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Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust “Never Again” Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • • • Jews Anti-Semitism Nazi Scapegoat Ghetto Deportation Forced Labour Camps Concentration camps Death camps Extermination Genocide What is Genocide? Genocide • Term coined in 1944 as direct result of the Holocaust • The United Nations definition (1948): [G]enocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. • Introduction to the Holocaust: Animated Map http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=100 05143&MediaId=3372 • WWII and the Holocaust: Animated Map http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_nm.php?ModuleId=100 05143&MediaId=7827 Two Jewish girls: Two young cousins shortly before they were smuggled out of the Kovno ghetto. A Lithuanian family hid the children and both girls survived the war. Kovno, Lithuania, August 1943 Portrait of members of a Hungarian Jewish family. They were deported to and killed in Auschwitz soon after this photo was taken. Kapuvar, Hungary, June 8, 1944. By the Numbers Total deaths in Holocaust: 6 million Jews 5 million “others” • Jewish population before war: 9.5 million • Jewish population after war: 3.5 million • Total Jewish deaths estimated at 5.7 million By the Numbers • Total deaths in WWII: At least 60 million • 25.5 million Soviets • 7 million Germans • 7 million Poles • 388,000 Brits • 292,000 Americans • 42,000 Canadians PART I: War and Anti-Semitism • Anti-Semitism was not invented by Hitler! -Only unique element: Concentration camps • 4 major categories: -Religious (basis for all others) -Economic -Political -Racial • Nazis regarded Jews as a “race”, not a religion • “Justified” their actions by saying the Jews had a genetic flaw and needed to be eliminated Jewish History Two Wars: 1. 70 A.D. 2. 132-135 A.D. 1. Jewish war against Rome 2. Freedom fighter and Israeli hero Bar Kochba -Over .5 million Jews fight Romans -By 135 A.D., Romans kick Jews out of Jerusalem =Jews in permanent exile By 1,000 A.D. many Jews settle in Europe = Economic benefits for Europe • By 1,000 A.D. many Jews settle in Europe -Economic benefits for Europe -By 20thC, approximately 3 million Jews live in Poland • Germany established as nation by 1871 Adolf Hitler • Active in WWI Adolf Hitler • 100,000 Jews fought in WWI for Germany; Hitler denies it • Desperate to protect the “Volk” (Volksgemeinshaft): Blood and Soil • Coins the “Final Solution to the Jewish Problem / Question” -Jews assimilating too well= “Jewish Problem” • “CONSPIRACY”: Hitler’s favourite word Rise of the Nazi Party: WWI WWI: -Austria declares war on Serbia -Austria allied with Germany; Serbia with Russia -1914: Germany declares war against France and Russia -Hungary and Turkey join Germany; Brits join France / Russia and form the Allies -1917: Russian Revolutions; Russia pulls out -April 1917: U.S. enters war, dominates Rise of the Nazi Party Aftermath of WWI • Paris 1919: Germany receives 100% war guilt clause -Reparations: 31 Billion • Germany: Destroyed -Empire collapses -Weimar Republic (shaky democracy) -1920s Germany: starvation, $ worthless • Middle East: An Afterthought • Allies promise both Arabs and Jews states • So Hitler launches Nazism -Undo humiliation of Versailles step by step - “Stab in the Back”: Jews Jews became the Nazi’s Scapegoat -Crush Bolshevism Adolf Hitler and the Nazis • 1921: Becomes leader of Nazi Party The “Aryan” “Race” Mein Kamph, published in 1925 Nazi Germany • 1933: Nazis take power Hitler “democratically” became Chancellor • 1934: Hitler secretly tells officials to set up for war Hitler with President Hindenburg, 1933 BUT: Hitler is seen by public as a peacemaker • Brits allowed Hitler to take back land until he invaded Poland • 1936 Olympics held in Germany • Hitler allied with England and Italy from 1933-39 • No western powers really cared about the Jews 1935 Nuremberg Laws • Jews stripped of citizenship • Intermarriage between Jews and Gentiles prohibited -Jews punished by death • 1930s (Pre-war) Nazi policy: -Encouraged exodus of Jews but nobody wanted them = Elimination policies begin in 1939 • The Nuremberg Laws become basis of Apartheid in South Africa ALL FURTHER PERSECUTION / MURDER UNDER THESE LAWS WAS NOW LEGAL • 1937-38: Hitler shed peacemaker image • March 1938: Unite Germany with Austria, then Czechoslovakia - “Rescue” German minority • Sept. 29, 1938: Munich Agreement: A story of Appeasement -British PM Chamberlain: avoid war at all costs = hands Czechoslovakia over -Germany sees Hitler as hero: “frees” Germans in Czechoslovakia but avoids war Campaign of Terror November 9-10, 1938: the Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) • All of Germany’s 275 synagogues destroyed • Thousands of Jews arrested, women beaten, 25,000 men sent to concentration camps • 91 Jews murdered • Result: Large scale emigration (100,000 Jews)…250,000 remain in Germany Why didn’t more Jews leave? Kristallnacht Local residents watch the burning of the ceremonial hall at the Jewish cemetery in Graz during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Graz, Austria, November 9-10, 1938. KENNKARTE This is a photograph of a German internal identity card. German Jews were forced to carry these cards as of January 1, 1939. This card was issued to Ellen Wertheimer in June 1939 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. She was deported from Germany to a ghetto called Terezin, in Czechoslovakia, on November 15, 1942. She kept the card with her throughout the war and preserved it. Locale: Pforzheim, [Baden] Germany Date: Saturday, February 04, 1939 Identification card issued to Moritz Israel Hamburger Germany, 1939 He perished the following year in the Gurs concentration camp. Hitler-Stalin Pact August 23, 1939 • 10 year non-aggression pact • Secret agreement to divide Poland -Stalin to get control of Baltic States • 1941: Hitler attacks Russia = Two front war • February 2, 1942: Battle of Stalingrad -Secure Allied victory The Inaction of the West • 1939-41: Concern is the war -Knew about machine gunning, etc. • 1942: West knew about death camps • Pope: feared Hitler would target Catholics The West did nothing D-Day: June 6, 1944 • Americans, British, Commonwealth, and free French troops from Normandy; others from the Mediterranean • Germany bombed relentlessly • Hitler goes insane; retreats to bunker • April 30, 1945: Hitler shoots himself to avoid falling into Russian hands Hitler’s Hierarchy 1. Heinrich Himmler 2. Reinhard Heydrich 3. Hermann Goering 4. Joseph Goebbels 5. Adolf Eichmann Heinrich Himmler • Head of Gestapo and S.S. • Minister of the Interior from 1943 to 1945 • The “architect” of the Holocaust: supervised day-to-day killings Reinhard Heydrich • Commander of the Einstatzgruppen • Was appointed Reich Protector of Bohemia-Moravia -power to crush resistance in Czechoslovakia and send Jews to camps Hermann Goering • President of the Reichstag, Prime Minister of Prussia and, as Hitler's designated successor, the second man in the Third Reich • Later blamed by Hitler for Germany’s military defeats Joseph GOEBBELS • Propaganda minister • Kristallnacht organizer Adolf EICHMANN • S.S. Lieutenant-Colonel • Chief of Jewish office of Gestapo • Implemented Final Solution The Path to Nazi Genocide (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) http://www.ushmm.org/learn/introduction-to-theholocaust/path-to-nazi-genocide PART II: The Shoah Human remains found in the Dachau concentration camp crematorium after liberation. Germany, April 1945 Autonomy of a Genocide 1939: Euthanasia Program: 250,000 Germans killed -6 places for killing (Germany / Austria) -Victims transported in buses with blacked out windows -gassed and burned Canadian Link: sterilization in Alta. and B.C. -Criminals, low IQs, handicapped, Aboriginal youth Ghettos • Established to isolate “disease-spreading” Jews • Initially for deportation to Madagascar • NOT a conscious step to Final Solution • Run by Jewish councils • Starvation, disease = .5 million deaths Lodz Ghetto • The Germans isolated the ghetto from the rest of Lodz with barbed-wire fencing. • Special police units guarded the ghetto perimeter. • Internal order in the ghetto was the responsibility of Jewish ghetto police. • The ghetto area was divided into three parts. • Streetcars for the non-Jewish population of Lodz went through the ghetto but were not allowed to stop within it. Lodz Ghetto May 1, 1940: Lodz ghetto sealed -160,000 people inside less than 10 square blocks Lodz Ghetto • Historical footage from Lodz DEPORTATIONS TO THE LODZ GHETTO In 1941 and 1942, almost 40,000 Jews were deported to the Lodz ghetto: • 20,000 from Germany, Austria, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and Luxembourg, • 20,000 from the smaller towns. • About 5,000 Roma (Gypsies) from Austria • In the spring of 1944, the Nazis destroyed the Lodz ghetto. • By then, Lodz was the last remaining ghetto in Poland, with a population of approximately 75,000 Jews in May 1944. • In June and July 1944 the Nazis deported 3,000 Jews to Chelmno. • Jews were told that they were being transferred to work camps in Germany. • The Germans deported the surviving ghetto residents to the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp in August 1944. • “Give me your children” Museum | Online Exhibitions | Voices from the Lodz Ghetto • Holocaust Survivor Milton Belfer Individual Record http://tc.usc.edu/vhiechoes/video.aspx?testimonyid=22514 The Final Solution • Hitler coins the “Final Solution to the Jewish Problem / Question” -Jews assimilating too well= “Jewish Problem” • Summer 1941: Plan for mass murder of Jews -Hitler gives verbal order -September: Zyclone B tested at Auschwitz (gas chambers under construction) -October: mass deportation of German Jews to Poland -Thousands shot on arrival 1941: Einsatzgruppen -December 8: mobile killing units begin operating in Poland -3,000 men in 4 killing squads follow army into Russia -1.5 million Jews are shot face-to-face • January 20, 1942: Wannsee Conference -Plan Final Solution (Endloesung) • An Invitation to Mass Murder: July 13, 1942: 1,500 Jews shot in one day • May 12, 1943: After one month resistance, Warsaw ghetto liquidated • All ghettos in Poland liquidated; Jews sent to death camps On display at the United Nations, New York 1944: Hungarian Jews the last group to be taken to Auschwitz • "Final Solution“ Interviews describing gas chambers at Auschwitz • November 28, 1944: Last gassings at Auschwitz -Himmler orders the chambers be destroyed January 1945: Death Marches -From the East to Germany -Prisoners forcedmarched; shot if out of line -Most fell apart; S.S. fled -Why do it? • January 28, 1945: Soviets liberate Auschwitz Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945 • April 1945: England and America liberates German camps • May 8, 1945: Germany surrenders Aftermath of Hitler’s War German soldiers in the Soviet Union during a December 1943 Soviet offensive on the eastern front. German troops invaded Soviet territory in June 1941 but faced counteroffensives following the battle of Stalingrad. December 16, 1943. Cold War • Begins immediately after WWII -Threat of Communism -Stalin now dominates Eastern and Balkan Europe • East / West Berlin Nuremberg Trials 1945-1946 • Allies had two jobs: 1. Punish Nazi criminals 2. Undo Nazi ideology / pave way for democracy Nuremberg Trials 1945-1946 • Trial of 22 Nazi leaders -Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels committed suicide -Hermann Goering war highest-ranking Nazi to face justice: sentenced to death but escaped by committing suicide Nuremberg Trials 1945-1946 • Many Nazis swore loyalty to Stalin = escape punishment • Who exactly was a Nazi? Proof? State of Israel • Direct result of Holocaust • Re-established in 1948 -U.N. and Soviet Union vote to give land to Jews = Jewish / Arab war -Arab denial of Holocaust Survivors Never Again? Sources Information: Dr. Catherine Chatterley, Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust course notes; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Pictures: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Jewish Virtual Library, German Propaganda Archive.