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BODY SYSTEMS Body Systems • Is a group of • Keep you organs that work healthy & alive together to • Some organs perform certain belong to more tasks than 1 system • Perform things that no other system does Cells • Smallest living • Muscle is part of the made of body muscle cells • Many different • Bones are kinds in our made of bone body cells Tissues • A group of like • Ex.- Skin cells are flat & thin. cells that work They make up together skin which has a • Tissue cells flat & thin appearance! are shaped for • Bone cells have the task they a tough outer perform. coating…. They form__________ ______________ Organs • A group of tissues that work together • There are many organs in the body that perform specific tasks • What are some examples of organs? The Nervous System • The body system for control & communication • Includes the brain, spinal cord, & nerves that branch off the spinal cord Neuron • Is a mass of nerve cells • Basic building block of the nervous system • Carry nerve impulses to and from the body to the brain… • Cannot divide & multiply like other body cells • When neurons die, they are not replaced Brain • Organ that is the control center of the body • Has several key parts! • Brain cells die after 5 min. without oxygen Cerebrum • Part of the brain where thinking takes place • Divided into 4 parts or ‘lobes’ • Forms the bulk of the brain Cerebellum • Part of the brain that helps muscles work together • Balance Brain Stem • Lowest part of brain • Messages are sent between brain & body through it • Controls inner organs, heartbeat, etc. • Controls other critical life functions! Spinal Cord • Thick band of nerve cells through which messages enter & leave the brain • Soft • Protected by spine (column of bones in the back) • Only about 2 cm thick Spinal Cord • Connects the brain w/ nerves in the body • Nerves send messages to the brain via the spinal cord *Stops growing at age 45! • Sometimes the spinal cord works without the brain’s help---- this is called a ___________________ *An adult spinal cord =17 cm ! REFLEX ACTION! Involuntary response to dfdfdfdfd something; requires no thought Ex.- Removing your hand from a hot stove! -To speed up the response, neurons bypass the brain -The message goes straight to the spinal cord which processes it -Your brain ‘feels’ the pain milliseconds later How to take care of your Nervous System • Wear a seatbelt • Wear a safety helmet for sports • Follow safety rules at all times • Avoid alcohol, drugs, & poisons • Get plenty of rest & sleep The Circulatory System • The system that transport oxygen, nutrients, & waste (CO2) through the body • Includes our blood, blood vessels, & heart The Circulatory System Fact! • You have about 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body!!!!– that’s enough to stretch around the world twice! Blood • We have about _____ of blood in our bodies • All tissues receive a blood supply---even bones! • 4 main parts to our blood *There are 4 main blood groups: A, B, AB, &O Red Blood Cell Platelets White Blood Cell *Oxygen binds w/ hemoglobin in red blood cells to make blood red (1) Plasma • Liquid part of blood • Contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (2) Red Blood Cells • Carry oxygen & nutrients to body cells & carbon dioxide away • Are shaped to fit through the narrowest blood vessel– the capillary RED BLOOD CELLS SORT OF WORK LIKE THIS BUS IN THE CITY!! (3) White Blood Cells • Fight germs that cause infection & illness FACT: 8 MILLION BLOOD CELLS DIE EVERY SECOND! The same # are born every second too! (4) Platelets • Blood cells that help blood clot B- These platlets stick together & form a type of ‘web’ • A ______ is a dried clot C- Red blood cells get trapped in this ‘web’ & form a clot • A- Damaged tissue release a chemical to attract platelets Heart • Muscular organ that pumps blood to the body *In 70 years, the average heart is at rest for 40 of those years! • The average person’s heart beats 30,000,000 times a year! *About the size of your fist • Beats about 70 times per minute Artery • A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart & toward body cells • Typically carry bright red blood Shown in the red is your system of arteries carrying oxygenated blood to your body cells… Shown in the blue is your system of veins carrying deoxygenated blood back to your lungs You should not use your thumb when looking for a pulse because __________! IMPORTANT! CAPILLARIES …are narrower than a human hair! Vein • A blood vessel that returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart • Typically carry blood back to the heart • Typically carries deoxygenated blood which appears _______ *Carry blood under lower pressure than arties *Have thinner walls than arteries DIFFUSION *Oxygen leaves red blood cells & enters body cells *CO2 leaves body cells & enters R.B.C. to be transported to the lungs to be exhaled! THE CORONARY ARTERIES -The heart itself needs a blood supply. L & R Coronary Arteries feed the heart w/ blood & branch into capillaries all over the surface of the heart What is Heart Disease? *Includes conditions affecting the heart such as: -Coronary heart disease -Heart attack -Congestive heart failure -Congenital heart disease. Steps to Avoiding Heart Disease *Maintain a healthy weight *Do not smoke *Avoid high blood pressure *Exercise! *Low Fat / Low Cholesterol Diet Heart disease is the #1 killer of Americans How to take care of your Circulatory System • Keep arteries clear by choosing fewer fatty foods • Do not smoke to keep your heart from working too hard • Maintain a healthful weight • Exercise regularly • Keep stress low to keep blood pressure normal The Respiratory System • Body system that allows us to use oxygen inhaled & get rid of carbon dioxide Trachea • Windpipe through which air travels to the lungs • Divides into the 2 bronchial tubes • Bronchial TubesShort tubes where air enters lungs Alveoli • Inside the lungs the bronchial tubes branch into smaller tubes • Small air sacs that allow oxygen to enter capillaries & CO2 to enter the lungs *Then red blood cells carry the oxygen to body cells & pick up carbon dioxide Cilia • The quality of the air you breathe is vital! • The hairs in your nose help to trap particles • Mucus in your nasal passages traps germs & particles *Cilia= Tiny hairs that line the nasal passages GAS EXCHANGE SHORT VIDEO ON GAS EXCHANGE!! *Oxygen enters through the alveoli to the blood stream *CO2 exits the body from the bloodstream through the alveoli to be exhaled How to take care of your Respiratory System • Avoid polluted air • Do not smoke or breathe tobacco smoke • Maintain a healthful weight • Exercise to strengthen the muscles used in breathing The Skeletal System • Body system that is the support framework of the body & helps us to move • This includes bones, joints, & connective tissue Bones • Bones help the body move because they are almost all connected to another bone -Living structures that function as storage centers for minerals such as calcium. -Produce blood cells in MARROW (Soft tissue that is the center of some bones) Bones & Joints • Different types of joints allow different amounts of movement…. • There are 4 types of joints! *Joint= Point where 2 bones meet Cartilage • Soft material at the end of bones • Protects them by keeping them from rubbing together Healthy Bone Osteoporosis What is a bone growth plate? • It is an area of developing tissue near the ends of long bones. • They are found between the widened part of the shaft & the end of the bone. • It is an area of developing tissue near the ends of long bones. • Growth plates help regulate the shape & length of the bone. • Long bones grow from ends by the growth plates, not from the middle. What is a bone growth plate? • Growth plates are prone to fractures because they are the last part of the bone to ossify (harden) How to take care of your Skeletal System • Exercise to make bones thicker & stronger • Wear comfortable shoes w/ good arches • Use good posture to support the spinal column • Eat foods w/ calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D The Muscular System • Body system that helps you move & keep posture The Muscular System • 3 types of muscles: A- Voluntary- Those you control Ex.- Those in your back when you lift something & all skeletal muscles • B- InvoluntaryThose you do not control -Also called smooth muscles Ex.- Internal muscle organs, blood These move w/o you vessels being aware of it! C- CARDIAC The Heart Muscle Ex.- Heartbeat These move w/o you being aware of it! HERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES IN OUR BODIES! • Some muscles stretch across joints. • Tendons- Tough tissues that connect muscles to joints/bones -Ligament- Hold bones together at joints Ex.- Knees & ankles How Muscles Work • Work in pairs to move bones • When one contracts (works), it’s partner muscle relaxes (stretches out) Taking Care of Your Muscular System • Lift objects by bending your knees & keeping back straight to prevent injury • Choose exercises to work different muscle groups • Warm-up before hard exercise • Protein in diet The Integumentary System • Body system made up of parts that cover & protect the body Hair / Skin / Nails The Integumentary System • Body system made up of parts that cover & protect the body Introductory Video! IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF OUR SKIN • Protects us from injury • Protects us from infection • Regulates temperature through sweat glands MELANINA substance that protects skin & gives it color. The more melanin it contains, the darker the skin It protects the skin from the sun’s ultraviolet rays Caring for the Integumentary System *Bathe or shower daily to remove germs, dirt, and oil *Keep hair clean *Use at least 15 s.p.f. sunscreen Caring for the Integumentary System *Bathe or shower daily to remove germs, dirt, and oil *Keep hair clean *Use at least 15 s.p.f. sunscreen The Digestive System • Body system that breaks down food so that it can be used by the body Steps to Digestion 1- Begins in the mouth. Salivary glands soften food for swallowing 2- Food then passes to the esophagus (tube which leads food to the stomach 3- Once in the stomach, digestive juices break down food & slowly empties the liquidy mixture into the ????_____ 4- It then passes into the small intestine. Most digestion occurs here w/ a little help from its 3 friends (liver, pancreas, & gall bladder It spends up to 4 hrs. in the S.I>. Now the nutrients can pass into the blood! VilliFingerlike projections on the inside of the small intestine. PeristalsisInvoluntary wave-like contractions of the digestive system that move ‘food’ through it 5- Digestive juices from glands help w/ digestion Pancreas- Organ that secretes insulin & juices to help break down food InsulinChemical that helps your body use sugar 6- The liver produces bile which helps to break down fats Liver- Organ that performs many functions—including making bile & filtering toxins from blood. Gall BladderOrgan that stores bile, which helps to break down fats 7- Food that is broken down enters the blood through the capillaries in small intestine Food that is not broken down passes to the large intestine 8- Large intestine stores food until it leaves the body. Food that is not broken down passes to the large intestine Here the wastes are solidified 9- The colon is the part of the large intestine where most of the water left in the waste is absorbed into the blood. It gets harder & harder as it makes its way to the end of the L.I. The wastes stay here until you are ready to go to the bathroom… How to care for the digestive system: 1- Chew food thoroughly before swallowing 2- Eat fresh fruits & vegetables daily What To Know About Diabetes *What is the difference between Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes? *How can a person reduce their risk of Type 2 diabetes?