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Preface Introducing the reed warblers i 8 to reed warblers Camargue, France 16 16 Hortobágy, Hungary 16 Lake Victoria and Mount Elgon, Uganda 17 Cousin island, Seychelles 17 Bandar Abbas and adjacent coast, southern Iran 18 Novosibirsk, western Siberia, Russia 19 Khao Sam Rot Yot,Thailand 20 Henderson Island, Polynesia 20 2 A factual journey round the book's chapters Systematics - relationships and diversification in the family of acrocephaiid warblers 20 2 What are acrocephaiid warblers? 30 Characterization and boundaries osa uniform family 3 Characterization of the family's genera and clades 30 35 35 Mesillas (brush warblers) 37 Calamonastides (Papyrus Yellow Warblers) 37 Phragamaticola aedon (Thick-billed Warblers) 37 Iduna species (bush and scrub warblers) 39 Hippolais species (tree warblers) 39 Acrocephalus warblers (reed warblers) 57 Mangroves 62 2 Dry marsh, tali herbaceous, and wet meadow communities 3 Wetlands in sharper focus for passerines 62 63 The varied nature of wetlands 63 The water-depth gradient 65 66 4 Scrub, shrubby, and woodland vegetation 5 Habitats for migration and in winter 2 Habitat and food supply - a comparison of six 67 72 73 wetland species 75 Making a living in the centre or on the edge 76 3 The food spectrum 78 Diet specificities and food selection 78 Prey size 79 4 Climbing the ladder of success in vertical habitat 5 Feeding techniques 80 82 6 Diurnal niches and weather-dependent strategies 7 Learning the whys and wherefores 84 84 39 Large Acrocephalus warblers 40 Small Acrocephalus warblers 42 4 Species and spéciation 57 Reedswamps and tall aquatic emergents Foraging, diet, and habitat use 1 M istaken identities and molecular methods 54 56 Swamps, wet marshes, and mangroves 1 A variety of'search-and-capture'tactics 26 28 Are acrocephalids truly uniform? 3 Habitat characteristics 1 Wetlands An imaginary journey round the world's 43 5 Integrated ecomorphology - challenges 88 and solutions Spéciation - the genesis of reproductive barriers 44 1 The insectivorous reed bed passerine guild Stages of spéciation and ‘secondary contact' 45 Acrocephalids do it their way in a vertical world 90 47 Juvenile development 92 Hybridizations and hybrid zones The case of Melodious and 1eterine Warblers 48 Other hybrids 49 5 Origins and distribution of the reed warblers 50 Straddling the reed bed 2 Other forms of locomotion and habitat use 3 Adaptations to migration 4 Measuring diversification in the acrocephalids 89 93 94 96 99 Competition and coexistence 1 Intraspecific territoriality and densities 104 105 8 Reed warblers reproduced 1 Masterpieces of construction What is territoriality for? 106 Nest sites The case of Great Reed Warblers and Sedge Warblers 109 Nest building Getting together socially 110 Nest characteristics Habitat structure and population density in 113 2 Interspecific aggression and territorial overlaps 2 Getting the timing right 3 Reproductive effort Marshland warblers keep their distance 113 A brief excursion into life history The case of Great and Eurasian Reed Warblers 114 Clutch size Singingfrom a different songsheet 114 Seeing it through from incubation to post-fledging The benefits of getting rid of the competition Recognizing other species 115 116 Competition and shared parasites 116 1 Diversity of song Complexity and structure Tempo and syntax 2 Song and systematic relationships Dendrogram: a diagram of branches 3 Why do birds sing? The case of six reed warbler species 4 Sexual selection and honest signals The example of Sedge and Great Reed Warblers 5 Singing different songs 119 120 121 142 143 144 148 148 149 150 153 Predators 153 154 Nest defence and anti-predator strategies Inbreeding and dispersal 118 139 140 4 Brood losses 5 Reproductive success-fitness matters ; A song worth warbling iz8 6 Life span and adult survival Coping with the Cuckoo’s trickery 1 Brood parasitism by Common Cuckoos 156 158 159 160 161 122 2 Acrocephalid hosts and parasitism rates 163 125 3 On the battlefront: before the egg is laid 163 127 4 On the battlefront: an alien egg in the nest 166 128 5 How to deal with this strange new chick 168 130 The breeding success of Common Cuckoos 169 131 IBB 6 Mounting a varied counter-attack Cuckoo-related breeding losses by reed warblers 7 Flexibility in a world of change 170 172 173 Habitat and body size 1ЗЗ Will they hear me from here? 135 Gene flow, immigration, and host tolerance to Migration, mimicry and more 135 multiple parasitism 173 Habitat structure 174 174 174 Phenotypic plasticity Combination is the key A battle of the sexes 1 Breeding systems and resources 178 181 The case of six marsh-nesting species... 181 „.„„and the case of other acrocephaiids 182 2 Social versus genetic mating systems Why should females be promiscuous? 183 184 Whaťs in extra-pair copulation for females? 184 3 Monogamy 4 Choosing to breed cooperatively The case of Seychelles Warblers Extra-pair paternity and the benefits of helping Benefits for dominant birds and offspring sex ratio Formation of families and grandparent helpers Other acrocephaiids 5 Polygyny 185 186 187 188 191 192 194 What’s in it for females? 194 Whaťs in it for males? 195 Extra-pair paternity 196 Offspring sex ratio 198 Polyterritorial behaviour 198 1 Island species - relatives, distribution, and colonization history 2 Island habitats 3 Island conditions and phenomena of niches 5 Communication, breeding biology and further idiosyncracies 6 Population trends of island warblers The case of the Laysan and Nihoa Millerbirds 241 243 7 What it takes to be a successful reed warbler colonizer 244 13 A life of change - population and conservation Issues 246 1 Range, abundance, and species numbers 248 2 Reasons to be positive 3 Negative population trends and their causes 250 252 The example of European reed-dwelling acrocephaiids 252 252 198 199 Abandoning agricultural management 4 Some consequences of climate change 256 257 202 Changes on the breeding grounds 257 204 Changes on the wintering grounds 259 205 208 Migrating towards Africa 211 212 Crossing central Asia 214 Other geographical factors 215 3 Post-fledging movements, dispersal, and site 216 Nocturnal exploratory flights 217 Shall we go or shall we stay? 218 219 4 M ortality predation, and parasites 5 Moult 240 254 255 Time is of the essence fidelity 236 Reedswamp decline Accumulating fat 2 Migration routes and wintering grounds 233 234 4 Morphological adaptations and the expansion The case of Aquatic Warblers, part one 1 Getting organized for migration 229 Habitat loss 6 Promiscuity - no pair bonds for Aquatic Warblers on the move and in moult 228 193 194 The polygyny threshold model Warblers 7 The evolution of mating systems Our island home 220 Strategies for when and where to moult 221 Scheduling the time and duration of moult 225 5 Conservation matters Restoration of habitats 260 260 The case of Aquatic Warblers, part two 262 6 Aspects of population genetics 263 Ecological equivalents and convergence i Morphological convergences 266 268 Marsh dwellers in South America 270 Papyrus birds 272 Small changes - great consequences 2 Behavioural convergences 272 274 Interspecific aggression 274 Mating systems 275 Polygyny in deep-water marshes 275 Promiscuity on marsh edges 277 Postscript 280 Acknowledgements 288 References 29O Index 316