Download F `11 NAME OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF

F ‘11
NAME
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Experiment 5
Integrated Laboratory Experiment - CH 461 & CH 461H
COULOMETRIC TITRATION AND SPECTROMETRIC ENDPOINT DETECTION
I.
II.
III.
Introduction
2
Overview of Experiment
3
Instrumentation
4
Fig 1 - UV Visible Molecular Absorption
4
Spectrometer Setup
Fig 2 - Timer Counter & Electronics Setup
IV.
Experimental
7
A. Solutions
7
B. Preparation of Instrumentation
7
1. control circuit and constant current source;
7
2. sensor circuit with the PMT;
9
3. coulometry cell with the rest of the circuit
C. Determination of Unknown As2O3
Waste Disposal
V.
5
Lab Report
November 11, 2011 EXP_5_11.wpd Ingle, Pastorek, Westall
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I. INTRODUCTION
A coulometric titration is based on Faraday's law which states that 96,486 coulombs of
electricity oxidizes or reduces one gram equivalent of an electroactive substance. Thus, for
example, ferrous ion can be determined by adding excess cerous ion to the sample solution. The
cerous ion is then electrolytically oxidized at an anode
Ce3+ º Ce4+ + e-
(1)
while hydrogen ion is reduced at a shielded cathode
2H+ + 2e- º H2
(2)
The electrolytically generated ceric ion reacts with the ferrous ion
Ce4+ + Fe2+ º Ce3+ + Fe3+
(3)
in a manner analogous to a conventional redox titration.
The advantages of coulometric addition of titrant include:
1. Standard solutions are generated electrolytically rather than by adding them from a buret.
Actually, electrical current is a most versatile reagent, and a constant-current supply can be used
to generate acids, bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, precipitating agents, and complexing
agents in almost any strength desired. In other words, the coulomb becomes a primary standard
replacing a host of chemical standards.
2. Because reagents may be generated and used on the spot, unstable reagents which are not
useful for volumetric work may actually be employed because time for them to decompose or
evaporate is considerably decreased. An excellent example of this is the use of chlorine
(generated very simply from a saline solution).
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Experiment adapted from C. N. Reilley and D. T. Sawyer, "Experiments for Instrumental
Methods."
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3. Ease of micro-addition of reagent. The magnitude of the current (analogous to the
concentration of a volumetric reagent) can be set accurately to almost any level, and extremely
small quantities can easily be added near the equivalence point. The electric switch takes the
place of the stopcock of the buret.
4. Addition of electrons as a reagent causes no dilution which is important in certain cases.
Because of the electrical mode of generation, coulometric procedures are ideal for remote
operation and for automatic procedures.
II. OVERVIEW OF EXPERIMENT
In this experiment, the molarity of an arsenic trioxide (As2O3) solution will be determined
by titration with electrochemically generated I2. The reaction is carried out in a buffer with a pH
value of about 8.3. When As2O3 is dissolved, aqueous arsenious acid, As(OH)3 is formed
according to equation 4.
As2O3 + 3 H2O º 2 As(OH)3
(4)
If an iodide solution is placed in an electrochemical cell and a sufficient potential is applied
between the cathode and anode, iodine is generated at the anode by the half-reaction
2 I- º I2 + 2e-
(5)
If some of the arsenite solution is added to this cell, the electrochemically generated I2 will
oxidize the arsenite to arsenate (HAsO42-) through the half-reaction
As(OH)3 + 4 OH- º HAsO42- + 3 H2O + 2e-
(6)
When all the As(OH)3 has reacted, an excess of I2 appears. If starch is present in the cell, the
excess I2 and the starch indicator will form a purple complex. These reactions take place in a
buffer with a pH value of approximately 8.3, at which the As(OH)3 and HAsO42- are the primary
forms of As(III) and As(V) in solution.
In this experiment, the current passing through the cell is kept constant with a constant
current generator and the time for the titration (the time to reach the starch endpoint) is
measured. From the known current (I in amperes) and time (t in seconds), the charge (q in
coulombs) can be calculated, q = I t. The number of moles of electrons can be calculated from
the charge with Faradays law, Ne = q / F, where F is the Faraday constant, 96485 C / mol. The
moles of reactants and products can then be calculated from the reaction stoichiometry. From
the value of Ne and equations 4 and 6, the number of moles of As2O3 added to the cell can be
calculated.
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The starch endpoint can be detected visually to determine at what time to turn off the current
generator and the timer. In this experiment, the end point will be detected spectrophotometrically
and the signal will be used to turn off the current generator and timer automatically.
III. INSTRUMENTATION
The purpose of this section is to describe how the instrumentation works. The actual setup
procedure is described in the next section.
Diagrams of the optical and electrical instrumentation are shown in Figures 1 and 2,
respectively. Spectrophotometric endpoint detection is provided by a UV-visible molecular
absorption spectrophotometer (Figure 1). The reaction cell (a 180-mL beaker) will be placed into
the sample module so the light beam passes through the cell. Because the sample module lid is
not used, the monochromator is placed after the sample module to reject most of the room light.
Feedback on OA1 (current source)
to OA2 (comparator)
reaction cell
Tungsten
Source
Sample
Module
Monochromator
PMT
Module
Figure 1. UV-Visible Molecular Absorption Spectrometer Setup.
to ADC/ECR Program
Figure 2 on the next page illustrates the timer/counter electronic schematic. OA-1 is used to
provide a constant current through the reaction cell and OA-2 is used as a comparator. The
Timer-Counter module provides a timer with 1/60 of a second resolution and an electrical relay to
control the passage of current to the reaction cell.
Constant-current circuit. First, consider the circuit involving OA-1 that provides a constant
current to the cell. When the switch on the Timer-Counter module is in the TIME (ON) position
and the RELAY is in the normally closed (NC) position, the +5 V is transferred from the power
supply to the 1000 Ω input resistor of OA-1 (Point A). Then a current of 5 mA flows through the
1000-Ω into the summing point of OA-1. An equal current of 5 mA flows through the feedback
loop and a current of 5 mA is maintained through the reaction cell (independent of the cell
resistance). The exact current, which you will measure, depends on the actual voltage of the
supply and the resistance.
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to TEK Power Supply Module
GND
+5V
Time-Count Switch (shown in Time
position). This is the ON/OFF for the
constant current generator.
Time Position: SWITCH point S (blue
socket) connected to Time and timer
input connected to 60 Hz.
OR
Count Position: SWITCH point S
connected to Off and timer input
connected to Count socket.
Time
Off
“Control” Relay (yellow sockets) (shown
in NC)
If Vcontrol < 2.5 V, RELAY point S
connected to NC (normally closed);
If Vcontrol > 2.5 V, RELAY point S
connected to NO (normally open).
Shown in “dummy cell”
configuration; see caption for
hookup to test cell.
A
B
OA 1
• INITIALLY Rcell is a 1000 ohm
resistor dummy cell
• For experiment, the 1000 ohm
resistor dummy cell is removed &
replaced by the real cell.
OA 2 (bottom of the LOG-RATIO module):
•
•
+ input connected to
variable voltage source
which should be set to + 0.85 V with DMM
- input INITIALLY connected to +5 V and
then GND; for experiment connected to
PMT output.
Figure 2. Timer Counter & Electronics setup.
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Comparator circuit. The voltage output signal of the PMT module is compared to the pre-set
voltage from the voltage source. The output of OA-2 is connected to the CONTROL plug of the
timer-counter. The photoanodic current is determined by the absorbance of the solution in the
reaction cell. At the endpoint of the titration, the formation of the iodine-starch complex causes
the absorbance to increase or the transmittance and photodetector signal to decrease. Before the
titration begins, the voltage from the PMT module is adjusted so that its output is 0 V for 0% T
(shutter closed) and about 1.0 V for 100% T (do not adjust at this time). The voltage source is
pre-set to +0.85 V or equivalently 85% T.
Before the endpoint, the transmittance is at its highest and the voltage at the inverting input
(-) of OA-2 is near 1.0 V and more positive than the 0.85 V at the non-inverting input (+).
Because there is no feedback element, the output is driven to its maximum negative value (-12 to
-15 V) before the endpoint.
As the endpoint is approached, the voltage from the PMT module at the inverting input
drops below 1.0 V due to the absorption by the blue iodine-starch complex. When it becomes
less than 0.85 V, the OA-2 output swings from -15 V to its maximum positive potential (+12 to
+15 V). A voltage more positive than about 2.5 V at the CONTROL of the Relay on the
timer-counter activates the relay so Relay point S is now connected to the normally open (NO)
terminal and hence ground potential. This action stops the current and turns the timer off.
Note that the overall result is that the timer and current flow to the reaction cell are only
activated if the timer-counter switch is in the TIME position and the transmittance is greater
than 85%. A titration is initiated by placing the timer-counter switch in the TIME position and it
is automatically terminated by the spectrophotometric detection system when the endpoint is
reached. From the time indicated on the counter display (the time in seconds is the number of
counts divided by 60) and the current, the number of coulombs delivered to the cell and the
equivalents of iodide oxidized can be calculated. The Time-Count switch is the ON-OFF
switch for the constant current generator.
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IV. EXPERIMENTAL
A. Solutions
The following will be provided: an unknown aqueous solution of As2O3, a 0.05 M KI in 0.12
M NaHCO3 solution, and a filtered 2% (w/v) starch solution. Bring a 100-mL graduated cylinder,
a 50-mL beaker, a 1-mL graduated pipet, and a 2-mL volumetric pipet to the laboratory. Wear
gloves and goggles. No food or drink in the lab.
Waste Disposal. The As solutions are toxic. Deposit all As-containing solutions in the As waste
container in the hood in Gbad 313 when you are done and rinse glassware into this waste jar.
B. Preparation of Instrumentation
The spectrometer is normally set up for you as indicated in Fig. 1. The 600-μm
monochromator slits should be used. The coulometric cell is the 180-mL beaker with the stopper,
2 electrodes, and a large magnetic stirring bar. Secure the coulometric cell in the special holder in
the sample module on top of the water-driven magnetic stirrer. Push the cell down tightly so it is
at the bottom of the holder.
The electronics will be set up and tested in three stages:
1.
control circuit and constant current source;
2.
sensor circuit with the PMT;
3.
and the coulometry cell with the rest of the circuit.
1. Control circuit and constant current source. In this step you will check the constant current
source and the control circuit without actually hooking up the coulometric cell.
a.
Electronics Setup. Before you start checking the wiring, set the following switches,
grounds and voltage sources:
OA-1, constant current source
-
the lowest yellow dummy input of OA-1 is not grounded (the switch should be to the right)
-
the feedback loop of OA-1 is open (switch to left)
-
the non-inverting input of OA-1 is grounded (the bottom grounding switch to the right).
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OA-2, comparator (on the bottom of the LOG-RATIO module)
-
the + input of OA-2 is not grounded (switch to left)
Grounds
-
a ground from both OA modules is connected to ground of both voltage sources and to the
ground of the timer counter box
Voltage source
-
Turn the TEK power supply on, set the variable voltage source to + 0.85 ± 0.01 V as
measured with the DMM, and then turn the TEK power supply off; connect the + 0.85 V to
the non-inverting input of OA-2.
-
the timer counter box is connected to the + 5V power supply with a double banana cable
b. Setup up a “dummy cell” and a “dummy PMT” to test out the experiment before using any
chemicals:
-
“dummy cell” is the 1 kΩ resistor in the feedback loop of OA-1; this dummy cell will allow
you to test the constant current source before you make any connections to the real cell.
-
“dummy PMT” is made by connecting the inverting input of the comparator OA-2 to +5 V;
normally this input will be connected to the PMT output, but for now you can use the voltage
source to simulate the PMT output (+5 V is 100% T and 0 V is 0%T).
c. Now complete the wiring as indicated in Fig. 2.
d. Simulate the “titrate” and “hold” modes of the circuit and verify that they work as designed.
-
Turn the Time / Count switch to the Count position (OFF) and turn the TEK module power
on.
-
Simulate “titrate” by moving the Time / Count switch to the Time (ON) position (with the
inverting input of OA-2 connected to + 5 V to simulate 100% T from PMT).
-
Use the DMM to verify that:
Point A (Fig. 2) is +5 V (to drive constant current source);
Point B (Fig. 2) is -5V (to sink current);
Control point is at -12 to -15 V (leaving the relay switch in the NC (up) position);
Verify that the counter is counting.
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Next use the DMM to measure accurately and record in your lab notebook the current
through the dummy cell resistor when the circuit is in the titrate mode. Recall that the
DMM must be inserted in series to measure current. You will use this value of current to
calculate the charge passed in your coulometric analysis. Verify that the current is close to
the value expected from Ohms law and the nominal values of voltage and resistance before
you proceed. When finished, remove the DMM from the circuit and move the Time / Count
switch to count (OFF).
-
Now simulate “hold” by moving the Time / Count switch to the Time position (ON) to start
the titrate mode and then move the “dummy PMT” lead from the inverting input of OA-2 to
ground to simulate 0 %T and “hold”.
-
Use the DMM to verify that:
Points A and B are at 0 V (no current flows through dummy cell);
Control point is at +12 to +15 V;
and the counter is not counting.
-
Move the Time / Count switch back to count (OFF). Check with an instructor if any test
fails.
2. Sensor circuit.
In this step you will fill the cell with solution and then hook up and adjust
the PMT and open the ECR recorder program. Then you will use the shutter to block the light
and simulate the endpoint of the titration, and verify the operation of the control circuit.
a.
Setup coulometric cell:
-
Obtain about 60 mL of the potassium iodide solution in a graduated cylinder and add to the
coulometric reaction cell (the beaker).
-
Add 6 drops of the filtered starch solution (in a dropper bottle) to the reaction cell.
-
Securely place the stopper containing the electrodes into the top of the reaction cell. The
platinum-foil electrode is delicate so be careful not to hit it against anything. Make sure that
the electrodes do not touch the bottom of the beaker or the stirring bar. Do not connect the
electrodes at this point.
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Fill the counter electrode compartment (the fritted tube with wire) with a little of the KI
solution and make sure that the frit end is immersed in the solution in the coulometric
reaction cell.
-
Make sure the electrodes don’t block the light path by rotating the stopper as necessary and
then gently turn on the water to the water driven stirrer so that the stirbar is spinning
smoothly.
b.
Hook up and adjust the PMT. The connection of the PMT module to OA-2 is critical.
-
Remove the wire in the inverting input of OA-2 that was serving as the dummy PMT and
attach a BNC-to-double-banana-plug adapter to the PMT cable. Plug this adapter into the
yellow and green sockets on OA-2. The ground side of the double-banana-plug goes to
the yellow socket, which must also be connected to the OA-2 module ground with a
wire.
-
Use a cable to connect the PMT output to the ADC channel 0. Set the ADC to +/-1-V full
scale in the ECR program.
-
Set the monochromator wavelength to 575 nm by manually turning the stepper motor shaft.
-
Turn the lamp on.
-
Be sure the PMT power supply is connected to the wall socket and turn the PMT on.
-
Set 0% T for the PMT: Close the light source shutter (0% T) and use the DMM to measure
the PMT output. If necessary adjust the PMT zero control so the output is 0 V.
-
Use the DMM to check that the output of the comparator OA-2 is +12 to +15 V. If not,
check with an instructor.
-
Set 100% T on the PMT. Open the shutter (100%T) and adjust the PMT bias voltage or
PMT module gain so the PMT output voltage is about 1.0 V.
-
Start the ECR chart recorder program. You will see some noise in this signal, which
sometimes can be reduced by adjusting the speed of the stirrer. If the cell is not pushed
down enough there can be excess noise due to light reflecting off the rotating stirring bar.
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Check that the output of OA-2 with the DMM reads -12 to -15 V. Check with an instructor
if you have excessive noise or the OA-2 output is not negative.
c.
Test the circuit. You will use the shutter to simulate the endpoint of the titration.
-
Turn the Time / Count switch to Time (ON).
-
Open the shutter so the PMT output is 1 V (100% T). Check that Point A is about +5 V and
that the counter is counting.
-
Gradually close the shutter until the PMT output falls to +0.85 V as indicated by the ECR
program. Point A should drop to 0 V and the counter should stop counting. Verify this
behavior of the circuit before you proceed.
3. Coulometry cell circuit. In these steps you’ll check the operation of the cell.
-
Be sure the Time / Count switch is set to Count (OFF).
-
Remove the dummy cell (1 kΩ resistor) from the feedback loop of OA-1 and replace it by
attaching the cell anode (large Pt sheet electrode) to the summing point of OA-1 and the
cell cathode (wire counter electrode in fritted tube) to the output of OA-1.
a. Check that there is generation of I2 at the large Pt electrode.
-
Verify that the stirrer is rotating smoothly and the PMT output is about 1 V.
-
Flip the Time / Count switch to Time (ON). When you do this you should see a blue-grey
stream indicating generation of I2 (w/starch) at the large Pt electrode. At the counter
electrode you may be able to see bubbles of H2 (sometimes hard to detect). As soon as you
see the blue-grey stream, flip the switch back to Count (OFF).
-
If you did not see the I2, something is wrong with the wiring of the part of the circuit
involving OA-1. Check with a TA. Otherwise, *Congratulations* - your automatic titration
system is ready to go!
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b. Trial run of entire system.
-
Obtain about 20 mL of the unknown arsenite solution (As(III)) in a 50-mL beaker. Now add
about 2.0 mL of the arsenite solution to the reaction cell beaker for a trial run. The solution
in the cell should now be colorless (not light blue or gray). If the solution is still colored, too
much I2 was generated in the previous step so add a little more arsenite solution until the
color disappears. The ECR program should indicate about 100% T.
-
Reset the timer (small black button next to display) and flip the Time / Count switch to Time
(ON). You should see the timer counting and, slowly over a minute or two, the ECR
recorder will indicate a slow decrease in % T. At about 0.85 V on the ECR program, the
endpoint for the titration is reached and the timer and the current to the reaction cell will
automatically shut off. The solution color should be light blue/gray due to a small excess of
I2 reacting with the starch. Wait about 30 s to ensure that the endpoint has really been
reached. Now flip the Time/Count switch to the COUNT position and read the number
of counts displayed and record in your notebook. Divide the number of counts by 60 to
obtain the number of seconds that the current flowed through the system.
C. Determination of the concentration for the unknown solution of As2O3
-
Using a 2.00 mL volumetric pipet (±0.006 mL), add exactly 2.00 mL of the unknown
arsenite solution to the reaction cell beaker through the hole in the stopper (do not add this
to the counter electrode tube). This step is absolutely critical and the most common cause
for having to make extra runs. You must use your best volumetric technique to deliver
exactly 2.00 mL. Be sure the bottom of the meniscus is exactly at the mark before inserting
the pipet in the hole in the cell stopper. You should visually check that the pipet tip is all the
way through the stopper hole so no solution is caught on the stopper and that it is not
touching the solution before delivery. Release and let the pipet drain for 20 s. You may
need to carefully tap the pipet to dislodge the last hanging drop but don’t blow out the pipet.
Be careful not to move the reaction cell or the electrodes.
-
Close the shutter and adjust the 0%T signal with the PMT zero control. Open the shutter and
adjust the 100%T signal with the PMT module gain or HV bias voltage so that the signal is
within 0.01 V of the same position on the ECR scale as in part B.
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-
Reset the timer counts to zero.
-
To initiate the titration, turn the Time/Count switch to Time (ON).
-
After the timer first stops, wait 30 s to ensure that the endpoint has been reached and then
turn the Time/Count switch to Count. Record the time (130-150 s). Divide the counts
observed by 60 to convert to seconds.
-
Reset the timer for the next run.
-
Next run: Add another 2.00 mL aliquot of the arsenite solution and repeat the above
procedure. Check that the timer still reads 0 and reset if necessary. Be careful not to move
or jar the beaker.
-
It is very important that the 0 and 100% T are adjusted to within 0.01 V on the same
ECR scale for each run.
-
Also make certain to turn the Time/Count switch to off between runs or the timer and cell
current will be activated when you add new arsenite solution.
-
Repeat the above procedure until you obtain 4 consecutive runs with a range (maximum minimum) of titration times that is 10 s or less.
Note:
If the cell becomes too full of solution (i.e., up to the stopper), empty the cell in the As
waste container in the hood and repeat the procedure of section IVB3. In other words, put 60 mL
of iodide solution, 6 drops of starch solution, and 2.0 mL of arsenite into the cell, readjust the 0
and 100% T, titrate to the endpoint, and proceed with part IVC.
Waste Disposal: Dispose of the contents of the cell and any extra arsenite in the waste jug
marked for this purpose and stored in the hood.
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V. LAB REPORT
Include in the lab report an abstract, a copy of your lab notebook pages for this experiment,
ECR recorder charts plotted in Excel, and a response to the following items:
A
Report the exact current you measured through the dummy cell. Also show how you
calculated the expected value of current from the nominal values of the voltage and the
resistance using Ohms law.
B.
Report the raw data for the number of counts for each run. Calculate the average time
(seconds) equivalent to the counts, standard deviation (seconds), and the relative standard
deviation (RSD) of your last four runs with times that produced a range of less than 10 s.
C.
Write the three balanced equations that describe the chemistry (i.e, dissolution of As2O3,
and both redox half reactions). Give the overall balanced chemical reaction for the
complete oxidation of As2O3 by I2 in aqueous solution buffered to pH 8.3 to form the final
products HAsO42- and I- (including H+, OH- and H2O as necessary to balance the reaction).
Make sure that As2O3 and I2 appear as reactants, HAsO42- and I- appear as products, e- does
not appear in the final overall balanced reaction, and that the reaction is completely
balanced.
D.
Calculate the following quantities showing the formulas and reasoning you used:
a. Average charge, q, , used in the titration. Find this from the number of coulombs of
electrons passed based on the current you measured for the dummy cell.
Number of mole of :
i. electrons used
ii. As(OH)3 oxidized
iii. As2O3 oxidized.
Number of mole per liter of:
iv. As2O3 in the solution in the reagent bottle marked “unknown”.
E.
Give two or three main sources of error for the calculated molarity of the unknown
solution in the reagent bottle. (Note: don’t claim “human error” unless you have good
reason to.)