Download Lecture 2 Macromelcules Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Proteins

Lecture 2
Macromelcules
Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Monomer: polynucleotides (phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base)
Polymers:
 DNA
Double helix, carries genetic code for proteins
 RNA
Several different types of molecules involved in protein synthesis, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
A=T
G triple bond C
CARBOHYDRATES
(CH2O)n
Carbohydrates = saccharides = sugars
Glyosidic bond: links two glucose
Disaccharide: Two
Obligo: Short
Polysaccharides: Long
Monosaccharides: Eg glucose, fructose. Simple sugars
Amylose and amylopectin are both storage sugars for animals.
Amylose
o
o
o
o
Unbranched, spiral
Forms long linear chains
Less digestible
Can be packed in more compactly
Amylopectin
o
o
Branched
Digested quicker (more points where enzymes can bind)
PROTEINS
Momomer: amino acids
These are bonded together to form polymers through peptide bonds (covalent) through
condensation reactions.

Primary Structure
o Sequence of amino acids
o Covalent Bonds

Secondary Structure
o Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet formations
o Hydrogen bonding

Tertiary Structure
o 3D
o Hydrogen bonds
o Different ways alpha helixs and beta sheets bond and form 3D shapes
o Interactions of R groups

Quaternary Structure
o Many tertiary proteins bonded together
o Eg. Haemoglobin
LIPIDS
Monomer: none
-Water insoluble
-Non polar
-Store lots of energy
-Major component of cell membranes
Steroids – hormones
Carotenoids – pigments