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Earth Science
Name: __________________________ Period: ______
Chapter 25 Vocabulary
Standard 6.a.:
 Students know weather (in the short run) and climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of energy
into and out of the atmosphere.
Content Objectives:
 We will learn the academic vocabulary for Chapter 25.
Language Objectives:
 I will write the definitions for the academic vocabulary for Chapter 25.
1. Air Mass:
2. Anemometer:
3. Anticyclone:
4. Bimetal Thermometer:
5. Cold Front:
6. Continental Polar:
7. Continental Tropical:
8. Electrical Thermometer:
9. Front:
10.Hurricane:
11.Isobar:
12.Maritime Polar:
13.Maritime Tropical:
14.Occluded Front:
15.Polar Front:
16.Radar:
17.Squall Line:
18.Station Model:
19.Stationary Front:
20.Thermograph:
21.Thunderstorm:
22.Tornado:
23.Typhoon:
24.Warm Front:
25.Waterspout:
26.Wave Cyclone:
27.Wind Vane:
Chapter 25:
Section 25.1:
Weather
Air Masses
pg. 499
Standard 6.a.:
 Students know weather (in the short run) and climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of
energy into and out of the atmosphere.
Content Objectives:
 We will explain how an air mass forms and describe the type of air masses that affect
weather in North America
Language Objectives:
 I will fill in the notes and answer questions on “Air Masses”.
Wind patterns are created by _____________ in air pressure at different locations. As air
rises and sinks, it creates low-pressure _______ and high-pressure ___________. There is a
general movement of surface air from the poles to the ___________. Temperature and pressure
differences cause disruptions in the movement and create __________________ cells.
When air pressure differences are _______, the air remains mostly stationary and it takes
on the characteristic temperature and humidity of the region, creating an air _______. These can
be ________________ of kilometers in diameter. Air masses formed over __________ Polar
Regions are cold and _____, while those formed over tropical regions are warm and ________.
Types of Air Masses
Air masses are classified according to where they ______ because that will determine the
______________ and _____________ of the air mass. There are four main types of air masses:
maritime _________ (mP), maritime __________ (mT), continental _________ (cP), and
continental ___________ (cT).
North American Air Masses
Air masses that affect the weather of _______ America come from ___ regions. Three of
them are _______ air masses: Continental Polar Canadian which forms above northern Canada,
Maritime Polar Pacific which forms over North Pacific Ocean, and Maritime Polar Atlantic
which forms over North Atlantic Ocean. Depending on the _________ (winter or summer), they
will each bring a different kind of weather.
Four of the air masses are ____________ air masses: Continental Tropical which forms
over the deserts of northern Mexico and the southwestern US, Maritime Tropical Gulf which
forms over the Gulf of Mexico, Maritime Tropical Atlantic which forms over the tropical North
Atlantic Ocean, and Maritime Tropical Pacific which forms over the warm areas of the North
Pacific Ocean. These also bring different __________ depending on the season.
Section 25.1 Review
1. Define air mass.
2. What is the name of the air mass that forms over the warm water of the Gulf of
Mexico? What letters designate the source region of this air mass?
3. Suppose that snow is falling on the Pacific Coast area. What type of air mass is
probably responsible for this weather? What letters designate the source region of this
air mass?
Chapter 25:
Section 25.2:
Weather
Fronts
pg. 502
Standard 6.a.:
 Students know weather (in the short run) and climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of
energy into and out of the atmosphere.
Content Objectives:
 We will compare cold and warm fronts, and describe how wave cyclones, hurricanes,
thunderstorms, and tornadoes develop.
Language Objectives:
 I will fill in the notes and answer questions on “Fronts”.
When two air masses with ____________ compositions meet, they stay separate, forming
a boundary called a _______ between the air masses. A typical front is several _____________
kilometers long, but may be up to several _______________ kilometers long.
Types of Fronts
Two air masses must __________ for a front to form. They way that the air masses are
_____________ determines the type of front. A cold front forms when a _________ air mass
overtakes a _________ air mass. A long line of heavy thunderstorms called a ________ line
may occur just ahead of a fast moving _______ front. A ________ front forms when a warm air
mass overtakes a cold air mass. If two air masses move ___________ to the front between
them, it is called a stationary front. An ___________ front forms when a fast-moving front
overtakes a warm front lifting the warm air completely off the ____________.
Polar Fronts and Wave Cyclones
The boundary where the _______ polar air meets the warmer air of the middle latitudes is
called a _________ front. It circles the earth between ___º and ___º latitude in each
hemisphere. Waves often develop in _______ fronts and they are a _______ in the front, often
_____________ of kilometers in length. Jet-stream winds help to develop a wave. Wave
_____________ are low-pressure storm centers that form from waves. These are __________
storms, up to 2,500 km in diameter and their winds blow in ___________ paths.
Stages of a Wave Cyclone
In the first stage of a wave cyclone, there is a _____________ front where the wind
moves parallel to front but in _____________ directions on each side of the front. The second
stage forms a ________ when a bulge of _______ air pushes ahead of a front. Then a cold front
overtakes a ________ front forming an occluded front. The dissipating stage happens about ___
hours after the occlusion and this is when the system _______ energy and the cyclone
________________. Wave cyclones usually last __________ days and in North America, they
move in an __________ direction. An ___________ is when air sinks and flows outward. They
bring _____ weather and if they remain over one region for a long time, they can cause ______
and air pollution problems.
Hurricanes
A hurricane is a _________ tropical storm with windspeeds over _____ km/hr. They
develop over warm __________ oceans. These are ___________ than wave cyclones but much
more ____________. The greatest number of hurricanes occur in the western North _________
Ocean, where they are called _____________.
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms are storms accompanied by _________, lightning, and strong winds.
They have _______ stages: cumulus stage, __________ stage, and dissipating stage. During a
thunderstorm, clouds discharge _____________ in the form of _____________. The released
electricity heats the air, causing it to ________ rapidly and then __________. This produces a
noise called _____________.
Tornadoes
The __________, most violent, and shortest-lived severe storm is a ___________. It is a
whirling, funnel-shaped ____________ that forms when a thunderstorm meets high-altitude,
______________ winds. The tornado generally covers a path not more than _____ m wide and
usually ___________ everything in its path. When a tornado occurs over the _________, it is
called a _____________. These are usually ________ and ____ powerful than other tornadoes.
Section 25.2 Review
1. What kind of front forms when a cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass?
2. What is the general storm track commonly traveled by wave cyclones in North
America?
3. If you are canoeing on a lake when a thunderstorm breaks out, are you in danger of
being struck by lightning? Explain your answer.
Chapter 25:
Section 25.3:
Weather
Weather Instruments
pg. 509
Standard 6.a.:
 Students know weather (in the short run) and climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of
energy into and out of the atmosphere.
Content Objectives:
 We will describe the types of instruments used to measure air temperature, wind speed, and
upper atmospheric weather conditions.
Language Objectives:
 I will fill in the notes and answer questions on “Weather Instruments”.
Measuring Air Temperature
Air temperature is measured with a ______________, most commonly filled with a liquid
that _________ when heated. A bimetal thermometer has a bar made up ____ strips of different
________. It curves when _____ and straightens when it ________. A thermograph measures
temperature changes by recording the ____________ of the bar. An ___________ thermometer
works differently. As the temperature _______, the electric current rises and this is turned into
a _________________ reading.
Measuring Wind Speed and Direction
An anemometer measures ________ speed by rotating cups around a shaft which sends
an electric _________ which is registered on a ______. A wind vane shows the ____________
of the wind by the _____ being caught by the wind and making an _______ point into the wind.
Remember that winds are described by the _____________ in which they come ________.
Measuring Upper-Atmospheric Conditions
A radiosonde is an instrument package that measures the ___________ conditions in the
upper atmosphere. It measures relative ___________, air pressure, and air _____________. A
radar determines weather conditions in the atmosphere by transmitting _________ waves in the
form of a beam and then any objects that cross the beam ______ back, showing precipitation
and __________. Examples of this are doppler radars that the news stations use to track weather
& storms. These can indicate the precise _________, movement, & _____________ of a storm.
Section 25.3 Review
1. How does a bimetal thermometer work?
2. What does a radiosonde measure?
3. If a wind vane is pointing toward the west, from what direction is the wind blowing?
Explain your answer.
Chapter 25:
Section 25.4:
Weather
Forecasting Weather
pg. 512
Standard 6.a.:
 Students know weather (in the short run) and climate (in the long run) involve the transfer of
energy into and out of the atmosphere.
Content Objectives:
 We will explain how a weather map is made and describe the steps involved in preparing a
weather forcast.
Language Objectives:
 I will fill in the notes and answer questions on “Forecasting Weather”.
Every ___ hours, weather stations all over the world report weather _____________.
Barometric pressure, _________ and direction of wind, _____________, temperature, and
humidity.
Making a Weather Map
A Station Model is clusters of ___________ on a map that are plotted around each
reporting station, showing the ____________ of that station. On a weather map, ___________
are lines drawn to connect points of _______ atmospheric pressure. The __________ of the
isobars tells things about the ________ and direction of wind. If they are closely spaced it
means _______ wind speeds and widely spaced means ________ wind speeds. ____________
indicate areas of high or low air pressure.
Types of Forecasts
Daily and Long-term Forecasts are possible when _______________ study the current
weather _____ and compare it to maps from the past _____ hours. The accuracy of a forecast
decreases after ___to ___ days. Methods of ______________ weather are being investigated,
the most popular being cloud __________. It has been used on ________ clouds with positive
results but not so on hurricanes.
Section 25.4 Review
1. What is a station model?
2. Why are new and 24-hour-old weather maps compared?
3. Explain which region on a weather map—one with widely space isobars or one with
closely spaced isobars—has stronger winds?
Chapter 25 Review
Choose the best response. Write the letter of that choice in the space provided.
1.
A region where air masses can form must be fairly
a. cold.
b. warm.
c. hilly.
d. uniform.
2.
3.
In an air mass designated cP, the c stands for
a. continental.
b. cold.
c. coastal.
d. cool.
Continental polar Canadian air masses generally move
a. southeasterly.
b. northerly.
c. northeasterly.
d. westerly.
4.
The air masses that sometimes bring heavy rains to the deserts of the southwestern United States
are called
a. continental polar Canadian.
b. maritime polar Atlantic.
c. maritime tropical Pacific.
d. maritime continental tropical.
5.
The type of front formed when two air masses move parallel to the front between them is
called
a. stationary.
b. occluded.
c. polar.
d. warm.
6.
A front that is completely lifted off the ground by cold air is called
a. cold.
b. occluded.
c. polar.
d. warm.
7.
The winds of a wave cyclone blow in circular paths around a
a. front.
b. low-pressure center.
c. high-pressure center.
d. jet stream.
8.
The eye of a hurricane is a region of
a. hailstorms.
c. calm, clear air.
b. torrential rainfall.
d. strong winds.
9.
In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, a cumulus cloud grows until it becomes a
a. stratocumulus cloud.
b. altocumulus cloud.
c. cumulonimbus cloud.
d. cirrocumulus cloud.
10.
Tornadoes that occur over the ocean are called
a. waterspouts.
b. typhoons.
c. waves.
d. hurricanes.
11.
A wind with a direction designated as 90° is blowing from the
a. north.
b. south.
c. east.
d. west.
12.
An instrument package attached to a weather balloon is
a. an anemometer.
b. a wind vane.
c. a radiosonde.
d. a thermograph.
13.
The lines on a weather map connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure are called
a. isobars.
b. isotherms.
c. highs.
d. lows.
14.
It is generally difficult to accurately predict
a. wind speed.
b. amount of precipitation.
c. wind direction.
d. temperature.
15.
Of the following terms, which one would most likely be placed higher on a concept map
designed for this chapter?
a. occluded front
b. wave cyclone
c. tornado
d. air mass