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Body Systems Notes 2016
Kingdom Animalia:
General Characteristics: Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophic (be ingestion),
Move at some point in life, Digest food to get nutrients, Lack cell walls
Animal Classification:
The animal kingdom is divided into two groups:
1. Vertebrates- are animals that have a backbone. They have a firm
body because of the muscles that connect to their skeleton.
2. Invertebrates- are animals that do not have a backbone. They have
soft inner bodies which are held in shape by a flexible covering of
outer cells or by a hard covering called an exoskeleton.
Human Classification:
Domain- Eukarya
Kingdom-Animalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class- Mammalia
Order-Primates
Family- Hominidae
Genus- Homo
Species- sapiens
Part 1: Maintaining Homeostasis
List the levels of organization starting with the basic unit of life.
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and Organism
Define homeostasis
The ability of an organism to maintain a stable, internal environment.
List three ways your body maintains homeostasis:
1. Body Temperature- 370 C
2. pH level- 7.35
3. Concentration of sugar in the bloodstream- 0.1% sugar
Various animal functions help maintain homeostasis often by using feedback
mechanisms including feedback inhibition.
Example: Dogs get hot running, nervous system triggers panting, panting
reduces body temperature so panting stops.
Positive Feedback- increases output of a system.
Ex. Ethylene gas causes fruit to ripen. Ex. Banana turns from green to yellow.
Negative Feedback- reduces output of a system. Ex. Regulation of sugar levels in
the bloodstream.
Part 2: Body System Comparison
1. Integumentary System-Composed of: skin and its appendages (including
hair, scales, feathers, hoofs, and nails).
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Protects the body from damage
Waterproofing, cushioning, and protecting the deeper tissues, excrete
wastes, and regulate temperature.
2. Skeletal System-Composed of: the bones in the body and the tissues such as
tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect them.

The main job of the skeleton is to provide support for our body.
3. Muscular System-Composed of: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood
throughout the body.
4. Digestive System-Composed of organs that break down food into components
that your body uses for energy, and then packages the residue for waste disposal.
5. Circulatory System-Composed of: the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
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Transports nutrients, water, hormones, and oxygen to your billions of body.
cells
Carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body cells produce.
6. Respiratory System-Composed of: organs in your body that aid in breathing.
The main organ is the lungs.

Supplies the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to
all parts of the body.
7. Nervous System- Composed of: the brain and spinal cord that is made up of a
network of specialized cells called neurons.

Coordinates the actions of an animal and transmit signals between
different parts of its body.
8. Excretory System-Composed of: organs such as kidneys, lungs, and the skin

The process of excretion involves finding and removing waste materials
(such as urea, carbon dioxide, and salt) produced by the body.
9. Endocrine System-Composed of: a collection of glands, each of which
secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body.

Regulates metabolism, growth, sexual function, sleep, mood, etc.
10. Immune System-Composed of: antibodies, white blood cells, and other
chemicals and proteins.

Designed to defend you against millions of bacteria, microbes, viruses,
toxins and parasites that can invade your body.
11. Lymphatic System-Composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes,
and organs.
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Absorbs excess fluid and its return to the bloodstream
Assists the immune system.
12. Reproductive System- Composed of: a collection of internal and external
organs in males and females that work together for the purpose of procreating.
Testes, Penis, Ovaries, Vagina and Uterus are just a few.

New individuals are produced by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a
diploid zygote. Sperm are male gametes, ova are female gametes.
Part 3: Interactions between the Body Systems
1. Explain how the necessary nutrients that you eat travel to all of the cells around
your body.
The food particles are broken down by mechanical (teeth) and chemical
(enzymes) digestion. Muscular contractions push the food down the esophagus,
into the stomach, and then into the small intestine. Tiny nutrient molecules pass
through projections in the small intestine (microvilli) and into the blood vessels. The
bloodstream carries nutrient molecules to the rest of the body to be used by cells.
What systems are involved? Digestive, Muscular, and Circulatory
2. Explain how sweating helps to maintain body temperature
When your body temperature goes up, your brain signals sweat glands to cool
body down. When your body is cold, your brain signals muscles to contract
(shiver) to warm body up.
What systems are involved? Integumentary, Muscular, and Nervous
3. Give two examples of body responses that are a result of direct interactions
between the skeletal, muscular, and nervous system. Running away from danger
and eating a cheeseburger.
4. What are some of the similarities between the reproductive and excretory
systems? Both rely on hormones from the pituitary gland (located in the brain) to
control functions.
5. What two systems are impacted when you are given a vaccination?
Circulatory – transports the vaccine
Immune – builds antibodies to fight off infections.
6. What two systems interact during sperm/egg production?
Endocrine – the hypothalamus (gland in the brain) sends messages to the pituitary
(gland in the brain)to make hormones.
Reproductive – receives the hormones and produces sperm and eggs.
7. Which Three systems work together to remove excess water from the body?
Endocrine, Circulatory, and Excretory
Explanation-When you are dehydrated, the pituitary releases a hormone into your
bloodstream to tell your kidneys to hold onto water.
When you have too much water, the pituitary stops releasing the hormone, so
that you can excrete the excess water (pee…)
8. Explain how a reflex works. What two systems work together to respond when
you touch something that causes you pain, such as a hot pot of soup? Nervous
and Muscular Systems
A reflex is involuntary movement of any organ or body part that has received a
stimulus. It happens without any consciousness and is immediate. Reflexes protect
the body from harm.
The signal goes from the touch receptors (nerves) to the spinal cord and then to
your muscles to get you away from the danger quick! Nervous and Muscular
Systems.
9. Maintaining homeostasis in your body is made possible through coordination of
all your body systems. What two body systems are mainly responsible for this
coordination? Nervous and Endocrine System
Explain two difference between the nervous and the endocrine system. How do
they communicate to the body?