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Chapter 10
The Musculoskeletal
System
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Muscles Intro
1
Introduction
Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles,
and joints of the body
Bones: structural support and protection of
internal organs
Muscles: internal and external movement
Joints: where bones come together/type
determined by need for flexibility
2
3
Physicians Associated with
Musculoskeletal System
• Orthopedist: MD, bones, bone disease
• Rheumatologist: MD, joints
• Osteopathic physician: DO, body able to heal
itself with proper nutrition and bone alignment
• Chiropractor: physical manipulation of the spinal
column to relieve pressures on nerves
4
Muscles
• Three types of muscles: striated, smooth,
cardiac
• Striated: under voluntary control—they
move all the bones as well as face and
eyes
• Smooth: control is involuntary—they
move internal organs (digestive tract,
blood vessels, ducts of glands)
• Cardiac: not consciously controlled and
found exclusively in the heart
5
6
Combining Forms –
Muscles p. 455
• Fasci/o
• Fibr/o
• Leiomy/o (smooth (visceral) muscle)
• Lumb/o
7
Combining Forms –
Muscles p. 455
• Muscul/o
• My/o
• Ten/o
• Tend/o
• Tendin/o
8
Suffixes – p. 456
• -algia
• -asthenia
• -pathy
• -plegia
9
Suffixes – p. 456
• -rrhaphy
• -sarcoma
• -tomy
10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8x6tZI2hVI
11
Bone Structure – page 579

206 bones in the body

Long bones: legs and arms

Short bones: wrist and ankle

Flat bones: shoulder blades and ribs

Irregular bones: vertebrae and facial bones

Sesamoid bones: knee cap
12
13
Bone Marrow
• Yellow marrow: chiefly fat
• Red Marrow: rich with blood vessels
and immature and mature blood cells
in various stages of development; in
later life replaced with yellow marrow
14
Bone Processes and
Depressions
• Processes: serve as attachments for
muscles and tendons
• Depressions: openings or hollow
regions help join bones or serve as
passageways for nerves and/or
vessels
15
Bone Processes and
Depressions
16
Cranial Bones
17
Cranial Bones and
Associated Structures
• Frontal bone
• Parietal bone
• Temporal bone
o temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
o mastoid process
o styloid process
• Occipital bone
o foramen magnum
• Sphenoid bone
o sella turcica
• Ethmoid bone
18
Facial Bones
19
SINUSES
Air cavities
located in facial
and cranial
bones. They
lighten the skull
and warm and
moisten the air
as it passes into
the respiratory
system.
20
Vertebral Column
21
Vertebral Column and
Vertebrae
• Vertebrae: 26 bone segments from base
of skull to tailbone in five divisions and
separated by pads of cartilage called
intervertebral disks.
• Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
• Coccyx: tailbone
22
Thorax, Pelvis and
Extremities
23
Thorax, Pelvis and
Extremities
Thorax
Arm and Hand
 clavicle
 humerus
Pelvis
 pelvic girdle
 scapula
 ulna
 ilium
 sternum
 radius
 ischium
 ribs
 carpals
 pubis
 metacarpals
 phalanges
24
25
Clavicle and Scapula
26
Arm and Hand
27
Bones of the Pelvis
28
Bones of Leg and Foot
29
Bones of Leg and Foot
and Associated Structures
• Femur
o acetabulum
• Patella
• Tibia
o medial malleolus
• Fibula
o lateral malleolus
o talus
• Tarsals
o calcaneus
o talus
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
30
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Process of bone
formation____________
A.olecranon
B.ossification
C.osteoblast
D.xiphoid process
31
Combining Form
• calc/o
• calci/o
• kyph/o
• lamin/o
• lord/o
• lumb/o
Meaning
calcium
calcium
posterior curvature in
thoracic region
lamina
curve
loins, lower back
32
Combining Form
Meaning
•
•
•
•
•
•
bone marrow
straight
bone
crooked
vertebra
vertebra
myel/o
orth/o
oste/o
scoli/o
spondyl/o
vertebr/o
33
Suffix
Meaning
• -blast
embryonic cell
to break
slipping
softening
to grow
pore, passage
instrument to cut
•
•
•
•
•
•
-clast
-listhesis
-malacia
-physis
-porosis
-tome
34
Combining Form
•
•
•
•
•
•
acetabul/o
calcane/o
carp/o
clavicul/o
cost/o
crani/o
Meaning
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcaneus (heal)
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicle (collar bone)
ribs
cranium (skull)
35
Combining Form
Meaning
• femor/o
femur (thigh bones)
• fibul/o
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
• humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
• ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
• ischi/o
ischium (part of pelvic bone)
36
Combining Form
Meaning
• mandibul/o
mandible (lower jaw bone)
• maxill/o
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
• metacarp/o metacarpals (hand bones)
• metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
37
Combining Form
Meaning
• olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
• patell/o
patella (kneecap)
• pelv/i
pelvis
38
Combining Form
• perone/o
• phalang/o
• pub/o
• radi/o
• scapul/o
Meaning
fibula
phalanges (finger, toe
bones)
pubis
radius
scapula (shoulder blade)
39
Combining Form
• stern/o
• tars/o
• tibi/o
• uln/o
Meaning
sternum
(breastbone)
tarsals
tibia (shin bone)
ulna (lower arm bone)
40
Vocabulary
41
Hypercalcemia

hyper-

calc/o: calcium

-emia

Excessive calcium in the blood
42
Kyphosis

kyph/o: humpback



posterior curvature in the
thoracic region
-osis
Abnormal posterior
curvature of the thoracic
vertebrae
43
Laminectomy

lamin/o: lamina

Part of the vertebral arch

-ectomy

Removal of a lamina

To relieve the symptoms of a
ruptured intervertebral disc (disk)
or compression of the spinal cord
after injury
44
Lordosis

lord/o: curve, swayback



anterior curvature of the
lumbar region
-osis
Abnormal anterior
curvature of the
backbones in the lumbar
region
45
Orthopedics





orth/o: straight
ped/o: child
-ic
-s
Pertaining to bones

Orthopedists originally
straightened the bones of
children
46
Scoliosis

scoli/o: crooked,
bent



lateral curvature
-osis
Abnormal condition
of a lateral
curvature of the
spine
47
Osteomalacia

oste/o:

-malacia:

Softening of bone
48
Osteoporosis

oste/o

-porosis: pore, passage

Condition of increased
porosity of bone
49
50
Carpal



carp/o: carpals
 wrist bones
-al
Pertaining to the
carpals
51
Supraclavicular

supra-

clavicul/o: clavicle

collar bone

-ar

Pertaining to above the clavicle
52
Chondrocostal

chondr/o: cartilage

cost/o

-al

Pertaining to the cartilage attached
to the ribs
53
Craniotomy

crani/o

-tomy

Incision of the
cranium
54
Pathologic Conditions - bones
• Ewing sarcoma: malignant bone
tumor
• exostosis: bony growth on surface of
bone
• osteogenic sarcoma: malignant
tumor arising from bone
55
Pathologic Conditions - bones
• osteomalacia: softening of bone
• osteomyelitis: inflammation
• secondary to infection
• talipes: congenital abnormality of
hindfoot involving the talus (clubfoot)
56
Fractures of Bones
57
58
59
Pathologic Conditions
Normal Bone
Bone with osteoporosis
60
Joints
• Joint (articulation): coming together of
two or more bones
o Suture joints: immovable (skull)
o Synovial joints: freely movable (ball
and socket types, e.g. hip or shoulder),
(hinge type, e.g., elbow, knee, ankle)
61
Synovial Joints
• Joint capsule surrounds bone
• Ligaments band bones together
• Bones covered by articular cartilage
• Synovial membrane lies under capsule
and lines synovial cavity; filled with
synovial fluid
62
63
Bursae
• Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial
membrane located near, but not within a
joint. Needed where sliding must take place
• Common sites:
o between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle
to bone) and bones
o between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bone
o between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)
64
65
Joints
66
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Connective tissue that
binds muscles to
bones____________
A.ligament
B.articulation
C.synovial membrane
D.tendon
67
Combining Forms
Combining Form
Meaning
• ankyl/o
stiff
• arthr/o
joint
• articul/o
joint
• burs/o
bursa
• chondr/o
cartilage
68
Combining Forms
Combining Form
Meaning
• ligament/o
ligament
• rheumat/o
watery flow
• synov/o
synovial membrane
• ten/o
tendon
• tendin/o
tendon
69
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
• -desis
to bind, tie together
• -stenosis
narrowing
70
Pathology - Joints –
• Arthritis: inflammation of joints
oAnkylosing spondylitis: chronic
progressive stiffening of joints,
mostly spine
oGouty arthritis: inflammation due
to excessive uric acid in body
71
Arthritis
oOsteoarthritis (OA): loss of
articular cartilage and formation of
bone spurs at articular surfaces
oRheumatoid arthritis (RA):
autoimmune reaction against joint
tissues (synovial membrane)
72
Osteoarthritis and
Rheumatoid Arthritis
73
74
Pathologic Conditions
• Bunion: swelling of medial aspect of joint
between big toe and first metatarsal bone
• Carpal tunnel syndrome: compression of
median nerve as it passes between ligament
and bones and tendons of the wrist.
• Dislocation: displacement of bone from a joint
75
Bunion
76
Pathological Joint
Conditions
Carpal tunnel syndrome
77
Dislocation
78
Pathologic Conditions
• Ganglion: a fluid-filled cyst arising from
the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist.
• Herniation of an intervertebral disk:
abnormal protrusion of the disk into the
neural canal or against spinal nerves.
• Lyme disease: recurrent arthritis, myalgia,
malaise and neurologic and cardiac
symptoms.
79
Ganglion
80
Herniated Disk
81
Pathologic Conditions
• Sprain: trauma to joint with pain, swelling
and injury to ligaments
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE):
chronic inflammatory disease involving
joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system,
heart and lungs affecting collagen in
tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage
all over the body
82
Muscles
83
Muscles
• Three types of muscles: striated, smooth,
cardiac
• Striated: under voluntary control—they
move all the bones as well as face and
eyes
• Smooth: control is involuntary—they move
internal organs (digestive tract, blood
vessels, ducts of glands)
• Cardiac: not consciously controlled and
found exclusively in the heart
84
Types of Muscle
85
Named Skeletal Muscles
86
Actions of Muscles
•
•
•
•
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
•
•
•
•
•
rotation
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
supination
pronation
87
Actions of Muscles
88
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Movement AWAY from the
midline of the
body____________
A.adduction
B.abduction
C.flexion
D.dorsiflexion
89
Combining Form
Meaning
• fasci/o
facia
• fibr/o
fibrous
• leiomy/o
smooth muscle
• my/o
muscle
90
Combining Form
Meaning
• myocardi/o
heart muscle
• myos/o
muscle
• plant/o
sole of the foot
• rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle
connected to bones
flesh
• Sarc/o
91
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
• -asthenia
lack of strength
• -trophy
development,
nourishment
92
PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
•
•
•
•
away from
toward
back
many, much
abaddorsipoly-
93
Pathologic Conditions
• Muscular dystrophy: group of
inherited diseases with progressive
muscle weakness and degeneration
without nervous system involvement
• Polymyositis: chronic inflammatory
myopathy; may be an autoimmune
disorder
94
Laboratory Tests – see text
• Antinuclear antibody test
(ANA)
• Erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR)
• Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
• Serum calcium (Ca)
• Serum creatine kinase (CK)
• Uric acid test
95
Clinical Procedures – See
text
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arthrocentesis
Arthrography
Arthroplasty
Arthroscopy
Bone density test
Bone scan
Computed tomography
(CT)
• Diskography
• Electromyography
(EMG)
• Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
• Muscle biopsy
96