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Download Gene Regulation: Eukaryotes
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Gene Regulation: Eukaryotes • • • • • • • • • Levels of Control Genome Differences: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote Gene Regulation Gene Dosage Gene Amplification Heterochromatin and DNA methylation Transcriptional Factors Differential processing Translational control Levels of Control • Transcriptional Control • Processing • Transport • Translational Control • Ex: Globin synthesis Genome Differences: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote • monocistronic (though some nematodes have polygenic mRNA) • exons and introns • histones and packaging • no simultaneous transcription and translation • Gene Dosage • Gene Amplification Heterochromatin and DNA methylation •Xic (1 Mb in length) and Xist (lacks an ORF) •Not translated •RNA product •Coats chromosome •Counting? •Progeny cells? X-chromosome inactivation Gene Dosage compensation Histones +Acetate group •Change in chromatin structure •Lysine residues in histones •Histone acetyl Transferases (HAT) •Histone deacetylases Promoters: Pro vs Euk Base level of transcription Transcriptional Control: Cis Factors • DNA Sequences • TATA box • Enhancers •Cis acting elements •Enhancers: upstream/downstream •Can be inserted into the gene •Tissue specific Mutations Enhancers Trans Factors • Proteins: receptor complex • Binding domains: DNA & Protein binding areas Helix-turn-helix Trans Factors Major groove of DNA zinc fingers and leucine zipper looping of DNA Example: Steroids Alternative gene splicing Differential processing Humans and Chimps Translational control • mRNA stability • ½ life and turnover • Feedback inhibition
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