereign state on religious matters
Plebiscite - a vote by the people of an entire country or district
to decide on some issue, such as choice of a ruler or government,
option for independence or annexation by another power, or a
question of national policy
Trafalgar - a sea battle fought between the British Royal Navy
and the combined fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy,
during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of
the Napoleonic Wars
Continental System - the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France
in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Nations at Leipzig - fought by the coalition armies of
Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden against the French army of
Napoleon Bonaparte
Elba - Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled by the Allied governments
to Elba following his abdication at Fontainebleau
Duke of Wellington - an Anglo-Irish[1] soldier and statesman,
and one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th
century
Tsar Alexander I - served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March
1801 to 1 December 1825 and the first Russian King of Poland
from 1815 to 1825
Waterloo - An Imperial French army under the command of
Emperor Napoleon was defeated by combined armies of the
Seventh Coalition, an Anglo-Allied army under the command of
the Duke of Wellington combined with a Prussian army
Chapter 12 Industrial Revolution
Hargreaves – 1764: British Carpenter who invented an improved
spinning jenny (a hand-powered multiple spinning machine that
was the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel)
James Watt – 1769: Invented the modern steam engine
Bessemer – 1856: developed a process for converting pig iron
into steel by speedily removing the impurities in the iron
Cartwright – 1785: Developed the power loom
Reform Bill of 1832 – expands British voting rights
Corn Laws - import tariffs designed to protect corn (grain) prices
in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against
competition from less expensive foreign imports
Chartist Movement – first mass working class labor movement
in the world / movement for political and social reform in the UK
Malthus – DOOMSDAY PROPHET
Ricardo – credited with systematizing economics, was one of the
most influential of the classical economists
Saint-Simon – French Socialist theorist whose thoughts
influenced Marxism, Positivism, and the discipline of sociology
Fourier - French mathematician and physicist best known for
initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their applications
to problems of heat transfer and vibrations / greenhouse effect
Owen – 1799: became part owner and manager of the New
Lanark cotton mills in Scotland (he wanted to prove it was
possible to improve the lives of his workers without reducing
profit)
Utopian Socialists – first currents of modern socialist thought
based on idealism instead of materialism
Chapter 13 Thought and Culture in the Early 19th Century
Romanticism - a revolt against aristocratic social and political
norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the
scientific rationalization of nature
William Blake – Poet and artist of the Romantic Age. (The
whirlwind of lovers) – rejected artistic conventions of the past
Byron – British poet who was a leading figure in romanticism
Kant – German philosopher: Critique of Pure Reason- rescuing
reason and science
Hegel – One of the creators of German Idealism (Marxism) –
tried to grasp the wholeness of life
Edmund Burke – became a leading figure in the Whig party:
Reflections on the Revolution in France
John Stuart Mill - his conception of liberty justified the freedom
of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control
De la Croix – Romantic artist who shaped the work of the
Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists
of the Symbolist movement
Nationalism - a political ideology that involves a strong
identification of a group of individuals with a political entity
defined in national terms
Chapter 14 Surge of Liberalism and Nationalism
Congress of Vienna – Jean Baptiste Isabey: The delegates to
the Congress of Vienna sought to reestablish many features of
Europe that had existed before the French Revolution and
Napoleon - blahblahblah
Metternich - one of the most important diplomats of his era. He
served as the Foreign Minister of the Holy Roman Empire and its
successor state, the Austrian Empire, from 1809 until the liberal
revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation
Castlereagh - an Irish and British statesman. As British Foreign
Secretary, from 1812 he was central to the management of the
coalition that defeated Napoléon and was the principal British
diplomat at the Congress of Vienna / leader of British house of
Commons
Talleyrand – (French) remains a figure that polarizes opinion.
Some regard him as one of the most versatile, skilled and
influential diplomats in European history, and some believe that
he was a traitor, betraying in turn, the Ancien Régime, the French
Revolution, Napoleon, and the Restoration.
Louis XVIII - King of France and of Navarre from 1814 to 1824,
omitting the Hundred Days in 1815. Louis XVIII spent twentythree years in exile, from 1791 to 1814, during the French
Revolution and the First French Empire, and again in 1815, for
100 days, upon the return of Napoleon from Elba. While in exile,
he lived in Prussia, the United Kingdom and Russia
Charles X - ruled first as the Comte d'Artois, then as King of
France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824 until 2 August
1830 ( reign came to an end due to the July Revolution)
Louis Philipe, Duke of Orleans - French nobleman, a member
of a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the dynasty then
ruling France. The First Prince of the Blood after 1752, he was the
most senior male at the French court after the immediate royal
family
Carbonari - ("charcoal burners"[1]) were groups of secret
revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy.
Although their goals often had a patriotic and liberal focus, they
lacked a clear political agenda
Mazzini - nicknamed "Soul of Italy,"[1] was an Italian politician,
journalist and activist for the unification of Italy
Risorgimento - political and social movement that agglomerated
different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of
Italy in the 19th century
Revolution of 1830 – July Revolution / Belgian Revolution
Revolutions of 1848 – "the Year of revolution": uprisings for
political liberty and nationhood erupted throughout Europe.
June Days - revolution staged by the citizens of France, whose
only source of income was the National Workshops, from 23 June
to 26 June 1848
Louis Napoleon – (elected by popular vote) President of the
French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the
Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon
I
Frankfurt Assembly - the first freely elected parliament for all
of Germany
Frederick William IV - eldest son and successor of Frederick
William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to
1861. He was in personal union the sovereign prince of the
Principality of Neuchâtel
Louis Kossuth - Hungarian lawyer, journalist, politician and
Regent-President of Hungary in 1849. He was widely honored
during his lifetime, including in the United Kingdom and the
United States, as a freedom fighter and bellwether of democracy
in Europe.
Camillo Cavour - leading figure in the movement toward Italian
unification. He was the founder of the original Italian Liberal Party
and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Crimean War - was a conflict fought between the Russian
Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire,
the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia
Nice and Savoy Garibaldi - Italian military and political figure
Otto von Bismarck - German-Prussian national-liberal
statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in
world affairs. As Ministerpräsident, or Prime Minister, of Prussia
from 1862–1890, he oversaw the unification of Germany.
Danish War - the second military conflict as a result of the
Schleswig-Holstein Question
Schleswig/Holstein - northernmost of the sixteen states of
Germany
Seven Weeks’ War - a war fought in 1866 between the German
Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its
German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia
Franco-Prussian War - a conflict between the Second French
Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia
William I Kaiser - the German title meaning "Emperor"
Chapter 15 Thought and Culture in Mid 19th Century
Realism – (opposite from idealism) the belief that reality exists
independently of observers, whether in philosophy itself or in the
applied arts and sciences
Emile Zola - French writer, the most important exemplar of the
literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the
development of theatrical naturalism
Henrik Ibsen – (Norwegian) referred to as "the father" of
modern theater and is one of the founders of Modernism in the
theatre
Charles Dickens – (serialized) most popular English novelist of
the Victorian era, and he remains popular, responsible for some
of English literature's most iconic characters
Comte – third and final stage of knowledge was Positivist Method
Charles Darwin - English naturalist.[I] He established that all
species of life have descended over time from common ancestry,
and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of
evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection
Social Darwinism - ideologies predicated on the idea of survival
of the fittest.[1] It especially refers to notions of struggle for
existence being used to justify social policies which make no
distinction between those able to support themselves and those
unable to support themselves
Karl Marx – (communist manifesto and Capital) German
philosopher, sociologist, economic historian, journalist, and
revolutionary socialist who developed the socio-political theory of
Marxism
Dialectical Materialism – Strand of Marxism basic idea of
dialectical materialism is that every economic order grows to a
state of maximum efficiency, while at the same time developing
internal contradictions or weaknesses that contribute to its decay
John Stuart Mill - British philosopher, economist and civil
servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political
theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified
the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state
control
Olympe de Gouges - French playwright and political activist
whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience.
Chapter 16 Europe in the Late 19th Century
Gottlieb Daimler - invented the first high-speed petrol engine
and the first four-wheel automobile
Karl Benz - inventor of the gasoline-powered car, and together
with Bertha Benz pioneering founder of the automobile
manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.
Wilhelm Liebknecht - German social democrat and a principal
founder of the SPD.
Jules Guesde - French socialist journalist and politician.
Guesde was the inspiration for a famous quotation by Karl Marx
Eduard Bernstein - German social democratic theoretician and
politician, a member of the SPD, and the founder of evolutionary
socialism and revisionism
Benjamin Disraeli - played an instrumental role in the creation
of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of
1846.
William Gladstone - British Liberal statesman. In a career
lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four times
(1868–1874, 1880–1885, February–July 1886 and 1892–1894),
more than any other person. Gladstone was 84 years old - still
physically vigorous albeit with failing hearing and eyesight - when
he resigned for the last time, making him Britain's oldest Prime
Minister.
Emmeline Pankhurst - English political activist and leader of
the British suffragette movement, which helped women win the
right to vote
Home Rule - the power of a constituent part (administrative
division) of a state to exercise such of the state's powers of
governance within its own administrative area that have been
devolved to it by the central government.
Irish Question - a phrase used mainly by members of the
British ruling classes from the early 19th century until the 1920s.
It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish
independence
Ulster - one of the four provinces of Ireland
Easter Rebellion - was an insurrection staged in Ireland during
Easter Week, 1916. The Rising was mounted by Irish republicans
with the aims of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing the
Irish Republic
Paris Commune - a government that briefly ruled Paris from
March 18 (more formally, from March 28) to May 28, 1871. It
existed before the split between anarchists and Marxists had
taken place, and it is hailed by both groups as the first
assumption of power by the working class during the Industrial
Revolution
Alfred Dreyfus - a French artillery officer of Jewish background
whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became
one of the most tense political dramas in modern French and
European history (exonerated)
Otto von Bismarck - a German 19th century statesman and a
dominant figure in world affairs. As Ministerpräsident, or Prime
Minister, of Prussia from 1862–1890, he oversaw the unification
of Germany. In 1867 he became Chancellor of the North German
Confederation. He designed the German Empire in 1871,
becoming its first Chancellor and dominating its affairs until he
was removed by Wilhelm II in 1890
Co-opt - the tactic of neutralizing or winning over a minority by
assimilating them into the established group or culture
Kulturkampf - German policies in relation to secularity and the
influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted from 1871 to
1878 by the Prime Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck
Nicholas I - Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as
one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs
Decembrist Revolt - took place in Imperial Russia on 14
December (26 December New Style), 1825. Russian army officers
led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's
assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine
removed himself from the line of succession
Alexander II – (The liberator) Emperor of the Russian Empire
from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881
Pan Slavism - a movement in the mid-19th century aimed at
unity of all the Slavic peoples
Duma - any of various representative assemblies in modern
Russia and Russian history
Alexander III – (peacemaker) reigned as Emperor of Russia
from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894
Nicholas II - last Emperor of Russia, Grand Prince of Finland,
and titular King of Poland.
Imperialism - "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal
economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between
states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination
and subordination."
Sepoys - designation given to an Indian soldier in the service of
a European power
Opium War – 1839-1842: British defeat Chinese, annexing
treaty of ports in China and opening them to Western trade
Boxer Rebellion - proto-nationalist movement by the "Righteous
Harmony Society" or "Righteous Fists of Harmony" or "Society of
Righteous and Harmonious Fists" (known as "Boxers" in English),
in China between 1898 and 1901, opposing foreign imperialism
and Christianity
Sun Zhongshan (Yat-sen) - foremost pioneer of Nationalist
China, Sun is frequently referred to as the Founding Father of
Republican China, a view agreed upon by both the People's
Republic of China
Matthew Perry – commodore with US naval forces, opens japan
to trade
Meiji Restoration – modeled after imperial Germany
Leopold II – 2nd King of Belgians/ chiefly remembered as the
founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State
Berlin Conference 1884 - regulated European colonization and
trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided
with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power
Cecil Rhodes - founder of the diamond company De Beers,
which today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds and at
one time marketed 90%.[2] An ardent believer in colonialism and
imperialism, he was the founder of the state of Rhodesia
Chapter 17 Modern Consciousness
Friedrich Nietzsche
Georges Sorel
Sigmund Freud
Id, ego, superego
Emile Durkheim
Vilfredo Pareto
Max Weber
James Joyce
Igor Stravinsky
Edouard Manet
Claude Monet
Paul Cezanne
Vincent van Gogh
Pablo Picasso
Georges Braque
Henri Matisse
Wassily Kandinsky
William K. Roentgen
Max Planck
Niels Bohr
Albert Einstein
Chapter 18 World War I
June 28, 1914 – Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria is
assassinated at Sarajevo
The Black Hand - unofficial name for the secret military society
in the Serbian army
Gavrilo Princep - Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand
of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in
Sarajevo on 28 June 1914
Kaiser William II - Crowned in 1888 he dismissed the
Chancellor, Prince Otto von Bismarck, in 1890 and launched
Germany on a bellicose "New Course" in foreign affairs,
culminating in his support for Austria in the crisis of the summer
of 1914 that caused World War I
Triple Alliance – A/H + Italy + Germany
Triple Entente – Britain + Russia + France
Russo-Japanese War – Russia lost because of cockiness
1908 Annexation of Bosmia - Austria-Hungary announced the
annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Francis Ferdinand - His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated
Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia
Verdun - Verdun is the biggest city in Meuse
Somme - a department of France, located in the north of the
country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the
Picardy region of France
Tannenberg - an engagement between the Russian Empire and
the German Empire in the first days of World War I
Lenin - head of the Bolsheviks (1917–1924) he led the Red Army
to victory in the Russian Civil War, before establishing the world's
first officially socialist state
Land, Peace, Bread – Austrian offer/ Revolution of 1917?
Gallipoli - took place at the peninsula of Gallipoli in the Ottoman
Empire (in modern day Turkey)
March Revolution - the Habsburg Austrian Empire was
threatened by revolutionary movements
November Revolution - politically-driven civil conflict in
Germany at the end of World War I, which resulted in the
replacement of Germany's imperial government with a republic
Bolsheviks - were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social
Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the
Menshevik faction[3] at the Second Party Congress in 1903
Caporetto - famous Battle of Caporetto, where the Italian retreat
was documented by Ernest Hemingway in his novel A Farewell to
Arms
Woodrow Wilson - 28th President of the United States, from
1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement
Erich Ludendorff - German general, victor of Liège and of the
Battle of Tannenberg (1914)
Fourteen Points - speech delivered by United States President
Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8,
1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the
Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar
peace in Europe
Georges Clemenceau - For nearly the final year of World War I
he led France, and was one of the major voices behind the Treaty
of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference in the aftermath of the
war
David Lloyd George - Leader of the Liberal Party
Alsace-Lorraine - territory created by the German Empire in
1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle region of
Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War
Saar - a League of Nations governed territory
Silesia - historical region of Central Europe located mostly in
Poland, with smaller parts also in the Czech Republic, and
Germany.
Polish Corridor - was a territory located in the region of
Pomerelia (Pomeranian Voivodeship, eastern Pomerania, formerly
part of West Prussia) which provided the Second Republic of
Poland (1920–1939) with access to the Baltic Sea
League of Nations - intergovernmental organization founded as
a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I,
and it was the precursor to the United Nations
Treaty of Versailles – Germany signs
Aleksandr Kerensky - was a major political leader before and
during the Russian Revolutions of 1917.
Leon Trotsky - Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist,
Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - peace treaty signed on March 3,
1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between Russia (the
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central
Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World
War I
Chapter 19 Era of Totalitarianism
Red Army - started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary
militia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into
the national army of the Soviet Union
Comintern – (the communist international) an international
communist organization initiated in Moscow during March 1919
New Economic Policy – (NEP) an economic policy proposed by
Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism
Politburo - the executive committee for a number of communist
political parties
Apparatchiki – ("apparat") a Russian colloquial term for a fulltime, professional functionary of the Communist Party or
government
Collectivization – (farmers) types of agricultural production in
which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise
Five Year Plan - a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in
rapid economic development in the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin - the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May
1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik
revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and
had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his
death in 1953
Kulaks - originally referred to wealthy independent farmers in
the Russian Empire who emerged en masse from peasantry as a
result of the Stolypin reform
Socialist Realism - a style of realistic art which was developed
in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other
communist countries
Dalmatia - a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic
Sea. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the
Bay of Kotor in the southeast
Benito Mussolini - an Italian politician who led the National
Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in
the creation of Fascism
Squadristi - Fascist paramilitary groups in Italy during the period
immediately following World War I and until the end of World War
II
Victor Emmanuel III – (Italian Fascism) was a member of the
House of Savoy and King of Italy (29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946). In
addition, he claimed the crowns of Ethiopia and Albania and
claimed the titles Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–41) and King of the
Albanians (1939–43), which were unrecognised by the Great
Powers
Pope Pius XI - Pope from 6 February 1922, and sovereign of
Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11
February 1929
Friedrich Ebert - was a German politician of the Social
Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). (elected leader after death
of August Bebel)
Rosa Luxemburg - was a Marxist theorist, philosopher,
economist and activist of Polish Jewish descent who became a
naturalized German citizen (member of the SDKPiL, SPD, USPD,
and KPD)
Karl Liebknecht - German socialist and a co-founder with Rosa
Luxemburg of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of
Germany. He is best known for his opposition to World War I in
the Reichstag and his role in the Spartacist uprising of 1919
Kapp Putcsch - a 1920 coup attempt during the German
revolution aimed at overthrowing the Weimar Republic
Poincare – French Family that was successful in public and
scientific life
Dawes Plan - an attempt in 1924, following World War I for the
Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany
Weimar Republic - the name given by historians to the
parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace
the imperial form of government
Nazi Party – (National Socialist German Workers' Party) a
political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945
Mein Kampf - is a book written by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. It
combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's
political ideology
Anti-semitism – (anti-Semite) "hatred toward Jews—individually
and as a group—that can be attributed to the Jewish religion
and/or ethnicity."/ Hatred toward Jews
Joseph Goebbels - German politician and Reich Minister of
Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As one of Adolf
Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was
known for his zealous oratory and anti-Semitism
Fuehrer - German title meaning leader or guide now most
associated with Adolf Hitler
Gestapo – ("Secret State Police") was the official secret police of
Nazi Germany
Kirtsallnacht – (Night of Broken Glass) was a pogrom or series
of attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of
Austria on November 9–10, 1938
Hitler Youth - paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party/ made
up of boys 14-18
SS (Schutzschaffel) - a major paramilitary organization under
Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party and was responsible for many of
the crimes against humanity during World War II
SA (Sturmabteilung) - functioned as a paramilitary
organization of the German Nazi Party. It played a key role in
Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s. SA men were
often called "brownshirts" for the colour of their uniforms
Francisco Franco - Spanish dictator, military general and head
of state of Spain
Leon Blum - French politician, usually identified with the
moderate left, and three times the Prime Minister of France
T.S Eliot - a poet, playwright, and literary critic, and arguably
the most important English-language poet of the 20th century
(poem that made his name = The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)
Carl Jung - a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the
founder of Analytical Psychology
Franz Kafka – (writer) a culturally influential German-language
novelist
Dada - Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zurich,
Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to
1922.[1] The movement primarily involved visual arts,
literature—poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and
graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a
rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art
cultural works
Max Ernst - German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet. A
prolific artist, Ernst was one of the primary pioneers of the Dada
movement and Surrealism
Salvador Dali - a prominent Spanish Catalan surrealist painter
born in Figueres
Guernica - ????????????
George Orwell - an English author and journalist. His work is
marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of
social injustice
Existentialism - term applied to the work of a number of
philosophers since the 19th century who, despite large
differences in their positions,[1][2] generally focused on the
condition of human existence, and an individual's emotions,
actions, responsibilities, and thoughts, or the meaning or purpose
of life
Jean Paul Sartre – (Marxism) French existentialist philosopher,
playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer,
and literary critic
Chapter 20 World War II
Appeasement - commonly understood to refer to a diplomatic
policy aimed at avoiding war by making concessions to another
power
1935 Ethiopia 1936 Militarization of the Rhineland - by the German Army
took place on March 7, 1936 when German forces entered the
Rhineland
1936-1939 Spanish Civil War - (The Crusade among
Nationalists, Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, The Rebellion
or Uprising among Republicans) was a major conflict fought in
Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939
1938 Anschluss Austria - Austria was occupied and annexed by
Nazi Germany.[9] This lasted until the end of World War II in
1945, after which Nazi Germany was occupied by the Allies
1938 Munich Agreement – (Neville Chamberlain) signing of the
Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of
Czechoslovakia to Germany
Sudetenland - German name used in English in the first half of
the 20th century for the northern, southwest and western regions
of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Germans
1939 Czechoslovakia – End of German occupation and forming
of the Legion
Sept. 1, 1939 Poland - German battleship Schleswig-Holstein
opens bombardment on the Westerplatte, a Polish military base
outside Danzig, firing what are, according to many sources, the
first shots of the war. At the same time, regular Wehrmacht
troops begin crossing the border into Poland
Luftwaffe - generic German term for an air force
Blitzkrieg – (lightning war) describing all-mechanised force
concentration of tanks, infantry, artillery and air power,
concentrating overwhelming force at high speed to break through
enemy lines, and, once the latter is broken, proceeding without
regard to its flank
Dunkirk - a commune in the Nord department in northern France
Battle of Britain - name given to the World War II air campaign
waged by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) against the United
Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940
Wehrmacht - the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from
1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine
(navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force)
Winston Churchill - British politician and statesman known for
his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World
War
Einsatzgruppen - SS paramilitary death squads that were
responsible for mass killings, typically by shooting, of Jews in
particular, but also significant numbers of other population groups
and political categories
Final Solution – extermination of the Jews
1931 Manchuria - Manchuria was invaded by the Kwantung
Army of the Empire of Japan, beginning on September 19, 1931
(occupation ended at the end of WW2)
Pearl Harbor – Japan bombs Hawaii and US enters the war
General Zhukov - Russian career officer in the Red Army who, in
the course of World War II, played a pivotal role in leading the
Red Army through much of Eastern Europe to liberate the Soviet
Union and other nations from the Axis Powers' occupation and
conquer Germany's capital, Berlin
Salingrad - an important industrial city and the administrative
center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia
Erwin Rommel – (Desert Fox) a German Field Marshal of World
War II
El Alamein - is a town in the northern Matrouh Governorate of
Egypt
D-Day – (operation Neptune) were the landing operations of the
Allied invasion of Normandy, in Operation Overlord, during World
War II on D-Day
Chapter 21 The West in a Global Age
Marshal Tito
Truman Doctrine
Containment
Yalta
NATO
Warsaw Pact
Berlin Blockade
Korean War
Cuban Missile Crisis
United Nations
European Coal and Steel Community
1957 European Economic Community
OPEC
Margaret Thatcher
Algeria
De Gaulle
Fifth Republic
Green Party
Khrushchev
Janos Kadar
Brezhnev
Alexander Dubcek
Lech Walesa
Pope John Paul II
Solidarity
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Berlin Wall
Mikhail Gorbachev
Perestroika
Glasnost
Honecker
Ceausescu
KGB
Yeltsin
Vaclav Havel
Kosovo
Slobodan Milosevic
Vladimir Putin
European Union
Euro
Helmut Kohl
Taliban
Osama bin Laden
Saddam Hussein
Chapter 9 Political and Economic Transformation
6/14/2011 11:10:0
Henry the Navigator – (Prince of Portugal) encourages
expansion into Africa for gold and his anti-Muslim crusade.
Ferdinand and Isabella – (F = heir to the throne of Aragon & I
= heir to the throne of Castile) Broke the power of the
aristocrats, brought the Spanish church into alliance with the
state, and drove Muslims from Spain.
Dias – First European to reach the southern tip of Africa
Da Gama – Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope (Africa) to
India
Goa – India's smallest sate?
Charles V – son of F&I he was elected Holy Roman emperor in
1519 and became the most powerful ruler in Europe. But his
reign saw Spain's decline.
Hapsburgs – Ruling families of the Astro-Hungarian Empire
Columbus – Discovered America under spain
Vasco Nunez de Balboa – The first European to lead an
expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New
World
H. Cortes – Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
F. Pizarro – Conquered the Incas in Peru
Petosi
Philip II – Son of Charles V, Very catholic, He sent the army to
the Netherlands in order to crush the Protestant and Jewish
opposition. He led the holy crusade against the "heretic and
bastard"
Inquisition – Tribunal established by F&I intended to maintain
Catholic Orthodox in their kingdoms
Thirty Years’ War – (1618-1648)
Gustavus Adolphus – King of Spain and founded the Swedish
empire which began the golden age of Sweden
Treaty of Westphalia – ends the 10 year war
Huguenots - members of the Protestant Reformed Church of
France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the
seventeenth centuries
Henry IV – (king of France) He was a Huguenot and enacted the
Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes – French Protestants are granted religious
toleration
Cardinal Richelieu - Catholic Cardinal secretly funding the
protestants during the war
Stuarts - became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during
the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the
Kings of Great Britain and Ireland
James I - united the Crown of the Kingdom of Scotland with the
crown of the Kingdoms of England and Ireland
Charles I – (Stuart King of England) is executed by an act of
Parliament
Oliver Cromwell – Under him England is co-ruled by Parliament
and the army
Charles II – Returns from exile and becomes king of England
Restoration - Restoration of the monarchy began in 1660
when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored
under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of
the Three Kingdoms
Louis XIV – Tries to bring Spain under French control
Versailles – Grand palace built in France by Louis XIV in order to
trick nobles into thinking he was all-powerful
Glorious Revolution - The Glorious Revolution, also called the
Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of
England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of
English Parliamentarians
William and Mary - The phrase William and Mary usually
refers to the coregency over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland
and Ireland, of King William III and Queen Mary II. Their joint
reign began in February 1689, when they were offered the throne
by the Parliament of England,
Act of Succession - The Act made then yet unborn Princess
Elizabeth, daughter of King Henry VIII by Anne Boleyn, the true
successor to the Crown by declaring Princess Mary, daughter of
the King by Catherine of Aragon, a bastard
Anne – 2nd wife of Henry the VIII she bore a girl
Inflation – experienced in Spain when too much silver entered
the economy
Slave Trade – Triangular Trade - carrying slaves, cash crops,
and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or
American colonies and the European colonial powers
Open Field System - Under this system, each manor or village
had several very large fields, farmed in strips by individual
families
Enclosure - process which ends traditional rights such as
mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on common land
United East India Company - chartered company established in
1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a
21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia
Mercantilism - economic doctrine that says government control
of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the
prosperity and security of a state
Chapter 10
Intellectual Transformation
6/14/2011 11:10:00 PM