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5th Meeting of the Continental Steering Committee (CSC) for the African
Project on the Implementation of the 2008 System of National Accounts
Review of National Accounts
implementation in SADC and
COMESA countries
Key Findings
Besa Muwele
African Development Bank
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
OUTLINE
Background
Countries covered in the assessment
Dimensions for evaluation of National Accounts
Methodology for assessment
Staffing of National Accounts
Recommendations
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
2
Background
SNA 2008 IMPLEMENTATION
Training workshops:
Development of implementation plans (April 2015 Botswana)
Compilation of GDP using commodity flow approach (July
2015 Daresalaam)
Construction of Supply and Use tables (February 2016 Harare)
Methodological Review of Benchmarking, Rebasing and Chainlinking of Economic Indicators (October 2016 Mauritius
Technical Assistance in NADABAS: Swaziland, Zimbabwe,
Botswana and Namibia
STATISTICAL BUSINESS REGISTER
Expert group meeting (2012)
Finalization of the guidelines and publication (2013)
Generic System currently operational in Mauritius
Technical assistance missions conducted in 8 countries mainly
in SADC . TA currently going on in Ethiopia
Revision of the guidelines to take into account of international
guidelines
Study tours conducted by countries to Mauritius including
Senegal, Swaziland and Zimbabwe
National Accounts Manual (to be published in first quarter
2017)
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Summary
COMESA membership: 19 countries



Nine (9) COMESA countries covered in this report:
Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Rwanda, Sudan and Uganda.
(Non-SADC) COMESA+ report coverage:
14 countries


Seven (7) non-COMESA SADC countries:
Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique,
Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania.

Eight (8) COMESA countries that are also
SADC member states: DR Congo,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Seychelles,
Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
9 COMESA countries covered in
this report.
Eight (8) COMESA countries, which are SADC
member states: DR Congo, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland, Zambia and
Zimbabwe.
Two (2) COMESA countries which are not covered in
this report due to lack of information: Eritrea and
Libya.

SADC membership: 15 countries
Four additional African countries
that belong neither to COMESA nor
SADC: Gambia, Ghana, Liberia,
Nigeria and Sierra Leone.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Methodology of Assessment
BASIC
scope of national accounts development in
terms of the milestone attained, the minimum
requirement dataset (MRDS
assesses basic economic data that are needed
for the development of national accounts
qualitative characteristics of national accounts
datasets
adherence to the concepts of the SNA2008
provided to the IMF’s on General
Dissemination System (GDDS) and Special Data
Dissemination Standards (SDDS
ADDITIONAL
The information that is used for the milestones
assessment is the data submitted to the
United Nations’ Statistics Division
response to its Annual National Accounts
Questionnaire. These data up to 2013 was
published in 2014 by the United Nations
supplemented by recent national publications
that can generally be retrievable on
government websites
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Three dimensions for evaluation of NA
1.
Quality
◦ adhered closely to the definitions, concepts, methods of estimation and the classification
system of the 1993 SNA
◦ a national plan for basic statistics (5-10 cycle of census/register and more frequent data)
◦ regular programs to collect annual and monthly basic statistics for national accounts
purpose.
2.
Timeliness: relevance to decision-makers (up to date quarterly, annually).
3.
Comprehensiveness in terms of scope (production, distribution and use of income by
for total economy and by sectors, financial accounts and balance sheets).
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Three dimensions for evaluation of NA
1.
Quality
◦ adhered closely to the definitions, concepts, methods of estimation and the classification
system of the 1993 SNA
◦ a national plan for basic statistics (5-10 cycle of census/register and more frequent data)
◦ regular programs to collect annual and monthly basic statistics for national accounts
purpose.
2.
Timeliness: relevance to decision-makers (up to date quarterly, annually).
3.
Comprehensiveness in terms of scope (production, distribution and use of income by
for total economy and by sectors, financial accounts and balance sheets).
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
UN Milestones
Milestones
Requirement
Milestone 1
GDP in current and constant prices by industries and by final expenditure.
Milestone 2
Milestone 1 + GNI (=GDP + net factor income from the rest of the
world).
Milestone 2 + Value added by institutional sectors + General government
sector accounts up to net lending + Rest of the World Accounts (i.e.
balance sheet). This means that Gross National Disposable Income
(GNDI) is available.
Milestone 3
Milestone 4
Milestone 3 + All institutional sectors up to net lending.
Milestone 5
Milestone 4 + All institutional sectors up to financial accounts.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
UN minimum requirement data set (MRDS)
Annual accounts
Milestone 1 and Milestone 2
Quarterly accounts
Milestone 1 and Milestone 2
Employment by industries
Accounts of the total economy up to net lending
Accounts of the total economy up to net lending
Rest of the world accounts (balance sheet) up to Rest of the world accounts (balance sheet) up to
net lending
net lending
Institutional sector accounts
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Feasibility of compiling the Revised MRDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The MRDS set in 2001 includes Milestone 1 and Milestone 2 plus value added by
industries.
Adoption of SNA2008, in 2011, the standards in MRDS have been raised higher.
Employment by industries, all institutional sector accounts up to net lending, and
quarterly accounts up to net lending for the total economy and the rest of the world
The new MRDS set by the UN Statistical Commission after the adoption of SNA2008,
which goes much beyond the MRDS of SNA1993, is simply the criteria adopted by
the European Union and the OECD.
May not be appropriate for developing countries, particularly with respect to the
compilation of all institutional sectors up to net lending as most developing
countries, and even some high middle income countries and high income countries
(Argentina, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Turkey, and all Gulf States
countries, etc.) are not able to comply
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Evaluation summary of national accounts implementation (1)
Areas
Annual GDP
Quarterly GDP
Minimum
Requirement Data
Set (MRDS)
Subscription to
IMF’s SDDS
Milestones
Number
16 countries
(94%).
7 countries
(41%).
COMESA Countries
All countries except Comoros.


Egypt, Kenya, Rwanda and
5 SADC countries: Botswana, Mauritius,
Mozambique, and Seychelles.
Number
15 countries
(100%).
7 countries
(47%).
SADC Countries
All countries.
Botswana, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia,
Seychelles, South Africa, and Tanzania.
1countries (6%). 
Egypt.
1 country (7%)

2 countries
(12%).

Milestone 4: 2
countries (12%). 
Egypt and Mauritius.
2 countries
Mauritius and South Africa
(13%).
Milestone 4: 2
countries (13%)  Milestone 1 (7 countries): Angola, Botswana,
DR Congo, Madagascar, Malawi, Zambia and
Lesotho.
 Milestone 2 (5 countries): Namibia, Seychelles,
Tanzania, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe.
 Milestone 3 (1 country): Mozambique.
 Milestone 4 (2 countries): Mauritius and South
Africa.



Milestone 0 (1 country): Comoros.
Milestone 1 (6 countries): Djibouti, DR Congo,
Madagascar, Malawi, Uganda and Zambia.
Milestone 2 (6 countries): Burundi, Rwanda,
Sudan, Seychelles, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe.
Milestone 3 (2 countries): Ethiopia, Kenya.
Milestone 4 (2 countries): Egypt, Mauritius.
South Africa.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Evaluation summary of national accounts implementation (2)
Areas
Supply and use tables
Number
8 countries (47%)
COMESA Countries


SNA 2008
4 countries (24%)


ISIC REV4
9 countries (53%)


Egypt, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda
and
4 SADC countries: Lesotho,
Madagascar, Malawi and
Mauritius
Egypt (partially), Kenya,
Uganda
1 SADC countries: Malawi
(partially).
Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Rwanda and Uganda.
4 SADC countries: Malawi,
Mauritius, Mozambique and
Seychelles.
Number
SADC Countries
5 countries (33%)
Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mauritius and South Africa.
2 countries (13%)
Malawi (partially) and South
Africa
4 countries (27%)
Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique
and Seychelles.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Basic benchmark data in SADC
Census
Census of production
Alternative to census
Administrative data
Census of population:
All countries implement
census of population every
10 years.
Census of agriculture:

Every 5 years: Swaziland

Every 10 years: Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius.
Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa.

Ad hoc: Angola, DR Congo, Madagascar, Seychelles,
Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Business registers of incorporated enterprises
(i.e. corporations):

Angola, Malawi, Namibia
Census survey of agriculture:

Tanzania.
Seychelles is using financial
statements from the Revenue
Commission.
South Africa (the Reserve Bank) is
using administrative data for the
financial sector.
Economic census

Every 5 years: Mauritius, South Africa, Zambia.
Informal activities:
LFS is carried out

Every 5 years: Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia

Annually, quarterly: Botswana (S/A),
Madagascar (A), Mauritius (Q), South Africa
(Q)
It is unclear how countries estimate annual and
quarterly GDP without annual and quarter LFS or
even annual household income and expenditure
survey.
Household income and expenditure survey

Every 10 years: Botswana, Namibia,
Tanzania.

Every 5 years: Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia,
Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Basic benchmark data in COMESA
Census
Census of population:
Except Eritrea and Comoros, other
countries implement census of
population every 10 years. Eritrea
had the last census in 1984, before
independence in 1991. Last census
in Comoros:2003.
Census of production
Census of agriculture:
 Every 10 years or more: Egypt,
Nigeria, Uganda.
 Ghana: latest 84/85. One is in
planning.
 Ad hoc or as part of census of
population: Burundi, Sierra Leone.
Alternative to census
Business registers of incorporated enterprises
(i.e. corporations):
 Egypt, Uganda.
Economic census
 Varying 5 to 10 years: Egypt,
Nigeria, Rwanda
 Updated registers frequently:
Uganda
 Ad hoc and no census: Ghana,
Sierra Leone, Burundi, Eritrea,
Liberia and Sudan.
Informal activities:
LFS is carried out
 Quarterly: Egypt, Nigeria
 Every 3-5 years: Ethiopia, Uganda, Ghana
(part of household survey).
 Every 10 years: Kenya.
 Ad hoc: Liberia, Sierra Leone.
Census survey of agriculture:
 None.
Administrative data
Egypt: using data from reports
on public enterprises.
It is unclear that any other
country in the group has a
deliberate policy to use data
on corporation to compile
national accounts.
Household income and expenditure survey
 Bi-annually: Nigeria.
 Every 5 years: Egypt, Ethiopia, Rwanda,
Uganda, Sierra Leone.
 Ad hoc: Burundi, Ghana, Kenya.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Staffing on National accounts in SADC and COMESA
Milestone achieved given professional staff
4.5
4
3.5
Milestone
achieved
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Professional staff
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Minimum professional personnel for National Accounts
Chief
1
SUT, annual & quarterly national accounts balancing including estimation of GCF, price indexes
for nonmarket services
2
Nonfinancial sector/activities
1
Financial activities (banks, insurance, other financial services)
1
Government sector (transforming government finance statistics to SNA and estimating quarter
and annual data)
2
Foreign trade (transforming trade statistics, BOP to SNA data)
0.5
Informal activities
Household activities, final consumption
Total
Tunis, Tunisia
0.5
1-2
9-10
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Recommendations for improving National Accounts
National strategy on improvement of economic statistics and National Accounts
A 5-year cycle construction of benchmark national accounts such as the supply and use table and
institutional sector accounts
For formal enterprises: a 5 year cycle economic census for the incorporated enterprises
may be replaced by a thoroughly updated register of business every 5 years and also updated
yearly
the economic census should be followed by a detailed survey to cover all large corporations and a
sample of medium and small enterprises
to obtain information for the construction of the Supply and use tables and the full sequence of
accounts for the financial and non-financial sectors.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Recommendations for improving National Accounts
◦ For informal enterprises/activities, employment in the informal sector may be
used to estimate this sector on the basis of every 5 year survey of the
informal units identified in the population census and then by household
survey.
◦ For administrative data: it is necessary to produce foreign trade statistics,
balance of payments, government finance statistics, banking and insurance
statistics at least quarterly, but preferably monthly.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Recommendations for improving National Accounts
Monthly, quarterly surveys requesting very limited information (sales/revenues,
compensation of employees and employment only) to estimate main national
accounts aggregates such as quarterly GDP by extrapolating from the benchmark
ratios.
More elaborate annual economic survey may be needed to affirm the quarterly data.
Proto-type questionnaire for the benchmark, annual, quarterly/monthly be developed
so as to incorporate all information necessary for the implementation of SNA2008
and the compilation of institutional sector accounts.
Tunis, Tunisia
31 Oct-1 Nov 2016
Thank You