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Matakuliah Tahun : J0712 - Pengantar Bisnis : 2009 Business Environment Pertemuan 02 Understanding the Environment of Business •Outline: –Organizational Boundaries and Environments –The Economic Environment –The Global Economy in the 21st Century –The Technological Environment –The Political-Legal Environment –The Sociocultural Environment –The Business Environment Bina Nusantara University 3 Organizational Boundaries and Environments • All businesses— regardless of their size, location or mission— operate within a larger external environment. • External environment is everything outside an organization’s boundaries that might affect it. • Organizational Boundary- separates organization from environment. Bina Nusantara University 4 Dimensions of the External Environment Bina Nusantara University 5 What Is the Economic Environment? • Conditions of the economic system in which an organization operates, influenced by: – Business Cycle – Aggregate Output • Standard of Living • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – Real – Nominal • Gross National Product (GNP) – Economic Stability Bina Nusantara University 6 Business Cycle • A pattern of short-term ups and downs (expansions and contractions) in an economy Expansion Contraction Bina Nusantara University 7 Aggregate Output and Standard of Living • Aggregate output is the total quantity of goods and services produced by an economic system during a given period. • Standard of living is the total quantity and quality of goods and services that a country’s citizens can purchase with the currency used in their economic system. Bina Nusantara University 8 GDP and GNP • GDP, or gross domestic product, is the total value of all goods and services produced within a given period by a national economy through domestic factors of production. • GNP, or gross national product, is the total value of all goods and services produced by a national economy within a given period regardless of where the factors of production are located. Bina Nusantara University 9 Economic Stability • Inflation- Widespread Price Increases In An Economic System • Unemployment- Level of Joblessness Among Those Actively Seeking Work In An Economic System • Recession vs. Depression – Recession is a period during which aggregate output, as measured by real GDP, declines. – Depression is a particularly severe and long-lasting recession Bina Nusantara University 10 The Global Economy in the 21st Century Major forces driving the economy: • The information revolution will continue to enhance productivity across all economic sectors. • New technological breakthroughs will create entirely new industries. • Increasing globalization will create much larger markets while fostering tougher competition among global businesses. Bina Nusantara University 11 What is Technology? • All the ways by which firms create value for their constituents. – Product and service technologies: technologies employed for creating products—both physical goods and services—for customers. – Business Process Technologies- Enterprise Resource Planning: a large-scale information system for organizing and managing a firm’s processes across product lines, departments and geographic locations Bina Nusantara University 12 Bina Nusantara University 13 ERP Applications Bina Nusantara University 14 What Is the Political-Legal Environment? • Regulation defines the relationship between business and government. Bina Nusantara University 15 What Is the Sociocultural Environment? • Conditions including the customs, mores, values and demographic characteristics of the society in which an organization functions. – Customer Preferences/Tastes-Vary • International • National – Ethical Compliance & Responsible Behavior • Enron • Arthur Andersen Bina Nusantara University 16 Business Environment • Redrawing Corporate Boundaries – Core competencies are the skills and resources with which an organization competes best and creates the most value for owners • Challenges/Opportunities – Outsourcing – Vertical Integration – Viral Marketing – Business Process Management – Post-9/11 Bina Nusantara University 17