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Chapter 3
Human Body Systems
♦ KNOWLEDGE OBJECTIVES
5. Describe the primary functions of each
of the eight body systems.
l. Describe the anatomical position.
2. Given two or more body parts, describe
their relationship using anatomical terms.
6. Give two examples of how body systems
work together.
3. Identify the five body cavities and the
major structures in each cavity.
7. Describe what can happen to the body if
a problem occurs in one or more of the
body systems.
4. Identify the eight body systems and the
major structures in each system.
8. Define the key terms for this chapter.
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♦ OUTLINE
Introduction
29
Anatomical Terms
29
Body Cavities
31
Body Systems
34
Respiratory system
34
Circulatory System
36
Nervous System
38
Musculoskeletal System
41
Integumentary System
43
Endocrine System
44
Digestive System
46
Genitourinary System
46
Interrelationships of Body Systems
50
22
♦ KEY POINTS
Definitions
Body Systems
1.
A collection of similar cells that
performs a specific function
2.
A body system that regulates and
coordinates the activities of other
body systems by producing
chemicals that influence the activity
of tissues
3.
Farthest from the centre or midline
4.
To breathe air out of the lungs
5.
A body system that eliminates wastes
and enables reproduction
6.
A body system that plays a major
role in temperature regulation and
preventing infection
Matching
7.
Match each term with its definition. Write its
letter on the line in front of the definition.
Lower; below in relation to another
structure
8.
In front of
Terms
9.
A body system that directs
movements and sensory function
Respiratory.
Circulatory.
Nervous.
Musculoskeletal.
Integumentary.
Endocrine.
Digestive.
Genitourinary.
♦ LEARNING ACTIVITIES
a. Endocrine
b. Exhale
c. Inferior
d. Nervous
e. Tissue
f. Genitourinary
g. Distal
h. Anterior
i. Integumentary
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Short Answer
Read each statement or question and write
the correct answer or answers in the space
provided.
1. Describe the body in the "anatomical
position."
2. Identify each body cavity.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. List the major structures in the body
cavities.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4. Identify the structures of the respiratory
system.
a.
b.
c.
d.
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5. Identify the directional terms for the body.
6. Identify the primary parts of the heart.
25
Case 3.2
♦ CASE STUDIES
Late one afternoon, a woman faints in her
office. You are summoned to the scene. As
you examine her, you see she is wearing a
medical-alert bracelet that indicates that she
is an insulin-dependent diabetic. A coworker tells you that the woman did take her
insulin today but has not yet eaten, and
twenty minutes ago worked out in the fitness
centre.
Read the case studies and answer the
questions that follow.
Case 3.1
While mowing her lawn, a woman runs over
a piece of fence wire. The piece of wire is
propelled backwards and makes a deep
laceration on her lower leg.
1. Using correct medical terminology,
describe the location of her injury in
relation to these other body structures:
1. Diabetes is a condition that results from a
problem in the
system.
a. Circulatory
Knee:
b. Integumentary
Ankle:
c. Endocrine
2. Is the injury anterior or posterior?
d. Nervous
2. T F Most serious illnesses caused by
malfunctions of this system
develop slowly.
3. Is the injury on the medial or lateral side
of the leg?
3. What kind of organs make up this
system?
4. Which two body systems will interact
initially to alert the casualty to this
injury?
4. What is the primary function of these
organs?
a. Circulatory, respiratory
b. Respiratory, musculoskeletal
c. Integumentary, nervous
5. Many of these substances release their
substances into the circulatory system to
influence tissue activity in various parts
of the body. What are these substances
called?
d. Nervous, respiratory
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4. The three primary functions of the
nervous system are
♦ SELF-ASSESSMENT
Circle the letter of the best answer.
a. Sensory, motor, and integrated.
1. Which vessels carry blood from the heart
to the rest of the body?
b. Consciousness, memory, and
emotions.
a. Arterioles
c. Visual, olfactory, and auditory.
b. Arteries
d. Consciousness, regulation, and
language.
c. Venules
5. Which structure in the airway prevents
liquids and solids from entering the
lungs?
d. Veins
2. In comparison to the neck, the head is
described as
, whereas the pelvis is
.
a. Epiglottis
a. Inferior, superior
b. Uvula
b. Proximal, distal
c. Trachea
c. Superior, inferior
d. Esophagus
6. One of the main functions of the integumentary system is to
d. Distal, proximal
3. In reaction to cold, the skin becomes
pale and shows what is called
"goosebumps" or "gooseflesh." Which
two systems are interacting with the skin
to maintain body temperature?
a. Transmit information to the brain.
b. Produce blood cells.
c. Prevent infection.
a. Nervous, musculoskeletal
d. Secrete hormones.
b. Respiratory, integumentary
7. Which structure is not in the thoracic
cavity?
c. Circulatory, musculoskeletal
a. Liver
d. Nervous, circulatory
b. Heart
c. Lungs
d. Rib cage
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12. The pain that accompanies a burn from
hot water is an example of the
interrelationship of which body
systems?
8. A person in the anatomical position is
standing
a. Arms out, palms facing downward.
b. Arms at side, palms facing backward.
a. Respiratory, musculoskeletal.
c. Arms out, palms facing forward.
b. Circulatory, respiratory.
d. Arms at side, palms facing forward.
c. Musculoskeletal, integuinentary.
9. The two body systems that work together
to provide oxygen for the cells of the
body are
d. Integtumentary, nervous.
13. In comparison to the chest, the neck is
said to be whereas the pelvis is
a. Musculoskeletal and integumentary.
a. Anterior, posterior.
b. Respiratory and circulatory.
b. Distal; proximal.
c. Integumentary and respiratory.
c. Superior; inferior.
d. Circulatory and musculoskeletal.
d. Lateral; medial.
10. Transporting nutrients and oxygen to
body cells and removing waste products
are functions of the
14. Which system has primary responsibility
for getting oxygen to each cell in the
body,
a. Circulatory system.
b. Respiratory system.
a. Nervous.
c. Digestive system.
b. Circulatory.
d. Endocrine system.
c. Respiratory.
11. In which structure of the respiratory
system do oxygen and carbon dioxide
pass in and out of the blood?
d. Integumentary.
a. Pharynx.
b. Trachea.
c. Bronchi.
d. Alveoli.
28
15. The heart, blood, and blood vessels are
major components of which body
system?
a. Nervous.
b. Integumentary.
c. Musculoskeletal.
d. Circulatory.
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Answers to Exercises
Unit 3-Human Body Systems
6. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Matching: (Pg. 28)
1. e
2. a
3. g
4. b
5. f
6. i
7. c
8. h
9. d.
Aorta; (Pg. 38)
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle.
Case Study 3.1:
1. Distal; Proximal. (Pg. 29)
2. Anterior (Pg. 29)
3. Lateral (Pg. 29)
4. c (Pg. 45)
Short Answer:
1. Standing facing front, arms at side,
palms facing to the front. (Pg. 29)
2. a. Cranial (Pg. 31)
b. Spinal;
c. Thoracic
d. Abdominal
e. Pelvic.
3. a. Brain; (Pg. 31)
b. Spinal cord
c. Heart and lungs
d. Liver, pancreas, intestines, stomach,
kidneys, and spleen
e. Bladder, rectum, and female
reproductive organs.
4. a. Epiglottis; (Pg. 34)
b. Esophagus;
c. Lungs;
d. Trachea.
5. a. Proximal (Pg. 30)
b. Distal
c. Medial
d. Lateral
e. Right
f. Left;
g. Superior (Cephalic)
h. Anterior (Ventral)
i. Posterior (Dorsal)
j. Inferior (Caudal).
Case Study 3.2:
1. c (Pg. 44)
2. T (Pg. 44)
3. Glands (Pg. 44)
4. To release fluid and other
substances into the blood or onto the
skin (Pg. 44)
5. Hormones (Pg. 44)
Self Assessment:
1. b (Pg. 37)
2. c (Pg. 29)
3. d (Pg. 45)
4. a (Pg. 38)
5. a (Pg. 34)
6. c (Pg. 43)
7. a (Pg. 31)
8. d (Pg. ??)
9. b (Pg. ??)
10. a (Pg. ??)
11. a (Pg. ??)
12. c (Pg. ??)
13. d (Pg. ??)
14. d (Pg. ??)
15. c (Pg. ??)
16. b (Pg. ??)
17. b (Pg. ??)
18. d (Pg. ??)
19. d (Pg. ??)
30