Download MohdSazliSaadMFKE2007TTT

CONCENTRATION AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENT OF FLOWING OBJECTS
USING OPTICAL AND ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY
MOHD SAZLI BIN SAAD
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering
(Electrical – Mechatronics and Automatic Control)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL 2007
iii
Dengan nama Allah yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Pengasih.
To my beloved and supportive wife Wan Sallha,
my sons Muhammad Danish Irfan and Muhammad Dini Irsyad
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express sincere, heartfelt appreciation to those involved in the
completion of this project.
First and foremost, I wish to express special thanks, appreciation and deep
gratitude to my project supervisor, Dr. Sallehuddin Bin Ibrahim, who has been there
to provide continuous guidance, advice, encouragement, support and generous
amount of time in helping me to complete this project. His remarkable unique ways
and professionalism of handling my weaknesses has turned my simplistic mind to see
think in more rational and critical view. It has been a great pleasure and privilege to
learn from someone who is professional like him.
Special thanks also to co-supervisor Mr Amri, lab technician Mr. Faiz and
Mr. Helmi, for their kind assistance through the materials and technical supports.
Sincere appreciation of course goes to my friends who give me unselfish
support and my family especially my wife Wan Sallha Bt. Yusoff for their support
and encouragement throughout in the completion of this project. Without their
endless sacrifices, constant love and steadfast support, I would never have reach this
level. To my sons Muhammad Danish Irfan and Muhammad Dini Irsyad, it is to you
I dedicate this effort.
Above all, I would like to offer my deepest appreciation and thanksgiving to
Allah SWT. There is no way to measure what You’ve worth. You are The One who
has made things possible. You deserve all glory and honor.
v
ABSTRACT
This thesis investigates a simple measurement of concentration and velocity
of objects flowing in a pipe of 100mm diameter. The project aims to analyze the
accuracy and repeatability of measurements by comparing the results from the
concentration and velocity measurement of various objects between optical and
ultrasonic sensors. Both sensors are based on process tomography technique. The
optical and ultrasonic tomography measurements circuit consists of sensors, signal
conditioning circuits and data acquisition system. Sensors fixture are designed based
on fan beam projection technique. The signal is transmitted from the transmitter to
the receiver. Interfacing card is used to interface the analog signals to the computer.
The sensors detect the attenuation of light for optical system and acoustic energy for
ultrasonic system. This provides information on the concentration of the flowing
objects. To measure velocity, two arrays of sensors are placed upstream and
downstream on the pipe. The output from both sensors is cross-correlated. The peak
of the cross-correlation graph represented the time for the object to move from
upstream to downstream. The velocity is obtained by dividing the time and the
distance between upstream and downstream. The velocity is obtained by simply
dividing the time and the distance between upstream and downstream. Prototype
circuits have been implemented for optical and ultrasonic measurement system.
Visual Basic 6.0 is used for software algorithms on concentration and velocity
measurement. The data is collected using data acquisition system and it was an
offline process. The comparison of concentration profiles has shown that optical
tomography produced a better result compared to ultrasonic tomography. Whereas
for velocity measurement, ultrasonic transducer produced better accuracy but lower
repeatability compared to optical transducer.
vi
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini mengkaji pengukuran mudah terhadap penumpuan dan halaju objek
bergerak di dalam paip berdiameter 100mm. Matlamat project in adalah untuk
menganalisa ketepatan dan keboleh-ulangan pengukuran melalui hasil perbandingan
daripada pengukuran penumpuan dan halaju ke atas pelbagai objek di antara
pengesan optikal dan ultrasonik. Kedua-dua pengesan adalah berasaskan kepada
teknik proses tomografi. Litar pengukur bagi tomografi optikal dan ultrasonik terdiri
daripada pengesan, litar kondisi isyarat dan system pemungutan data. Alat
pemasangan
pengesan
direka
berdasarkan
kepada
teknik
‘fan-beam
projection’.Isyarat dihantar dari pemancar ke penerima. Kad penyambungan
digunakan untuk menyambung isyarat analog ke komputer.
Alat pengesan optikal
mengesan pengecilan cahaya dan alat pengesan ultrasonik mengesan pengecilan
kuasa akuastik. Dengan ini, maklumat tentang penumpuan dapat diperolehi. Untuk
mengukur halaju, dua susunan pengesan dipasang di sebelah atas dan bawah paip.
Isyarat yang keluar daripada kedua-dua jenis pengesan akan disilang-kait. Puncak
tertinggi bagi graf silang-kait menunjukkan masa untuk objek bergerak dari atas ke
bawah paip. Halaju ditentukan melalui pembahagian jarak atas-bawah dengan masa.
Litar prototaip telah dilaksanakan ke atas pengukuran sistem optikal dan ultrasonik.
‘Visual Basic 6.0’ telah digunakan dalam perlaksanaan algoritma perisian untuk
pengukuran penumpuan dan halaju. Pemungutan data dilakukan secara ‘offline’.
Perbandingan di antara profil penumpuan ke atas kedua-dua teknik tomografi
menunjukkan bahawa keputusan tomografi optikal adalah lebih baik berbanding
tomografi ultrasonik. Sebaliknya bagi pengukuran halaju, transduser ultrasonik
menghasikan keputusan yang lebih baik berbanding transduser optikal.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
1
Overview of the Process Tomography
1.2 Objectives of the Project
2
1.3 Scope of the Project
3
1.4
Project Planning
3
1.5
Thesis Outline
3
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1 Introduction
5
2.2
Tomography Technique
5
2.2.1
Optical Tomography System
6
2.2.2
Ultrasonic Tomography System
6
2.3
7
2.4 Ultrasonic Sensor Systems
9
2.5
Arrangement of Transducers
12
2.5.1
Fan Beam Projection Technique
12
2.5.2
Parallel Beam Projection Technique
13
2.6
3
Optical Sensor Systems
Summary of the Chapter
14
METHODOLOGY
16
3.1
Introduction
16
3.2
Optical Sensors
16
3.2.1
18
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.7
Sensor Selection
3.2.2 Sensor Fixture
19
3.2.3
21
Optical Transmitting Circuit
3.2.4 Optical Receiving Circuit
22
3.2.5
23
The Design of Optical Receiving Circuit
Ultrasonic Sensors
28
3.3.1
Sensor Fixtures and Arrangement
30
3.3.2
Ultrasonic Transmitting Circuit
32
3.3.3
Ultrasonic Receiving Circuit
32
3.3.4
The Design of Optical Receiving Circuit
33
3.3.5
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design
38
Velocity and Concentration Measurement
42
3.5.1
42
Velocity Measurement
3.5.2 Concentration Measurement
44
3.5.3 Linear Back Projection Technique
45
Software Development
45
3.6.1 Velocity Measurement Algorithms
46
3.6.2 Concentration Profiles Algorithms
48
The Data Acquisition System
50
ix
3.8
4
Summary of the Chapter
51
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
52
4.1 Introduction
52
4.2
Concentration Measurement
52
4.2.1
Experiment 1
53
4.2.2
Experiment 2
54
4.2.3
Experiment 3
55
4.2.4
Experiment 4
56
4.2.5
Discussions
57
4.3
4.4
5
Velocity Measurement
61
4.3.1
Experiment 1
62
4.3.2
Experiment 2
64
4.3.3
Discussions
66
4.3.4
Repeatability of Velocity Measurement
67
Summary of the Chapter
68
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
69
5.1 Introduction
69
5.2
Conclusions
69
5.3
Suggestions for Future Work
71
REFERENCES
Appendices A - E
72
75-88
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Transmission speed of ultrasound in different media
12
3.1
Cross correlation algorithms
46
4.1
Comparison between calculated and experimental values in
terms of percent error
66
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
2.1
Reflection and transmission of ultrasonic wave
2.2
Fan-shaped arrangements to different array structure of the
PAGE
10
sensor. (a) 4 Light sources, 15 beams ; (b) 15 Light sources,
5 beams; (c) 15 Light sources, 15 beams
2.3
13
(a) Parallel beam projections, (b) Two orthogonal projections
and (c) Two rectilinear projections
14
3.1
Optical system topology
18
3.2
Sensor fixture at upstream
20
3.3
Sensor fixture at downstream
21
3.4
Optical transmitting circuit
22
3.5
Optical receiving circuit
23
3.6
Differential input converter
24
3.7
Output after the differential converter
24
3.8
Inverting amplifier circuit
25
3.9
Output after amplifier and AC coupling
25
3.10
Lowpass filter circuit
26
3.11
Combination full wave rectifier and dc converter circuit
27
3.12
Output from the rectification circuit when there is no object
27
3.13
Output from the rectification circuit when an object dropped
27
3.14
Ultrasonic system topology
29
3.15
Sensor fixture at upstream
30
xii
3.16
Sensor fixture at downstream
31
3.17
Ultrasonic transmitting circuit
32
3.18
Ultrasonic Receiving Circuit
33
3.19
Pre amplifier
34
3.20
Output of pre-amplifier
34
3.21
Amplifier
35
3.22
Signal output that was amplified
35
3.23
Bandpass filter circuit
37
3.24
Combination of full wave rectifier and dc converter circuit
37
3.25
Output of dc value
38
3.26
Optical transmitting circuit
39
3.27
Optical receiving circuit
39
3.28
Ultrasonic transmitting circuit
40
3.29
Ultrasonic receiving circuit
40
3.30
A combination of optical and ultrasonic receiving circuit
(at downstream)
41
3.31
Complete hardware installation (side view)
41
3.32
Complete hardware installation (top view)
42
3.33
Basic concept of cross-correlation technique
44
3.34
Algorithm Of Cross Correlation
47
3.35
Sensitivity map for sensor 1 to sensor 8
49
3.36
Concentration measurement flow chart
50
4.1
Concentration measurement of no object flow by optical
Tomography
4.2
Concentration measurement of no object by ultrasonic
Tomography
4.3
54
Concentration measurement of round object at 85mm diameter
by optical tomography
4.6
54
Concentration measurement object at 70mm diameter by
ultrasonic tomography
4.5
53
Concentration measurement of object at 70mm diameter by
optical tomography
4.4
53
Concentration measurement of round object at 85mm diameter
55
xiii
by ultrasonic tomography
4.7
Concentration measurement of round object at 40mm diameter
by optical tomography
4.8
58
Comparison between optical and ultrasonic concentration profiles
in terms of pixel weighting value
4.11
56
Comparison between optical and ultrasonic concentration profiles
in terms of pixel weighting value
4.10
56
Concentration measurement of round object at 40mm diameter
by ultrasonic tomography
4.9
55
59
Comparison between optical and ultrasonic concentration profiles
in terms of pixel weighting value
60
4.12
Transducers arrangement for experiment 1
62
4.13
Velocity measurement at a distance of 220mm using ultrasonic
transducers
4.14
63
Velocity measurement at a distance of 160mm using ultrasonic
transducers
63
4.15
Transducers arrangement for experiment 2
64
4.16
Velocity measurement at a distance of 105mm using ultrasonic
transducers
4.17
Velocity measurement at a distance of 45.8mm using optical
transducers
4.18
65
65
Repeatability of velocity measurement for optical and ultrasonic
sensors
67
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Z
-
Acoustic impedance
ρ
-
Density
c
-
Velocity of sound
µ
-
The linear attenuation coefficient
I0
-
Original intensity of source
I
-
Measured intensity
s
-
Thickness of object
R
-
Characteristic impedances
L
-
Distance
-
Attenuation function
IT
-
Energy intensity of transmitter
IR
-
Energy intensity of receiver
fR
-
Resonance frequency
fH
-
Upper cutoff frequency
fL
-
Lower cutoff frequency
Rxy
-
Cross correlation function
Τ
-
Transit time
VLBP(x, y)
-
Voltage distribution obtained using LBP algorithms
SRx,Tx
-
Signal loss amplitude of receiver Rx-th for projection Tx-th in
f ( x, y )
unit of volt
M Tx , Rx ( x, y )
-
The normalized sensitivity matrices for the view of Tx–Rx
Linear Back Projection algorithms
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ECT
-
Electrical capacitance tomography
EIT
-
Electrical impedance tomography
DAS
-
Data acquisition system
IR-LED
-
Infra-red Light Emitting Diode
d.c
-
Direct current
GUI
-
Graphical User Interface
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Project Planning Schedule
75
B
Visual Basic Programming Software
76
C
ExceLINX™ Configuration
83
D
Example of Data in Microsoft Excel format
84
E
List of Datasheets
88
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Overview Of The Process Tomography
The imaging and measurement of flows provides an important inspection
method in industrial processes (M.H. Fazalul Rahiman et al., 2006). Various
methods have been employed for measuring the volumetric concentration and the
velocity of various objects through the pipeline. It has been of interest in many
industrial applications to describe the characteristic of component flows using
methods that are noninvasive, fast response, and suitable for optically opaque
systems. Thus, ultrasonic technique holds good potential for matching these
requirements (Ying Zheng et al., 2004).
The ultrasonic sensor is sensitive to the density of sound changes and has the
potential for imaging component flows such as oil, gas, and water mixtures.
Ultrasonic tomography is one of the methods that enable the measurement of certain
characteristics of objects that cannot be easily obtained by other methods.
Ultrasounds can detect changes in acoustic impedance (Z) which is closely related to
the density (ρ) of the media (Z = ρc, where c is the velocity of sound) and thus
complements other tomographic imaging technologies such as electrical capacitance
tomography (ECT) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) (M.H. Fazalul
Rahiman et al., 2006).
However, at present optical sensors techniques also plays an important role in
measuring the volumetric concentration and the velocity of various objects. It will be
2
applied widely in the fields of biomedical imaging, material structure analyzing and
blurry martial target distinguishing and etc (Shi Zhiwei et al., 2004). Currently,
optical tomography is an attractive method since it is conceptually straightforward,
relatively inexpensive and has a better dynamic response than other radiation-based
tomographic techniques such as x-ray and positron emission tomography (S Ibrahim
et al., 1999). Naturally, optic fiber sensor with high sensitivity, small volume, and
finely insulating is paid much attention in the development of optical tomography
technology (Shi Zhiwei et al., 2004).
Since both techniques have a potential demand in current industries and the
measurement in the volumetric concentration and the velocity of various objects
becomes more important to obtain a good quality of product industries, further study
on the issues of the accuracy and repeatability of the measurement should be
analyzed. Thus this project aims to highlight the above issues.
1.2
Objectives of the Project
The aims of this project are to analyze the accuracy and repeatability of
measurements by comparing the results from the concentration and velocity
measurement of various objects between optical and ultrasonic sensors. Specifically
the objectives of this project are:
1. To investigate simple measurement of concentration and velocity of flowing
objects in a pipe using optical and ultrasonic sensors.
2. To design and develop the electronic measurement system which consist of
sensors, signal conditioning circuits and output.
3. To compare the results from the concentration and velocity measurement of
various objects between optical and ultrasonic sensors. Analysis will be made
in terms of accuracy and repeatability of measurement.
3
1.3
Scope of the Project
This project is divided into two stages, which are:
Stage 1: Hardware Development
Firstly, literature study on the concept of flow measurement techniques using
optical and ultrasonic sensors are revised. Second, the selection of sensors and design
sensor’s fixtures are made. Than, the signal conditioning circuit are designed and
tested. Finally, the concentration and velocity of flowing object in a pipe line in
terms of dc voltage are measured.
Stage 2: Software development and Interfacing to the data acquisition system
(DAS)
At this stage, the designing of graphical user interface will be made by using
Visual Basic 6. Then, the signal conditioning circuit is interface to the DAS card.
Data is captured using Keithley ExceLINX software. The offline monitoring of
velocity and concentration object flowing into the pipe are made. Then, the results
are analyzed and finally completed the thesis writing.
1.4
Project Planning
This project is implemented base on the project planning schedule. The
project started from July 2006 to April 2007. The project planning schedule is
presented in Appendix A.
1.5
Thesis Outline
Chapter 1 presents an overview to process tomography, the objectives of the
project, project schedule and thesis outline.
4
Chapter 2 covers the literature review on the tomography technique for
optical and ultrasonic tomography, the principle of optical and ultrasonic sensor
system and the arrangement of transducers.
Chapter 3 describes in details the optical and ultrasonic system methodology,
the hardware and software development, and the techniques used to display the
concentration profiles as well as velocity of flowing objects.
Chapter 4 presents the results of both experiments concentration and velocity
measurement. All the results have been discussed in details.
Chapter 5 discusses the overall conclusions, limitations of the project and
suggestions for future work.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
The main objective of this chapter is to review the literature regarding the
optical and ultrasonic tomography system and its’ basic theories. At the end of this
chapter the arrangement of transducer are discussed and followed by the summary of
the chapter.
2.2
Tomography Technique
Tomographic technology involves the acquisition of measurement signals
from sensors located on the periphery of an object, such as a process vessel or
pipeline. This reveals the information of the nature and distribution of components
within the sensing zone. Most tomographic techniques are concerned with
abstracting information to form a cross sectional image (R.A William and M.S Beck,
1995). The heart of any tomographic technique is the sensor system that is deployed.
The basis of any measurement is to exploit differences or contrast in the property of
the process being examined.
6
2.2.1
Optical Tomography System
Optical tomography involves the use of non-invasive optical sensors to obtain
vital information in order to produce images of the dynamic internal characteristics
of the process system (S. Ibrahim et al., 2000). It has the advantages of being
conceptually straightforward and relatively inexpensive. The optical tomography
system uses a number of light emitter–receiver pairs and a wide variety of light
sources such as visible light, infrared or laser light.
Usually a general optical tomography system requires a sensor fixture, a
number of optical sensor arrays, signal measurement circuitry, a data acquisition
system and a computer as data processing unit and display unit. Its working principle
involves projecting a beam of light through a medium from one boundary point and
detecting the level of light received at another boundary point (R. Abdul Rahim,
1996). For the type of projection used in the system, it can be parallel beam
(orthogonal) projection, rectilinear projection, fan beam projection or a mix among
them.
Optical tomography has the application of pneumatic conveying in the
industries of food processing, plastic product manufacturing and solid waste
treatment. Its specific measurements are flow concentration, flow velocity and mass
flow rate determination. Besides, an optical tomography sensor also can measure gas
bubbles and particles in a conveying fluid.
2.2.2
Ultrasonic Tomography System
Ultrasonic process tomography is potentially useful for imaging processes
where differences in object density and elasticity offer the most significant sensing
opportunity, for example, for imaging bubble gas/ liquid flows (W. Li and B.S.
Hoyle, 1996). Ultrasonic tomography is now developed in industrial flow imaging,
especially in liquid borne mixtures. Its imaging can provide images of a cross section
7
of pipe or vessel and thus information about the gas/liquid inside the pipe or vessel
can be extracted by analyzing the image obtained.
Ultrasonic tomography has the advantage of imaging two-component flows
and gives the opportunity of providing quantitative and real-time data on chemical
media within a full-scale industrial process, such as filtration, without the need of
process interruption (W. Warsito et al., 1999). The major potential benefits are, it is
possible to gain an insight into the actual process; secondly, since ultrasonic
tomography is capable of on-line monitoring, it is the opportunity to develop closed
loop control systems and finally, it can be non-invasive and possibly non-intrusive
system (R.A. Williams and M.S. Beck, 1995). The overall anticipated effects are
improvements in product yield and uniformity, minimized input process material,
reduced energy consumption and environmental impact and the lowering of
occupational exposure to plant personnel.
2.3
Optical Sensor Systems
The use of optical techniques for gathering information on the production
process has a long history. In recent times several of the ways in which matter
interact linearly with light have been used to examine process parameter of flow
fields. There is some example of applications such as the absorption of light used in
instrumentation system. The advent of infrared laser diodes providing narrow beam
and a power of order of 0.1W has enabled appropriate detector to produce a signal of
reasonable size even after passing through ten of centimeters of an absorption
medium. The diffraction of light by particles the size of which is comparable to the
wavelength of e light is well known technique for particle sizing. Infra red emission
that has been used t measure the flame distribution .There is three basic methods of
optical modes of operation:
1. Thru beam sensing.
2. Reflex sensing
3. Proximity sensing.
8
Thru beam sensing consist of two parts: a pulse light source and ac pulse light
detector.
The light source commonly called the source, emitter, sender, or
transmitter, and the light detector commonly called the detector or receiver. Source
light pulses are detected until an object interrupts or break the light beam. The loss of
signal results in a change in the sensor output. Since the detector is aimed directly at
the source rather than the source reflection, thru beam sensors have the longest range
capability of the three modes.
The reflex sensing used retroreflective targets that caused the incident light to
folded back, to return along the path from which it came. These sensors are generally
called either retroreflective or reflex sensor. The combination of high sensing power
and ease of installation has made reflex sensing the most popular choice of all
sensing modes.
Proximity sensing is accomplished by detecting light returned directly from
the object surface. Proximity is sometimes referred to as diffuse proximity or diffuse
scan. The diffuse light is scattered back toward the sensor and detected. Because
light is reflected by the sensed object, proximity sensor has the shortest detection
range (Scott M.Juds, 1988).
Optical system can be used where the conveying fluid is transparent to the
incident of optical radiation. The measured output of the sensor is based on the
optical attenuation due to the change in the optical density in the pipe line (S.Ibrahim
et al. ,1999).The law governing light is complex but with approximation they can be
simplified. For the purpose of the reconstruction algorithm it is assume the beam of
light travel in straight lines and is only attenuated. The linear attenuation coefficient,
µ is used to describe the optical attenuation property of an isotropic medium. For
optical radiation:
9
I = I 0 exp(− µs )
(2.1)
Where
2.4
I0
= original intensity of source
I
= measured intensity
µ
= linear attenuation coefficient
s
= thickness of object
Ultrasonic Sensor Systems
Ultrasonic techniques have been available for more than 50 years, and they
are inherently well suited to the characterization of composition, state of reacting
systems, mixing and multiphase flow properties and providing real-time images and
characterization of processes (Ultrasonic measurement).
The object or field will interaction with the ultrasonic beam through some
form of acoustic scattering and interaction must then be sensed to yield information
about the object or field. Ultrasonic sensor systems are based upon interactions
between the incident ultrasonic waves and the object to be imaged. For example, the
incident wave maybe reflected from boundaries, the reflection maybe sensed and
their data combined to indicate the location of the boundary (Hoyle and Xu, 1995).
When a beam of plane boundary separating two materials, some of the sound
energy is transmitted forward and the remainder reflected backward. The relative
amounts of reflected and transmitted intensities are expressed by the reflection and
transmission coefficients; define as follows (Jack Blitz, 1971).
Reflection coefficient = Intensities of reflected waves at the boundary
Intensities of incident waves at the boundary
(2.2)
10
Transmission coefficient = Intensities of transmission waves at the boundary
Intensities of incident waves at the boundary
(2.3)
The coefficient can be expressed in term of characteristic impedance as:
Reflection coefficient =
( R1 − R2 ) 2
( R1 + R2 ) 2
Transmission coefficient =
4 R1 R2
( R1 + R2 ) 2
(2.4)
(2.5)
Where
R1 and R2 are the characteristic impedances.
R
= ρc
ρ
= density
c
= speed of sound
It means that, the greater the difference in impedance at the interface, the
greater will be the amount of energy reflected. Conversely, if the impedances are
similar, most of the energy is transmitted. Figure 2.1 shows the concept of reflection
and transmission of ultrasonic wave.
Figure 2.1: Reflection and transmission of ultrasonic wave
11
The attenuation of ultrasound normally cause by diffraction, scattering and
absorption. Diffraction and scattering are properties of the shape and macroscopic
structure of the material. Absorption is the characteristic of the physical properties
and microscopic structure of the material. Assuming the diffraction effect is constant,
the acoustic intensity is found to decrease in an exponential manner as the distance, L
in a direction away from the source in increased.
The attenuation process can be modeled by Lambert’s exponential law of
absorption, where the ultrasonic energy intensity of transmitter, IT and receiver, IR are
related by (Lynnworth Lawrence C. ,1999):
I R = I T exp[ ∫ f ( x, y )dt ]
L
(2.6)
Where
L
= total path length
f ( x, y ) = attenuation function
The attenuation will be critically dependent upon the material through which
the ultrasound travels. For system whose path is less than 1 meter, in which the
medium is a liquid of density between that the water and oil, the attenuation is likely
to be tolerable with respect to the capabilities of typical ultrasonic transducer.
The transmission speed of ultrasound varies according to the medium through
which it travels. When transmitted through air, the speed of ultrasound is affected by
the
environmental factor such as temperature, humidity and air
turbulence. Temperature has the largest effect. The velocity, V of ultrasonic through
air at certain is given by the following equation:
V = 331.6 + 0.6Tms −1
(2.7)
12
Table 2.1 below shows the transmission speed of ultrasound in different media.
Table 2.1: Transmission speed of ultrasound in different media
2.5
Medium
Velocity (ms-1)
Air
331.6
Water
1440
Wood
3320
Iron
5130
Granite
6000
Arrangement of Transducers
A single transducer pair provides very limited information about the solids
flow since it only interrogates a small regime of the cross section. Whereas a
tomoghrapic image requires many views to be used and these may be arrange into
several parallel group is termed a projection. This projection measurement provides
significantly more information about the flow in the measurement cross section.
2.5.1 Fan Beam Projection Technique
This technique used a point of source of light that emanates a fan shaped
beam. On the other side of boundary, a bank of detector is used to make all the
measurement in one fan simultaneously. Figure 2.2 shows the fan shaped
arrangements to different array structure of the sensor. The fan beam projection
technique provides a higher resolution system compared to the same number of
sensors used in parallel projection due to high acquisition of information (R. Abdul
Rahim et al., 2005). However, it has the weakness that is:
•
Hard to model the sensitivity map of each sensor projection in the forward
problem.
13
•
Takes a longer time to reconstruct the cross-sectional image compared to the
parallel beam projection technique.
Figure 2.2: Fan-shaped arrangements to different array structure of the sensor. (a) 4
Light sources, 15 beams; (b) 15 Light sources, 5 beams; (c) 15 Light sources, 15
beams
Source : Yingna Zheng et al. (2006)
2.5.2 Parallel Beam Projection Technique
With parallel arrangement of beam, several projections can be placed around
the pipe. This arrangement provides intercepting views, enabling particle to be
positioned in space. The number of emitters and receivers are the same. Each
transmitter–receiver pair is arranged in a straight line and the received signal only
corresponds to its emitter source (R. Abdul Rahim et al., 2005). The types of parallel
beam projection technique are presented in Figure 2.3.
14
Figure 2.3: (a) Parallel beam projections, (b) Two orthogonal projections and (c)
Two rectilinear projections. Source: R. Abdul Rahim et al. (2005)
2.6
Summary of the Chapter
This chapter basically discussed the theory of optical and ultrasonic
tomography system. Generally, optical tomography system requires a sensor fixture,
a number of optical sensor arrays, signal measurement circuitry, a data acquisition
system and a computer as data processing unit and display unit. Its working principle
involves projecting a beam of light through a medium from one boundary point and
detecting the level of light received at another boundary point. Optical system can be
used where the conveying fluid is transparent to the incident of optical radiation. The
measured output of the sensor is based on the optical attenuation due to the change in
the optical density in the pipe line.
Ultrasonic process tomography is potentially useful for imaging processes
where differences in object density and elasticity offer the most significant sensing
opportunity, for example, for imaging bubble gas/ liquid flows. The object or field
will interaction with the ultrasonic beam through some form of acoustic scattering
and interaction must then be sensed to yield information about the object or field.
Ultrasonic sensor systems are based upon interactions between the incident
ultrasonic waves and the object to be imaged. There are two types of transducers
arrangement the commonly used in process tomography which known as fan beam
projection technique and parallel beam projection. The details of these projections
15
have been discussed in this chapter. Meanwhile the hardware and software
algorithms are developed and discussed in the next chapter.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
This chapter will discuss the methodology of the whole project. It consists of
optical and ultrasonic topology, Sensor selection, Sensor fixture, transmitting circuit,
receiving circuit and data acquisition. At the end of this chapter will discuss on the
velocity and concentration measurement technique, software algorithms for
concentration and velocity measurement, and data acquisition system configurations.
3.2
Optical Sensors
The optical system can be designed based on the sensor transmissions and
receptions by using the transmission mode method and it used fan beam projection
technique. Transducer pair consists of 8 transmitters and 8 receivers. Each of the
transducer is separated at angle of 22.5 degree. This type of transducer arrangement
will measure the concentration and velocity of flowing object in a pipe of 100mm
diameter.
The principle of this project is based on the light beams transmitting in a
straight line to receivers. The sensor output voltage depends on the blockage effect
when objects intercept the light beams. There are two assumptions in this model as
follows:
1) All incident lights on the surface of object are fully absorbed by the object
17
2) Light scattering and beam divergence effect are neglected
The transducer pair consists of an infra red emitting diode (IR_LED) and a
sensing photodiode. Pulse of infra red light is generated by the emitter and optically
configured to form a collimated beam through the flowing object in a pipe. The
voltage generated is related to the amount of the attenuation in the path of beam,
caused by the flow regime.
The projection of modulated array light is transmitted at frequency of 16 kHz
and optically configured to form a collimated beam incident with the flow regime.
The photodiode as a receiver is aligned opposite the emitter and sense the beam after
transmission through the pipe. The photodiode will generate an electrical current
signal within a range of microamperes that propagates to the intensity of the receive
light. The current signal then will be fed to the receiving circuit or signal
conditioning circuit and convert into voltage signal. This signal is amplified, filtered
and rectified to form a dc voltage. The dc voltage is sent to the computer through
data acquisition system for further process by suitable software algorithms.
Figure 3.1 below shows the basic structures of optical system topology. But
on the first stage we will concentrate on the hardware implementation. The hardware
consists of:
1) Sensor fixtures and arrangement
2) Optical transmitting circuit.
3) Optical receiving circuit.
4) Data acquisition system.
18
Figure 3.1: Optical system topology
3.2.1 Sensor Selection
The optical system requires an intense collimated beam. Selection of an
appropriate emitter -detector pair and their optical coupling with appropriate lens
arrangements is crucial importance. The sensor operates in photoconductive mode in
which it produces a voltage proportional to the intensity of light incident on it.
The corresponding detector produces an analogue voltage after through the
current to voltage converter. The peak value of the detected pulse is recorded as it is
inversely proportional to the amount of the emitted radiation as it traverses the flow
regime (Chan Kok San, 2003). The advantages of IR-LED are:
1) High efficiency
2) High reliability
3) Long life
4) Emits a sufficient intensity of radiation in the near infra red region
5) It can be activated by dc or pulse operation in forward voltage direction
6) It gives more accurate sensor reading due to the wavelength between 700
1000nm away from the fluorescent light (peak of radiant power at 550m)
19
In the light detector family, there are a wide range of different light spectrum
photo sensors. To obtain an optimized and accurate reading, the selection of light
detector must be unique to the exposed light spectrum and provide a fast setting time.
In addition, the type of detector selected must consider the detector's noise limit
(smallest signal that can be handled), leakage current, mating electronics, packaging
constraints, signal-to-noise ratio, frequency bandwidth and the cost (R. Abdul Rahim
et al., 2005).Photodiodes is selected because it gives:
1) high speed response
2) improve linearity
3) low leakage current
4) low noise
Both emitter (IR LED) and receiver (photodiode) should have the close value of
wavelength to each other so the spectral sensitivity can achieve the optimum level.
3.2.2
Sensor Fixture
The fixture is designed for fan beam projection. At upstream, there are 8
transmitters and 8 receivers are fitted into the fixture. The material used to construct
the fixture is PVC. The plan view of arrangement is shown in Figure 3.2 below.
20
Figure 3.2: Sensor fixture at upstream
At downstream, there is a pair of transmitter and receiver is fitted into the
fixture as shown in Figure 3.3.
21
Figure 3.3: Sensor fixture at downstream
3.2.3
Optical Transmitting Circuit
The emitter is operated in pulse mode because it can handle a larger current
and hence can generate a greater intensity of radiation. The pulse length must be
sufficient to allow the detector to response and generate a sufficient voltage.
The emitter is designed to at adjustable frequency between 1 kHz to 20 kHz.
The frequency can be regulated to get sufficient intensity of radiation to be detected
by receiver. The circuit is in Figure 3.4 below.
22
15 Vcc
1k
4
Ra
7
10k
8
IC 555
220
Rb
3
6
2
0.01micro F
5
1
IR Source
0.1micro F
Figure 3.4: Optical transmitting circuit
3.2.4
Optical Receiving Circuit
The PIN photodiode has been used in the circuit. The output signal from the
photodiode is fed to the preamplifier and converted to voltage signal. Preamplifier is
designed with the differential input current to voltage converter. This type of
designed can reduce noise sensitivity and reduce dc error. Figure 3.5 shows the
optical receiving circuit.
The output from preamplifier is sent to the amplifier, ac coupling and filtered
at about 16 kHz. Then, the signal is rectified to dc voltage. This DC voltage is sent to
the data acquisition system (DAS) to be process by the computer with suitable
software algorithms.
23
Figure 3.5: Optical receiving circuit
3.2.5 The Design of Optical Receiving Circuit
Figure 3.6 shows the differential input converter configuration. The
photodiode produces a differential signal in the form of opposite polarity currents, as
seen from the two-diode terminals. This type of configuration is used because of
better solution to noise sensitivity and dc offset error (David F. Stout, 1976). C1 and
R2 are the component used for lowpass filter. The selection C1 and R2 is based on
the maximum frequency to drive the emitter at 16 kHz. The lowpass filter is design
at 16 kHz which is computed as follows:
24
C1 =
=
1
2πR2 f
(3.1)
1
2π (4.7 M )(16k )
= 2.12pF ≈ 2pF (Standard value)
Preamplifier
2 picoF C1
4.7M R2
+Vcc
Photodiode
OPAMP TL084
Output to
amplfier
+
-Vcc
R1
4.7M
Figure 3.6: Differential input converter
The output after the differential converter is shown in Figure 3.7.
Figure 3.7: Output after the differential converter
The output from the differential converter is fed to the inverting amplifier to
be amplified to 5V. The closed loop gain can be regulated from 1 to 10. Adjustment
can be done at this stage to get the maximum output at 5V. Figure 3.8 shows the
single stage inverting amplifier configuration. The input is applied to inverting
25
terminal through a variable resistance R3. The non-inverting terminal is grounded.
The closed loop gain of the inverting amplifier is computed as follows:
V0 = -
R5
Vin
R3
(3.2)
Figure 3.8: Inverting amplifier circuit
The amplified output after the inverting amplifier and AC coupling is shown in
Figure 3.9.
Figure 3.9: Output after amplifier and AC coupling
The next stage, the amplified signal will through the filter circuit to filter the
unwanted signal that run more than 16 kHz. The circuit is design to be lowpass filter
at frequency of 16 kHz. The lowpass filter configuration is shown in Figure 3.10.
The value of R7 and C3 is determined from Equation 3.3 as follows:
26
C3 =
=
1
2πR7 f
(3.3)
1
2π (1.5k )(16k )
= 6631.46pF ≈ 6800pF (Standard value)
Lowpass filter
C3
6800picoF
Input from
amplifier
1.5k R7
+Vcc
R6 1k
-
OPAMP TL084
Output to
rectification
circuit
+
-Vcc
R8 1k
Figure 3.10: Lowpass filter circuit
The last stage of signal conditioning circuit is to convert ac value to dc value.
This can be achieved by using full wave rectifier where its will change the signal to
a positive value while the dc converter will provides averaging and smoothing to the
preceding stage. Figure 3.11 show the combination of full wave rectifier and dc
converter circuit that was used in this project. The output when no object drop is
shown in Figure 3.12. Figure 3.13 shown the output when the object is dropped.
27
Figure 3.11: Combination full wave rectifier and dc converter circuit
Figure 3.12: Output from the rectification circuit when there is no object
Figure 3.13: Output from the rectification circuit when an object was dropped
28
The output from the signal conditioning circuit is interface to the computer
via interfacing card, Keithley 1820HC. There are nine (9) channels from the optical
transducers were connected to the card, eight (8) channels from the upstream and one
(1) channel at downstream. These channels were configured as sensor 1 to sensor 9
by Kiethley ExceLINX program.
3.3
Ultrasonic Sensors
The ultrasonic system can be designed based on the sensor transmissions and
receptions by using the transmission mode method and it used fan beam projection
technique. Transducer pair consists of eight (8) ultrasonic transmitters and eight (8)
receivers. Each of the transducer is separated at angle of 22.5 degree. This type of
transducer arrangement will measure the concentration and the velocity of flowing
object in a pipe of 100mm diameter.
The ultrasonic of 40 kHz is sent from the transmitter to the receiver through
the flow regime, where the output voltage generated based on the attenuation of
acoustic energy in the flowing objects. The sensor will detect the objects, which flow
through the pipe and converting this information into electrical signal using signal
conditioning. Then the signal conditioning circuit will improve the signal before it
sent to data acquisition system. In data acquisition system, the data will be process
computationally so the velocity and the concentration can be monitored and analysis
can be made.
The basic structures of Ultrasonic system are hardware and software. But on
the first stage is concentrated on the hardware implementation (see Figure 3.14). The
hardware consists of:
1) Sensor fixtures and arrangement.
2) Ultrasonic transmitting circuit.
3) Ultrasonic receiving circuit.
4) Data acquisition system.
29
Figure 3.14: Ultrasonic system topology
30
3.3.1 Sensor Fixtures and Arrangement
Each pair of transmitters and receivers is placed in fan beam projection.
There are eight (8) pairs of ultrasonic transducers on the upstream of pipe. The plan
view of arrangement is shown Figure 3.15.
SENSOR'S FIXTURE
(ultrasonic)
Tx5
Rx4
Tx3
Rx6
Rx2
16.5mm (D)
Tx7
Tx1
22.5degree
Tx8
Rx8
Rx7
Rx1
Tx6
Tx2
Rx5
Rx3
5mm (D)
Tx4
114mm
10mm
16.5mm
16.5mm
40mm
16.5mm (D)
10mm
100mm
140mm
Figure3.15: Sensor fixture at upstream
In this arrangement, all sensors are enclosed in sensor housing made of PVC
material. This sensors housing then will couple with the PVC pipe with diameter of
31
l00 mm. By using sensor housing, the disturbances especially from echo effect will
reduced. As a result, all sensors can be projected simultaneously at the same time.
But without the sensor housing, it is difficult to project all sensors simultaneously
because the signals obtain are unstable.
There is a pair of transmitter and receiver is fitted into the fixture at the
downstream of the pipe as shown in Figure 3.16.
Figure 3.16: Sensor fixture at downstream
32
3.3.2 Ultrasonic Transmitting Circuit
This circuit has been designed to generate signal from the transmitter at 40
kHz. This is due to the resonance frequency of the ultrasonic transducer is at 40 kHz.
The basic circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3.17. Timer 555 is used for this design
because the frequency is generated is 40 kHz (refer to Appendix E). If the frequency
is generated more than 100 kHz, this timer is not suitable.
15 Vcc
1.5k
Ra
10k
Rb
4
7
8
IC 555
3
6
8.2k
2
5
1000pico F
1
0.1micro F
Figure 3.17: Ultrasonic transmitting circuit
3.3.3 Ultrasonic Receiving Circuit
The ultrasonic signal that receives by the receiver is amplified and filtered
(see Figure 3.18). Normally the signal receive is in sinusoidal form which then will
be rectified by the rectification circuit to form a DC signal. This DC signal in term of
voltage is sent to the data acquisition system (DAS) to be process computationally by
the computer. Band pass filter is designed to filter at bandwidth frequency from 38
kHz to 42 kHz. This is because the frequency from the transmitting circuit is
transmitted at 40 kHz. Therefore, the frequency outside the limit will be filtered out.
Full wave rectification circuit is designed to convert ac signal to dc signal. Full wave
rectification circuit is also known as an absolute value circuit. This means the circuit
output is the absolute value of the input peak voltage regardless of the input polarity.
33
Figure 3.18: Ultrasonic Receiving Circuit
3.3.4 The Design of Optical Receiving Circuit
The ultrasonic receiver is connected to the pre-amplifier, which is in the first
stage of the overall circuit. It converts the ultrasonic signal into electrical signal
which is in the form of AC voltage. This circuit also acts as isolation between the
input and output. The circuit is shown in Figure 3.19 and the output from the pre
amplifier is shown in Figure 3.20.
34
Figure 3.19: Pre amplifier
Figure 3.20: Output of pre-amplifier
The output from pre-amplifier is fed to the amplifier with a maximum gain
can achieve up to 100. Figure 3.21 shows the inverting amplifier configuration. The
input signal is applied to inverting terminal through a variable resistance R4. The
non-inverting terminal is grounded. The closed loop gain of the inverting amplifier
for each stage can be computed as follows:
V0 = -
R6
Vin
R4
(3.4)
35
Figure 3.21: Amplifier
The output from the amplifier is shown in Figure 3.22.
Figure 3.22: Signal output that was amplified
The next stage, the signal that was amplified will through the filter circuit to
eliminate the unwanted signal. In this stage, narrow band pass filter was used to
avoid the frequencies outside the critical frequencies and allow the frequencies
within its range. The circuit is designed based on the following requirement:
Band pass filter design criteria:
1) Resonance frequency, fR = 40kHz
2) Q factor = 10
3) Voltage gain = unity
4) Bandwidth = 4kHz
36
Calculation:
C1 and C2 = 1000pF
Compute R1,
R7 =
=
Q
2πAv f R C1
(3.5)
10
= 39.79kΩ ≈ 39kΩ
6.28(1)(40k )(1000 p)
Compute R2,
R2 =
=
R1Av
2(2πf R C1R1Av ) 2 − Av
39.79k (1)
= 199.9Ω ≈ 200Ω
2(2π (40k )(1000 p )(39.79k )(1)) 2 − 1
Compute R3,
R3 = 2R1 = 79.58k Ω ≈ 80.6kΩ
Compute R4,
R4 = R3 = 80.6 Ω
Bandwidth,
Upper cutoff frequency, fH = fR + BW/2
= 40k + 4000/2 = 42 kHz.
Lower cutoff frequency, fL = 42k - 4 k = 38 kHz
The band pass filter circuit that was used in this project is shown in Figure 3.23.
(3.6)
37
Figure 3.23: Bandpass filter circuit
The last stage of signal conditioning circuit is to convert ac value to dc value.
This can be achieved by using full wave rectifier where its will change the signal to
a positive value while the dc converter will provides averaging and smoothing to the
preceding stage. Figure 3.24 show the combination of full wave rectifier and dc
converter circuit that was used in this project. The output that was determined from
the circuit as shown in Figure 3.25.
Figure 3.24: Combination of full wave rectifier and dc converter circuit
38
Figure 3.25: Output of dc value
3.3.5 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design
In this project, Altium DXP2004 is used to design the circuit layout. A total
of 5 PCBs were developed to build the circuit track. All the 4 PCBs consist of:
1) Optical transmitting circuit
2) Optical receiving circuit
3) Ultrasonic transmitting circuit
4) Ultrasonic receiving circuit
5) A combination of optical and ultrasonic receiving circuit (at downstream)
The complete design of PCB layouts are shown in Figure 3.26 to Figure 3.30.
39
Figure 3.26: Optical transmitting circuit
Figure 3.27: Optical receiving circuit
40
Figure 3.28: Ultrasonic transmitting circuit
Figure 3.29: Ultrasonic receiving circuit
41
Figure 3.30: A combination of optical and ultrasonic receiving circuit (at
downstream)
The completion of the hardware installation is shown in Figure 3.31 and Figure 3.32.
Figure 3.31: Complete hardware installation (side view)
42
Figure 3.32: Complete hardware installation (top view)
3.4
Velocity and Concentration Measurement
The same technique is used for optical and ultrasonic system to measure the
velocity and concentration of flowing object in a pipe. Normally cross correlation
technique has been used for velocity and average measured voltage or linear back
projection for concentration measurement.
3.5.1 Velocity Measurement
Two pairs of sensors were used to monitor the flowing object at upstream and
downstream of the pipeline. These sensors are installed at axial distance between
each other. The transit time is taken for the flowing object travel from the upstream
to the down stream. Correlation method is used to determine the velocity of flowing
object in the pipe. Cross correlation is a process of comparing one signal with
another signal by multiplication of the instantaneous values and taking the average.
43
The idea is to cross correlate the signal x(t) and y(t) of both sensor, where the
resulting cross correlation function Rxy (τ) = Rxy(τ – T) has a maximum at the
transit time, τ =T. The cross correlating function relating two continuous signals x(t)
and y(t) can be calculated by:
T
lim 1
Rxy =
x(t ) y (t − τ )dt
T → ∞ T ∫0
(3.7)
Where
τ
= time shift imposed upon one of the signal
This equation can be expressed in discrete time interval as:
R xy =
∞
∑ x(t ) y(t − τ )dt
(3.8)
t = −∞
The transit time (τ) taken by the flowing object from the upstream to the
downstream is measured by cross correlating of two signals. The velocity then
calculated from the known sensor spacing L and the transit time τ as:
V=
L
τm
(ms −1 )
(3.9)
The advantage of cross correlation is that is their calibration is dependent
primarily on the volume of pipe and not necessary to calibrate the transducer, since
only the transit time between them is required. Figure 3.33 shows the basic concept
of cross correlation technique.
44
B a s ic c o n c e p t o f c ro s s -c o rre la tio n te c h n iq u e
x
u p s tre a m
t
R xy
S e n s o r (u p s tre a m )
c ro s s c o rre la tio n fu n c tio n
X
τ
t
S e n s o r (d o w n s tre a m )
y
d o w n s tre a m
t
Figure 3.33: Basic concept of cross-correlation technique
3.5.2 Concentration Measurement
The concentration measurement of ultrasonic system is based on the
attenuation of acoustic energy in the flowing objects. The attenuation of acoustic
energy can be expressed in terms of voltage signals from the receiving circuit.
Ideally with zero flow, all sensors should have certain output. When the object is
dropped, the value of sensors that detect the object will be decreased. These outputs
were captured by using a data acquisition system. Finally the concentration can be
measured by constructing the average measured voltage of the sensors or can be
imaged using the linear back projection technique.
45
3.5.3
Linear Back Projection Technique
Linear back projection (LBP) algorithm has been used to perform the image
reconstruction. The concentration profile is generated by combining the projection
data from each sensor with its computed sensitivity map. The modeled sensitivity
matrices are used to represent the image plane for each view.
To reconstruct the image, each sensitivity matrix is multiplied by its
corresponding sensor reading. The voltage distribution obtained using LBP algorithm
can be expressed as:
VLBP ( x, y ) =
8
8
∑ ∑S
Tx = 0 Rx = 0
Rx ,Tx
M Tx , Rx ( x, y )
(3.10)
Where
VLBP(x, y)
= voltage distribution obtained using LBP algorithm
(concentration profile in unit volt) an n × m matrix where n equals to
dimension of sensitivity matrix
SRx,Tx,
=
signal loss amplitude of receiver Rx-th for projection Tx-
th in unit of volt
M Tx , Rx ( x, y )
3.5
=
the normalized sensitivity matrices for the view of Tx–Rx
Software Development
Visual Basic is used to develop an offline simulator of concentration profiles
and velocity measurement (refer to Appendix B). The purpose of the offline
simulator is to perform concentration profiles of 8 x 8 pixels for optical and
ultrasonic tomography and the velocity of object flowing from the upstream to the
downstream of the pipe.
46
3.6.1 Velocity Measurement Algorithms
For velocity measurement, data from the upstream and the downstream is
captured using data acquisition system and the data is processed using off line to
obtain the cross correlation function. The computation requires two sets of data as
inputs in order to perform the cross correlation function (Syed Najib Syed Salim,
2003). The programmed can be computed as in Table 3.1 by using the algorithm
flow chart as shown in Figure 3.34.
Table 3.1: Cross correlation algorithms
Cross correlation algorithms
Dim ccf(0 To 200, 0)
Max = 0#
For K1 = 1 To 200
Sum = 0
For K2 = K1 - 1 To 199
Sum = Sum + arraydata1(K2 - K1 + 2, 1) * arraydata1(K2 + 1, 2)
Next K2
If Sum > Max Then
Max = Sum
zero(K1) = K1
Time(K1) = Distance * Frequency / K1 'to calculate velocity
Form2.Text1.Text = Format(Time(K1), "#0.000 m/s")
End If
Sum = Sum / 200
ccf(K1 - 1, 0) = Format(Sum, "##.###########")
Next K1
Form2.MSChart1.ChartData = ccf
In Figure 3.34, there are two sets data containing of 200 samples and appoint
as x(k) remains un-shifted signal and y(k) remains shifted signal. Initially, the value
of K1=1 and the value of sum is set to zero. Then K2 is defined as K2 = K1-1. The
product of x(K2-K1 +2)y(K2+1) is added to sum and K2 value is increase by 1. The
procedure will be repeated until the value of K2 is greater than 199. Then the value of
sum is stored and the value of K1 increased by 1. The process will repeated with new
47
value of K1 and K2 while sum is reset as zero again till the value of K1 is greater than
200.
Start
X(k), k=1,2,3,………,200
Y(k), k=1,2,3,.......,200
K1=1
Sum = 0
k2=k1-1
Sum=Sum + x(k2-k1+2)y(k2+1)
k2=k2 +1
No
K2 > 199
yes
Store value Sum
k1=k1+1
™ x(k), unshifted signal
™ y(k), shifted signal
No
K1 > 200
yes
End
Figure 3.34: Algorithm of Cross Correlation
48
3.6.2 Concentration Profiles Algorithms
In order to obtain the concentration profile, the sensitivity map for each
sensor’s projection has to figure up first and an assumption of the straight path of
optical and ultrasonic wave’s propagation is used. The sensitivity map for each
sensor’s projection is shown in Figure 3.35.
S1
1
S2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
Sensitivity map for sensor number 1
Sensitivity map for sensor number 2
0
49
Figure 3.35: Sensitivity map for sensor 1 to sensor 8
The sensitivity matrix for each sensor consists of an 8x8 matrix containing 64
numerical values, many of which are zero. Sensitivity value are assume as (R. Abdul
Rahim and R.G. Green, 1998):
1) Zero - for the pixel outside the pipe.
2) One – if the path of the sensor passes through a pixel within the pipe.
From the sensitivity map, the concentration profiles are the expected to give
high sensitivity at the center of the pipe. The optical and ultrasonic paths only cross
at the center of the pipe. The concentration profiles only give higher concentration of
flowing object at the center of the pipe even though the object has dropped near to
the pipe wall. This is the limitation of this project. Further improvement will be
discussed in sub-section 5.3.
Figure 3.36 show the flow chart of concentration measurement. Data from all
the sensors were captured using DAS card is stored in the database using Microsoft
Office Access 2003. There were eight (8) data stored in the database. The
concentration profiles are calculated using Linear Back Projection algorithms (LBP).
The output from the LBP is used to construct the concentration profiles which then
display on the Graphical User Interface (GUI) for further analysis.
50
Start
Data storage
Select flow
Calculation
of the profile
Image
End
Figure 3.36: Concentration measurement flow chart
3.7
The Data Acquisition System (DAS)
The data acquisition system used in this project is the Keithley DAS1802HC.
Its can be configured for 64 single ended or 32 differential, 12 bit input and can
measured up to 333k samples/s with a maximum conversion time of 3µs/channel.The
DAS responsible to obtain the quantitative data describing the internal flow pipeline.
By using DAS, data has to be collected quickly and accurately in order to track small
changes of flows in real time thus enabling the reconstruction algorithm to provide
and accurate indication of true flow distribution.
ExceLINX™ is used to acquire data directly from a Keithley DAS1802HC.
With ExceLINX™, no programming is required. Before start to capture the data, a
few configurations such as sample rate, scan rate, list of channel and etc. need to be
done in the ExceLINX™. All the details of ExceLINX™ configuration is shown in
Appendix C. Other advantages of ExceLINX™ are as follows:
1)
Easy to use - no programming is required.
2)
Familiar Excel look and feel.
3)
Thermocouple, Analog Input, Analog Outputs and Digital I/O Capabilities.
4)
Dynamic data logging without leaving Excel.
51
5)
3.8
Compatible with many of Keithley's ISA and PCI data acquisition boards.
Summary of the Chapter
This chapter presented the methodology of optical and ultrasonic
tomography. For optical tomography, transmitting circuit has been designed using
timer 555 which can be triggered the IR LED from 1 kHz to 20 kHz. Photodiode has
been used to receive the signal from the transmitting circuit which then converts to
d.c voltage by the signal conditioning circuit. For ultrasonic tomography, the
transmitter is triggered at 40 kHz which equal to the resonance frequency of
ultrasonic receiver. Signal from the ultrasonic receiver will be converted into d.c
voltage. The output signal from both transducers is fed to the data acquisition card
and stored into the computer. The PCB for all the circuit have been developed using
Altium DXP2004. Visual Basic 6 has been used to compute the concentration
measurement by linear back projection technique and computed the velocity
measurement by cross correlation technique. Further discussions on the findings of
this project are presented in the next chapter.
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1
Introduction
In this chapter, all the results from the concentration and velocity
measurement will be discussed. There are four (4) set of experiment conducted for
concentration and two set (2) for velocity measurement. For concentration
measurement, several objects at different size are used. Investigation the ability of
optical and ultrasonic transducer in detecting and recognizing the location of objects
in the pipe is made. For velocity measurement, optical and ultrasonic transducers are
used to measure velocity of object falling under the influence of gravity. The results
obtained from the experiments are compared with the theoretical value. Comparison
between optical and ultrasonic transducer are made in terms of accuracy and
repeatability.
4.2
Concentration Measurement
The measurements are made by energizing all eight (8) transducers pair in
optical and ultrasonic. The data acquisition system with sampling frequency of
100Hz per channel was set to capture the output voltage at several known object
flow. At the initial condition, each sensor was set at certain value. These are the
value when there is no object flow. In this experiment, 156 samples are collected for
each sensor at an interval of 0.01s. Three types of object with different diameter are
used. The concentration profile in 8x8 matrices obtained using Linear Back
53
Projection (LBP) is shown in Figure 4.1 to Figure 4.8. The examples of data in
Microsoft Excel format are attached in Appendix D. Comparison has been made
between optical and ultrasonic concentration measurement.
4.2.1 Experiment 1
The concentration profiles when there is no objects flow is shown in Figure
4.1 and Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.1: Concentration measurement of no object flow by optical tomography
Figure 4.2: Concentration measurement of no object by ultrasonic tomography
54
4.2.2
Experiment 2
The concentration profiles when round object at 70mm diameter is dropped
from the upstream to the downstream are shown in Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4.
Figure 4.3: Concentration measurement of object at 70mm diameter by optical
tomography
Figure 4.4: Concentration measurement object at 70mm diameter by ultrasonic
tomography
55
4.2.3
Experiment 3
The concentration profiles when round object at 85mm diameter is dropped
from the upstream to the downstream are shown in Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.5: Concentration measurement of round object at 85mm diameter by
optical tomography
Figure 4.6: Concentration measurement of round object at 85mm diameter by
ultrasonic tomography
56
4.2.4
Experiment 4
The concentration profiles when round object at 40mm diameter is dropped
from the upstream to the downstream are shown in Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.8.
Figure 4.7: Concentration measurement of round object at 40mm diameter by
optical tomography
Figure 4.8: Concentration measurement of round object at 40mm diameter by
ultrasonic tomography
57
4.2.5 Discussions
The results from experiment 1 to 4 are discussed below:
A) Concentration measurement with no flowing object
For optical measurement, all the sensors reach to average voltage nearly to
5V. Whereas for the ultrasonic measurement, it seen that S1, S2, S6 and S7 show a
voltage drop. Theoretically, when there is no object flow, all the sensors should give
average voltage at 5V. This will discuss further in the following section.
For the concentration profiles, concentration is higher at the center of the
pipe. This is due to the single path of optical and ultrasonic wave’s propagation is
used.
B) Round object at 70 mm diameter
For optical measurement, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 detected the object.
Whereas for ultrasonic, only S3 and S6 detected the object. Theoretically both types
of measurement should give the same point of detection, which is the same sensor of
optical and ultrasonic detect the object. The optical path can be a reference to the
ultrasonic path because optical transmitter gives straight transmission path.
Concentration profiles at the center of the pipe still gave higher
concentration. But, the pixel weighting value is lower for the sensors that detect the
object. Figure 4.9 shows the different. LBP is utilized to construct the concentration
profiles.
58
Optical
Ultrasonic
Figure 4.9: Comparison between optical and ultrasonic concentration profiles in
terms of pixel weighting value
C) Round object at 85 mm diameter
For optical measurement, S2, S3, S6 and S7 detected the object. Whereas for
ultrasonic, only S2 and S5 detected the object. Transmission path for optical and
ultrasonic wave propagation are shown in Figure 4.10. Concentration is higher at the
center of the pipe. Transmission path for optical and ultrasonic suppose to be similar.
Further investigation is needed to find the factors that contribute to this problem.
59
Optical
Ultrasonic
Figure 4.10: Comparison between optical and ultrasonic concentration profiles in
terms of pixel weighting value
D) Round object at 40 mm diameter
Almost all the sensors detected the object. Whereas for ultrasonic, only S2,
S4, S6 and S8 detected the object. The different in transmission path between optical
and ultrasonic is shown in Figure 4.11 .The problem still similar with the previous
experiments. Theoretically, the transmission path for ultrasonic suppose to be the
same as optical.
60
Optical
Ultrasonic
Figure 4.11: Comparison between optical and ultrasonic concentration profiles in
terms of pixel weighting value
From the above discussion, both optical and ultrasonic concentration
measurement gave higher concentration at the center of the pipe. From the study, this
problem is due to the assumption that has been made which is the transmission path
for optical and ultrasonic sensors are in single straight line propagations. Then the
sensitivity map for both type of measurement is design to be in single line
propagations (refer to sub-section 3.6.2).
Theoretically, the number of ultrasonic sensors that detected the object should
be the same number of optical sensor because the sensor arrangement for both
sensors is the same. The optical sensors gave the actual detection because
experimentally the transmission path from the IR transmitter to the IR receiver is in
straight line. It did not detected by the neighboring IR receiver. The problem with
the ultrasonic concentration measurement is the sensors that suppose to detected the
object but not perform as what it should be. From the previous studied by M.H.
Fazalul Rahiman et al. (2006), the complex sound field send by the transducers could
results is overlapped or multiple reflected pulses, which introduce error in the
measurement. It could be worse if all the transmitter activated at the same time,
61
which may caused the ultrasonic wave from different transmitter to overlap, then a
lot of error in measurement will occur. Another studied by David Julian (1999), the
pulsation and oscillation of particle in the presence of an ultrasonic wave causes the
generation of secondary ultrasonic waves by the particle. Thus some of the ultrasonic
energy associated with the incident wave is redirected into different directions, and
an increase in the attenuation coefficient may be detected. That’s can be the reason
why some of ultrasonic sensors did not detected the object as the optical sensors
does. To solve these problems further improvement has to be done which is stated in
the future work in sub-section 5.3.
4.3
Velocity Measurement
Velocity measurements are carried out by using cross correlation technique.
The objects were dropped into the pipe will cross the sensor path from the upstream
and downstream. Signal from the upstream and downstream is cross correlated to
obtain the transit time of the object flow which then used to calculate the velocity.
The initial position of the object was set at 130mm above the ultrasonic upstream
sensors and 187mm above the optical upstream sensors. In this experiment, 200 data
samples were collected at the interval of 0.01s. There are two (2) set of experiments
have been carried out. Each experiment was performed by varying the distance
between upstream and the downstream. The velocity measurement results obtained
using cross correlation technique is shown in experiment 1 and experiment 2.
62
4.3.1 Experiment 1
The arrangement of transducers for experiment 1 is shown in Figure 4.12.
From the figure, the distance for ultrasonic transducers between upstream and
downstream is about 220mm. The object is dropped at starting position of 130mm
away from ultrasonic transducers. Meanwhile for optical transducers the distance
between upstream and downstream is about 160mm. The object is dropped at starting
position of 187mm away from ultrasonic transducers.
upstream
Initial position of object
130mm
187mm
Ultrasonic
Optical
220mm
160mm
A
Ultrasonic & optical
downstream
Figure 4.12: Transducers arrangement for experiment 1
The results of velocity measurement for experiment 1 are shown in Figure 4.13 and
Figure 4.14.
63
Figure 4.13: Velocity measurement at a distance of 220mm using ultrasonic
transducers
Figure 4.14: Velocity measurement at a distance of 160mm using optical transducers
64
4.3.2 Experiment 2
The arrangement of transducers for experiment 2 is shown in Figure 4.15.
From the figure, the distance for ultrasonic transducers between upstream and
downstream is about 105mm. The object is dropped at starting position of 130mm
away from ultrasonic transducers. Meanwhile for optical transducers the distance
between upstream and downstream is about 45.8mm. The object is dropped at
starting position of 187mm away from ultrasonic transducers.
Initial position of object
upstream
130mm
187mm
Ultrosonic
Optical
105mm
45.8mm
B
Ultrasonic & Optical
downstream
Figure 4.15: Transducers arrangement for experiment 2
The results of velocity measurement for experiment 2 are shown in Figure 4.16 and
Figure 4.17.
65
Figure 4.16: Velocity measurement at a distance of 105mm using ultrasonic
transducers
Figure 4.17: Velocity measurement at a distance of 45.8mm using optical
transducers
66
4.3.3 Discussions
The results from the velocity measurement are summaries in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Comparison between calculated and experimental values in terms of
percent error
Distance(mm) Calculated value (ms-1) Experimental value(ms-1) %Error
Ultrasonic
220
2.11
2.2
4.3
105
1.88
1.750
6.9
160
2.25
2
11.1
45.8
2
1.527
24
Optical
From the above results, comparison can be made between the used of optical
transducers and ultrasonic transducers to measure velocity of object flows in a pipe
of 100mm. Comparison can be made in terms of accuracy, which is percent of error
between calculated value and experimental value. By referring to Table 4.1, it
proved that by varying the distance between upstream and downstream will be
affected the value of transit time, hence the velocity also varies accordingly. It seen
that, ultrasonic gave better accuracy in terms of percent (%) error.
This error is probably due to setting of the sampling frequency to 100Hz,
which mean each sensor output is taken at the interval of 0.01s.Lower set of
sampling time will give faster data captured from the transducer output, thus the
accuracy will be better. The error also probably caused by the deviation of the object
while it was falling. The lower the distance between upstream and downstream the
higher the error will produce.
67
4.3.4
Repeatability of Velocity Measurement
Velocity measurement repeatability is carried out for optical and ultrasonic
transducer. There are 10 samples of velocity measurement taken at a distance of
45.8mm for optical transducer and 105mm for ultrasonic transducer. Repeatability
for both set of measurement is shown in Figure 4.18. From the figure, it shows that
optical sensor offer better repeatability than the ultrasonic sensor for velocity
measurement. This is probably due to overlapped or multiple reflected of ultrasonic
wave from different transmitters that activated at the same time, which introduce
error in the measurement.
Repeatability of velocity measurement
2.5
2
1.5
Optical sensor
Ultrasonic sensor
1
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of Data sample
Figure 4.18: Repeatability of velocity measurement for optical and ultrasonic
sensors
68
4.4 Summary of the Chapter
This chapter presents the results of concentration and velocity measurement.
There are four (4) sets of experiment have been carried out for concentration and two
(2) sets for velocity measurement. The results for each measurement have been
discussed. Comparison has been made between the used of optical and ultrasonic as a
sensing devices. For concentration measurement, the concentration of flowing object
is higher at the center of the pipe. This was due to the assumption that has been made
which is the transmission path for optical and ultrasonic sensors is in single straight
line propagations, hence the sensitivity map also designed to meet this assumption.
For ultrasonic concentration measurement, all the transmitters have been activated at
the same time, which may cause ultrasonic wave from different transmitter to
overlap, and then a lot of error in measurement will occur. For velocity
measurement, it can be done effectively using optical sensor or ultrasonic sensor.
The measurement is based on the cross correlation technique. The only parameter
involved is transit time and the distance between upstream and downstream. From
the table, it shows that ultrasonic offer better accuracy in terms of percent (%) error.
But, from Figure, it shows that optical sensor offer better repeatability than the
ultrasonic sensor for velocity measurement. Further conclusions and suggestions of
this project are presented on the next chapter.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1
Introduction
In this chapter all the results have been discussed and conclusion has been
made for the whole project. Future works of this project have been highlighted.
5.2
Conclusions
The investigation of the concentration and velocity measurement using a
combination of ultrasonic and optical tomography system has been successfully
developed. Results from concentration and velocity measurement have been
discussed. Comparison has been made between in terms of accuracy and
repeatability of measurement. The specific objectives of the thesis have been fulfilled
as follows:
•
The investigation has been performed by review several literature study from
journals and thesis of optical and ultrasonic tomography. System
methodologies for optical and ultrasonic tomography has been has been
developed and presented in Chapter 2 (Objective one).
•
The electronic measurement circuits which consist of transmitting circuit and
receiving circuit (signal conditioning circuit) have been designed
anddemonstrated. Both measurement circuits for optical and ultrasonic have
worked as per requirement (Objective two).
70
•
Several experiments for concentration and velocity measurement have been
carried out. The results that contributed from optical and ultrasonic
tomography have been discussed and comparison between both techniques of
measurement in terms of accuracy and repeatability has been made and
presented in Chapter 4 (Objective three).
For velocity measurement, it can be done effectively using optical sensor or
ultrasonic sensor. The measurement is based on the cross correlation technique. The
only parameter involved is transit time and the distance between upstream and
downstream. It shows that ultrasonic offer better accuracy in terms of percent (%)
error. But, optical sensors offer better repeatability than the ultrasonic sensor for
velocity measurement (refer to sub-section 4.3.4).
The limitations of this project are as follows:
•
Concentration measurement can be found using optical or ultrasonic sensors
by mean of LBP technique. However for ultrasonic measurement, the sensor
cannot be projected at the same time. This is because the overlapping effect
(refer to sub-section 4.2.5) where the dedicated sensor unable to receive its
signal from its respective transmitter. This may contribute error in the
measurement.
•
The concentration profile is not sufficient enough to be interpreted. This is
due to small number of sensors used in the measurement and lower order of
sensitivity matrices.
71
5.3
Suggestions for Future Work
The suggestions for future works are as follows:
1. Increase the number of sensors and sensitivity map for better resolution in the
image construction of concentration profiles.
2. It is necessary to have a wide beam angle so that the whole area to be
measured will be covered by the beams emitted from a number of fixed
transducers. Narrow beam angle would miss out objects situated at certain
locations in the area of interest.
3. For the ultrasonic tomography, multiplexer can be used as switching device
to switch from one transmitter to another. This will avoid the overlapping
signal from other transmitter.
4. The number sensors at the upstream and downstream should be equal. So
velocity of flowing object can be measured in many directions.
REFERENCES
Chan Kok San (2003). ”Real Time Image Reconstruction For The Fan Beam Optical
Tomography System.”Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: M.Sc Thesis.
David F.Stout(1976).”Handbook of operational amplifier circuit design". United
States:McGraw-Hill.
David Julian McClements (1999).”Ultrasonic measurement in particle size
analysis”.University of Massachusetts, Amhert,USA. Encylopedia of Analytical
Chemistry, Edited by Robert A. Meyers. John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
Chichester.ISDN 0741976709.
Hoyle B.S. and Xu L.A. (1995).”Ultrasonic Sensors. In: R.A. Williams and M.S.
Beck, Editors, Process Tomography: Principles, Techniques and Applications.”
Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Lynnworth Lawrence C. (1999).” Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control :
Theory, Techniques and Applications”. San Diego : Academic Press, 1989.
Jack Blitz (1971).”Ultrasonic: Methods and Applications”. London: Butterworth Ltd.
M.H. Fazalul Rahiman, R. Abdul Rahim, M.H. Fazalul Rahiman and Mazidah
Tajjudin (2006).”Ultrasonic transmission-mode tomography imaging for
liquid/gas two-phase flow”. IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol.6,No.6.
R. Abdul Rahim, Jon Fea Pang and Kok San Chan (2005)." Optical tomography
sensor configuration using two orthogonal and two rectilinear projection arrays”.
73
Universiti
Teknologi
Malaysia,
Malaysia
.
Flow
Measurement
and
Instrumentation ,Volume 16, Issue 5. P. 327-340.
R. Abdul Rahim (1996).” A tomography imaging system for pneumatic conveyors
using optical fibres”.Sheffield Hallam University: Ph.D. Thesis.
R. Abdul Rahim and R.G. Green (1998).”Optical-fiber sensor for process
tomography”. Control Engineering Practice 6.P.1365-1371.
R. Abdul Rahim, K.S. Chan, J.F. Pang and L.C. Leong (2005).”A hardware
development for optical tomography system using switch mode fan beam
projection”. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical Volume 120, Issue 1.P. 277-290.
R.A. Williams and M.S. Beck (1995).”Process tomography: Principles, techniques
and applications”. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.
S.Ibrahim,R.G.Green, K.Dutton, R.A. Rahim, K.Evans & A.Goude (1999).”Optical
fibre for process tomography: A Design Study”.Universiti Teknologi Malaysia &
Sheffield Hallam University. 1st World Congress on Industrial Process
Tomography, Great Manchester.
_____________ (2000).”Optical fibre Sensing Arrays for Visualisation of TwoPhase Flow: A Design Study”.Universiti Teknologi Malaysia & Sheffield Hallam
University.Edinburgh.
Scott M.Juds(1988).”Photoelectric sensor and controls". Marcel Dekker, New York.
Shi Zhiwei, Zhou Huan, Li Yang and Zeng Yanhua (2004).” Application of
Multimode Fiber Optical Sensor in Optical Tomography Technology”. Optics
and Lasers in Engineering, Optical metrology in China, Volume 43, Issue 10,
October 2005, Pages 1159-1166.
Syed Najib Syed Salim (2003).”Concentration Profile and Velocity Measurement
Using Ultrasonic Tomography”.Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: M.Sc Thesis.
74
W. Li and B.S. Hoyle (1996).”Ultrasonic process tomography using multiple active
sensors for maximum real time performance.” Chemical Engineering
Science.Vol.52.P.2161-2170.
W. Warsito, Okhawa M., Kawata N., Uchida S. (1999). “Cross-Sectional
Distributions of Gas and Solid Holdups in Slurry Bubble Column Investigated by
Ultrasonic Computed Tomography”. Chemical Engineering Science. Vol. 54.
4711-2728.
Yingna Zheng, Qiang Liu, Yang Li and Nabil Gindy (2006). “Investigation on
concentration distribution and mass flow rate measurement for gravity chute
conveyor by optical tomography system”. Measurement. Vol. 39, Issue 7 , P.
643-654.
APPENDIX A
Project Planning Schedule
75
APPENDIX B
Visual Basic Programming Software
Variable Declarations:
Option Explicit
Public values(1 To 8), values1(1 To 8) As Single
Public strvalues3(0 To 200, 0), strvalues5(0 To 200, 0) As
Single
Public Pix(0 To 1570, 1 To 8) As Single
Public arrayz(64, 8) As Single
Public arrayy(64, 8) As Single
Public arrayx(64, 8) As Single
Public arraytt(0 To 200) As Single
Public arrayw(8) As Single
Public arraydata(156, 2), arraydata1() As Single
Public arrayup(1 To 1570, 8) As Single
Public ccf(200, 2) As Single
Public zero(200), Time(200) As Single
Public a, i, j, L, w, aa, tt, xx, yy, zz As Integer
Public Distance, Frequency As Single
Public dataOK, btnclick, num As Single
Public db, db3 As Database
Public rs As Recordset
Public db1 As Database
Public rs1 As Recordset
Public db2 As Database
Public rs2 As Recordset
Public strSave As String
Public strsave1 As String
Front Page:
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Frm1.Show
End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()
End
End Sub
Private Sub Command6_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Private Sub Trigger_Click()
End Sub
Concentration Profiles:
Private Sub cmdExit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Command1_Click()
If Command1.Caption = "S&tart" Then
Text1.Visible = True
Text1.Text = ""
Command1.Caption = "S&top"
Trigger.Enabled = False
Form1.Height = 10290
Text1.Text = " "
Timer1 = True
Timer1.Interval = 500
ElseIf Command1.Caption = "S&top" Then
Text1.Visible = True
Text1.Text = " Click a point to see it's value... "
Command1.Caption = "S&tart"
Timer1 = False
Trigger.Enabled = True
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
Call YelScheme
cmbdata.AddItem "Data1"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data2"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data3"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data4"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data5"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data6"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data7"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data8"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data9"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data10"
cmbdata.ListIndex = 0
Form1.Top = 0
Form1.Left = 0
Form1.Width = 10800
Form1.Height = 5625
End Sub
Private Sub Timer1_Timer()
Static counter As Integer
DoEvents
counter = counter + 1
If counter >= 11 Then counter = 1
Select Case counter
Case 1
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data1)"
num = 0
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
Case 2
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data2)"
num = 156 * 1
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
Case 3
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data3)"
num = 156 * 2
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
76
77
Case 4
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data4)"
num = 156 * 3
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
Case 5
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data5)"
num = 156 * 4
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
Case 6
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data6)"
num = 156 * 5
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
Case 7
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data7)"
num = 156 * 6
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
Case 8
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data8)"
num = 156 * 7
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
Case 9
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data9)"
num = 156 * 8
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
Case 10
Form1.Frame11.Caption = "Concentration Profile
(Data10)"
num = 156 * 9
Call Sensitivity_Map
Call Add
Call Colour
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values1
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
End Select
End Sub
Private Sub Trigger_Click()
Form1.Height = 10290
Text1.Text = " Click a point to see it's value... "
Call Sensitivity_Map 'sensitivity map for ultrasonic
Call Average_Output
For i = 1 To 64
arraytt(i) = Format(arraytt(i), "0.00")
Form1.Pix(i - 1).Caption = arraytt(i)
Next i
MSChartConc.Visible = True
MSChartConc.ChartData = values
For i = 1 To 8
MSChartConc.Column = i
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel = "S" & i
Next i
Call Colour
End Sub
Private Sub MSChartConc_PointSelected(Series As
Integer, DataPoint As Integer, MouseFlags As Integer,
Cancel As Integer)
MSChartConc.Column = DataPoint
78
Text1.Text = " Average Output Sensor (" &
MSChartConc.ColumnLabel & ") = " &
MSChartConc.Data & " Volts "
End Sub
Concentration Module:
Sub YelScheme()
Form1.Lbl2(15).BackColor = RGB(255, 255, 205)
Form1.Lbl2(14).BackColor = RGB(255, 255, 200)
Form1.Lbl2(13).BackColor = RGB(255, 255, 150)
Form1.Lbl2(6).BackColor = RGB(255, 150, 20)
Form1.Lbl2(3).BackColor = RGB(180, 0, 0)
Form1.Lbl2(5).BackColor = RGB(255, 100, 0)
Form1.Lbl2(4).BackColor = RGB(200, 50, 0)
Form1.Lbl2(1).BackColor = RGB(100, 0, 0)
Form1.Lbl2(2).BackColor = RGB(150, 25, 0)
Form1.Lbl2(0).BackColor = RGB(0, 0, 0)
For i = 8 To 13
Form1.Lbl2(i - 1).BackColor = RGB(0 + 31 * (i + 1), 0 +
18 * (i + 1), 0 + 8 * (i + 1))
Next i
End Sub
Sub Average_Output()
Dim xx, yy, zz, aa, bb, cc, n As Integer
Select Case Form1.cmbdata.ListIndex
Case 0
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 1 To 156
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 1
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 158 To 313 '157 To 312
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 2
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 315 To 470 '313 To 468
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 3
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 472 To 627 '469 To 624
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 4
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 629 To 784 '625 To 780
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 5
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 786 To 941 '781 To 936
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 6
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 943 To 1098 '937 To 1092
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 7
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 1100 To 1255 '1093 To 1248
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 8
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 1257 To 1412 '1249 To 1404
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
Case 9
For yy = 1 To 8
For xx = 1414 To 1569 '1405 To 1560
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / 155 '(xx - 1)
Next yy
End Select
For aa = 1 To 8
For n = 1 To 64
arrayy(n, aa) = arrayz(n, aa) * arrayw(aa)
Next n
Next aa
For bb = 1 To 64
arrayx(bb, 0) = 0
For cc = 1 To 8
arrayx(bb, cc) = arrayy(bb, cc) + arrayx(bb, cc - 1)
Next cc
arraytt(bb) = arrayx(bb, cc - 1)
Next bb
For zz = 1 To 8
values(zz) = Format(arrayw(zz), "0.000")
Next zz
End Sub
Public Sub Colour()
Max = 0
For Row = 0 To 63 '1 To 64
If arraytt(Row) >= Max Then
Max = arraytt(Row)
End If
Next Row
For Row = 0 To 63
'backcolor is set according to their
value
If arraytt(Row + 1) <= "0.00" Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(0).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000005
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (1 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(1).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000005
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (2 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(2).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000005
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (3 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(3).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000005
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (4 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(4).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000005
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (5 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(5).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (6 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(6).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (7 / 15 * Max) Then
79
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(7).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (8 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(8).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (9 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(9).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (10 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(10).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (11 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(11).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (12 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(12).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (13 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(13).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) <= (14 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(14).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
ElseIf arraytt(Row + 1) > (14 / 15 * Max) Then
Form1.Pix(Row).BackColor =
Form1.Lbl2(15).BackColor
Form1.Pix(Row).ForeColor = &H80000008
End If
Next Row
For i = 1 To 15
Form1.Label6(i - 1).Caption = Format((i - 1) / 15 * Max,
"0.0")
Next i
Form1.Label6(15).Caption = Format(Max, "0.0")
End Sub
Sub Sensitivity_Map()
Dim j, n As Integer
Dim rs As Recordset
Dim db As Database
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase("C:\Documents and
Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Data\data4.mdb")
'("C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\Data\data.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Sensitivity", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For i = 1 To 64
For j = 1 To 8
Select Case j
Case 1
arrayz(i, j) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayz(i, j) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayz(i, j) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayz(i, j) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayz(i, j) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayz(i, j) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayz(i, j) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayz(i, j) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next j
rs.MoveNext
Next i
End Sub
Sub Add()
Dim xx, yy, zz, aa, bb, cc, n As Integer
For yy = 1 To 8
Pix(0, yy) = 0
For xx = 1 To 156
Pix(xx, yy) = arrayup(xx + num, yy) + Pix(xx - 1, yy)
Next xx
arrayw(yy) = Pix(xx - 1, yy) / (xx - 1)
Next yy
For aa = 1 To 8
For n = 1 To 64
arrayy(n, aa) = arrayz(n, aa) * arrayw(aa)
Next n
Next aa
For bb = 1 To 64
arrayx(bb, 0) = 0
For cc = 1 To 8
arrayx(bb, cc) = arrayy(bb, cc) + arrayx(bb, cc - 1)
Next cc
arraytt(bb) = arrayx(bb, cc - 1)
Next bb
For zz = 1 To 8
values1(zz) = Format(arrayw(zz), "0.000")
Next zz
End Sub
Velocity Measurement:
Private Sub cmbdata_Click()
If cmbdata.ListIndex < 9 Then
lblDistance.Caption = "105mm"
ElseIf cmbdata.ListIndex < 10 Then
lblDistance.Caption = "90mm"
ElseIf cmbdata.ListIndex < 15 Then
lblDistance.Caption = "125mm"
End If
End Sub
Private Sub cmdExit_Click()
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
cmbdata.AddItem "Data1"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data2"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data3"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data4"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data5"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data6"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data7"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data8"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data9"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data10"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data11"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data12"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data13"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data14"
cmbdata.AddItem "Data15"
Form2.cmbdata.ListIndex = 0
End Sub
Private Sub MSChart1_PointSelected(Series As Integer,
DataPoint As Integer, MouseFlags As Integer, Cancel As
Integer)
MSChart1.Row = DataPoint
lbldatapoint.Caption = " Time Shift (x-axis) = " &
DataPoint & "0 ms, Output/Gray level (y-axis) = " &
MSChart1.Data
End Sub
Private Sub Trigger_Click()
Distance = Val(lblDistance.Caption)
Call load_data3
Frequency = 0.1
Call OP_Sensor
80
Call graphccf
For K2 = 1 To 200
Form2.MSChart1.Row = K2
Form2.MSChart1.RowLabel = ""
Next K2
End Sub
Loading Data:
Private Sub Form_Activate()
Timer1 = True
Timer1.Interval = 10
End Sub
Private Sub Timer1_Timer()
Static counter As Integer
PrgBar1.Max = 10
For counter = 1 To 12
Select Case counter
Case 1
Frm1.Show
Case 2
PrgBar1.Value = 1
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase("C:\Documents and
Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Data\Data4.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_1", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 1 To 156
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
'PrgBar1.Value = 1
Case 3
PrgBar1.Value = 2
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_2", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 157 To 312
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 4
PrgBar1.Value = 3
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_3", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 313 To 468
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 5
PrgBar1.Value = 4
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_4", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 469 To 624
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 6
PrgBar1.Value = 5
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_5", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 625 To 780
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
81
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 7
PrgBar1.Value = 6
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_6", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 781 To 936
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 8
PrgBar1.Value = 7
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_7", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 937 To 1092
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 9
PrgBar1.Value = 8
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_8", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 1093 To 1248
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 10
PrgBar1.Value = 9
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_9", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 1249 To 1404
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 11
PrgBar1.Value = 10
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase(App.Path &
"\data2.mdb")
Set rs = db.OpenRecordset("Output_10", dbOpenDynaset)
rs.MoveFirst
For w = 1405 To 1560
For i = 1 To 8
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata
Case 1
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor1"))
Case 2
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor2"))
Case 3
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor3"))
Case 4
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor4"))
Case 5
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor5"))
Case 6
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor6"))
82
Case 7
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor7"))
Case 8
arrayup(w, i) = Val(rs.Fields("Sensor8"))
End Select
Next i
rs.MoveNext
Next w
Case 12
Unload Me
Form1.Show
End Select
Next counter
End Sub
Velocity Module:
Public Sub load_data3()
'Subroutine to load data
ReDim arraydata1(200, 2)
Dim db As Database
Dim rs2 As Recordset
Dim Distance As Integer
Distance = Val(Form2.lblDistance.Caption)
If db Is Nothing Then
End If
Set db = DBEngine.OpenDatabase("C:\Documents and
Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Data\data3.mdb")
Select Case Distance
Case 105
Select Case Form2.cmbdata.ListIndex
Case 0
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_1",
dbOpenDynaset) 'kiub 2cm
Case 1
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_2",
dbOpenDynaset) 'kiub2cm
Case 2
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_3",
dbOpenDynaset) ' kiub 2cm
Case 3
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_4",
dbOpenDynaset) 'pingpong
Case 4
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_5",
dbOpenDynaset) 'pingpong
Case 5
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_6",
dbOpenDynaset) 'tutup botol
Case 6
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_7",
dbOpenDynaset) 'kiub 4cm
Case 7
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_8",
dbOpenDynaset)
Case 8
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_9",
dbOpenDynaset)
End Select
Case 90
Select Case Form2.cmbdata.ListIndex
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_10",
dbOpenDynaset)
End Select
Case 125
Select Case Form2.cmbdata.ListIndex
Case 10
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_11",
dbOpenDynaset) 'tutup botol
Case 11
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_12",
dbOpenDynaset) 'kiub 4cm
Case 12
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_13",
dbOpenDynaset)
Case 13
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_14",
dbOpenDynaset)
Case 14
Set rs2 = db.OpenRecordset("Velocity_15",
dbOpenDynaset)
End Select
End Select
rs2.MoveFirst
For w = 1 To 200
Form2.ProgressBar1.Max = 200
Form2.ProgressBar1.Value = w
For i = 1 To 2
Select Case i 'put data into arraydata1
Case 1
arraydata1(w, i) = Val(rs2.Fields("Sensor_up"))
Case 2
arraydata1(w, i) = Val(rs2.Fields("Sensor_down"))
End Select
Next i
rs2.MoveNext
Next w
End Sub
Public Sub OP_Sensor()
'to plot graph of sensor 1 and 2
'Max = 0
Dim strvalues3(0 To 200, 0)
Dim strvalues5(0 To 200, 0)
For w = 1 To 200
Form2.ProgressBar1.Max = 200
Form2.ProgressBar1.Value = w
strvalues3(w, 0) = arraydata1(w, 1)
strvalues5(w, 0) = arraydata1(w, 2)
Next w
Form2.SignalChart.ChartData = strvalues3
Form2.Signal2Chart.ChartData = strvalues5
Form2.lbldatapoint.Caption = "Select a point to see it's
value"
End Sub
Public Sub graphccf()
'Subroutine to calculate cross correlation function
Dim ccf(0 To 200, 0)
Max = 0#
For K1 = 1 To 200
Sum = 0
For K2 = K1 - 1 To 199
Sum = Sum + arraydata1(K2 - K1 + 2, 1) * arraydata1(K2
+ 1, 2)
Next K2
Case 9
If Sum > Max Then
Max = Sum
zero(K1) = K1
Time(K1) = Distance * Frequency / K1 'to calculate velocity
Form2.Text1.Text = Format(Time(K1), "#0.000 m/s")
End If
Sum = Sum / 200
ccf(K1 - 1, 0) = Format(Sum, "##.###########")
Next K1
Form2.MSChart1.ChartData = ccf
End Sub
APPENDIX C
ExceLINX Configuration
83
84
APPENDIX D
Example of Data in Microsoft Excel format
Senso
r01
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r02
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.827
8804
4.906
0054
4.960
937
4.963
3784
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r03
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.951
1714
4.560
5464
4.230
9566
4.078
3687
4.180
9077
4.271
2398
4.373
7788
4.562
9878
4.749
7554
4.704
5894
4.716
7964
4.714
355
4.769
2866
4.873
0464
4.915
771
4.918
2124
4.880
3706
4.926
7573
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r04
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.995
1167
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.941
4058
4.719
2378
4.359
1304
4.082
0308
3.933
105
4.122
314
4.243
1636
4.370
1167
4.459
228
4.494
6284
4.586
1812
4.652
0991
4.703
3687
4.724
1206
4.736
3276
4.741
2105
4.803
4663
4.716
7964
4.727
7827
4.676
5132
4.746
0933
4.812
0112
4.851
Senso
r05
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.991
4546
4.844
9702
4.915
771
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.951
Senso
r06
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.826
6597
4.593
5054
4.398
1929
4.348
1441
4.372
5581
4.367
6753
4.398
1929
4.440
9175
4.448
2417
4.558
105
4.587
4019
4.614
2573
4.731
4448
4.731
4448
4.749
7554
4.763
1831
4.835
2046
4.840
0874
4.841
3081
4.895
0191
4.914
Senso
r07
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.885
2534
4.875
4878
4.921
8745
4.860
8394
4.957
2749
4.993
896
4.916
9917
4.998
7788
4.969
4819
4.981
689
4.976
8062
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.927
978
4.865
7222
4.688
7202
4.516
6011
4.594
7261
4.626
4644
4.692
3823
4.752
1968
4.830
3218
4.836
4253
4.906
0054
4.888
9155
4.890
1362
4.965
8198
4.951
1714
4.960
937
4.978
0269
4.937
7437
4.989
0132
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r08
4.998
7788
4.981
689
4.925
5366
4.923
0952
4.873
0464
4.873
0464
4.877
9292
4.877
9292
4.907
2261
4.932
8609
4.901
1226
4.927
978
4.991
4546
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.968
2612
4.918
2124
4.998
7788
4.886
4741
4.700
9273
4.688
7202
4.768
0659
4.837
646
4.816
8941
4.865
7222
4.908
4468
4.912
1089
4.927
978
4.891
3569
4.864
5015
4.865
7222
4.881
5913
4.877
9292
4.916
9917
4.953
6128
4.952
3921
4.919
4331
4.908
Senso
r09
4.998
7788
4.973
1441
4.976
8062
4.946
2886
4.981
689
4.948
73
4.992
6753
4.982
9097
4.996
3374
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.996
3374
4.991
4546
4.971
9234
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.797
3628
4.466
5523
4.318
8472
4.428
7105
4.508
0562
4.550
7808
4.565
4292
4.633
7886
4.761
9624
4.801
0249
4.869
Senso
r11
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.884
0327
4.447
021
4.229
7359
4.173
5835
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r12
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.729
0034
4.533
6909
4.412
8413
4.982
9097
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r13
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.525
146
4.404
2964
4.616
6987
4.343
2612
4.916
9917
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r14
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.307
8609
3.426
5134
3.013
9158
2.861
3279
4.149
1694
4.698
4859
4.936
523
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r15
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.919
4331
4.589
8433
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r16
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.213
8667
3.320
3123
2.938
2322
2.832
031
4.177
2456
4.818
1148
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r17
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.577
6362
3.607
1775
3.162
8416
2.879
6384
4.293
2124
4.959
7163
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r18
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.066
1616
3.465
5759
3.198
2419
4.259
0327
4.814
4526
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
Senso
r19
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
3.663
3298
2.751
4646
2.556
1521
3.746
3377
4.404
2964
4.732
6655
4.887
6948
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
85
7788
7788
7788
0737
1714
5503
7788
4468
3843
7788
7788
7788
7788
7788
7788
7788
7788
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.819
3355
4.864
5015
4.930
4194
4.892
5776
4.854
7359
4.859
6187
4.886
4741
4.824
2183
4.765
6245
4.799
8042
4.804
687
4.842
5288
4.824
2183
4.859
6187
4.840
0874
4.956
0542
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.987
7925
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.965
8198
4.910
8882
4.884
0327
4.931
6401
4.926
7573
4.998
7788
4.973
1441
4.882
812
4.927
978
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.962
1577
4.943
8472
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.940
1851
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.990
2339
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.942
6265
4.943
8472
4.945
0679
4.907
2261
4.870
605
4.810
7905
4.897
4605
4.848
6323
4.853
5151
4.987
7925
4.916
9917
4.913
3296
4.898
6812
4.831
5425
4.807
1284
4.877
9292
4.829
1011
4.873
0464
4.942
6265
4.942
6265
4.876
7085
4.869
3843
4.951
1714
4.990
2339
4.996
3374
4.998
7788
4.995
1167
4.904
7847
4.853
5151
4.847
4116
4.848
6323
4.776
6109
4.981
689
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.990
2339
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.986
5718
4.965
8198
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.995
1167
4.978
0269
4.996
3374
4.920
6538
4.896
2398
4.916
9917
4.882
812
4.948
73
4.993
896
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.996
3374
4.901
1226
4.923
0952
4.901
1226
4.951
1714
4.932
8609
4.932
8609
4.942
6265
4.930
4194
4.890
1362
4.959
7163
4.924
3159
4.963
3784
4.973
1441
4.991
4546
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.854
7359
4.936
523
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
86
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.971
9234
4.948
73
4.915
771
4.927
978
4.963
3784
4.946
2886
4.960
937
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.996
3374
4.978
0269
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.931
6401
4.870
605
4.877
9292
4.929
1987
4.852
2944
4.829
1011
4.891
3569
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.947
5093
4.783
9351
4.732
6655
4.669
189
4.594
7261
4.639
8921
4.637
4507
4.605
7124
4.600
8296
4.649
6577
4.715
5757
4.719
2378
4.870
605
4.997
5581
4.997
5581
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.967
0405
4.982
9097
4.979
2476
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.981
689
4.886
4741
4.963
3784
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.775
3901
4.907
2261
4.926
7573
4.935
3023
4.934
0816
4.998
7788
4.987
7925
4.953
6128
4.951
1714
4.893
7984
4.865
7222
4.837
646
4.863
2808
4.859
6187
4.804
687
4.875
4878
4.910
8882
4.896
2398
4.877
9292
4.871
8257
4.774
1694
4.786
3765
4.793
7007
4.902
3433
4.910
8882
4.855
9566
4.805
9077
4.869
3843
4.857
1773
4.841
3081
4.923
0952
4.943
8472
4.893
7984
4.874
2671
4.875
4878
4.904
7847
4.949
9507
4.991
4546
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.996
3374
4.998
7788
4.940
1851
4.945
0679
4.921
8745
4.923
0952
4.852
2944
4.888
9155
4.857
1773
4.846
1909
4.818
1148
4.888
9155
4.974
3648
4.949
9507
4.995
1167
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.982
9097
4.995
1167
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.982
9097
4.998
7788
4.962
1577
4.902
3433
4.820
5562
4.813
2319
4.852
2944
4.874
2671
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
87
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.968
2612
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.964
5991
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.937
7437
4.841
3081
4.753
4175
4.716
7964
4.747
314
4.793
7007
4.794
9214
4.791
2593
4.775
3901
4.849
853
4.934
0816
4.902
3433
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.921
8745
4.873
0464
4.822
9976
4.771
728
4.761
9624
4.721
6792
4.746
0933
4.759
521
4.755
8589
4.799
8042
4.924
3159
4.989
0132
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.952
3921
4.897
4605
4.846
1909
4.831
5425
4.822
9976
4.801
0249
4.848
6323
4.884
0327
4.821
7769
4.895
0191
4.869
3843
4.855
9566
4.910
8882
4.887
6948
4.948
73
4.991
4546
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.956
0542
4.936
523
4.912
1089
4.868
1636
4.903
564
4.874
2671
4.864
5015
4.874
2671
4.903
564
4.921
8745
4.935
3023
4.925
5366
4.978
0269
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
4.998
7788
APPENDIX E
List of Datasheets
A) PIN-Photodiode
88
89
90
B) IR-Transmitter
91
92
C) Ultrasonic Transducers
93