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Phases of Respiration Respiration involves two respiratory phases: Inhalation and Exhalation. 1- Inhalation: is the phase by which air enters into the organism. 2- Exhalation: is the phase by which air leaves the organism. Inhalation State of lungs Inflated Position of the thoracic cage Raised Volume of the thoracic cage Increase Path of air From outside to inside State of diaphragm Contracted (lowered) Exhalation Deflated Lowered Decrease From inside to outside Relaxed (raised) Respiratory Tract – Air Pathway Note: Bronchus (Plural: Bronchi) Alveolus (Plural: Alveoli) *The right lung is larger than the left lung in size. The right lung is made up of 3 lobes (parts), while the left one is made up of 2 lobes only. 70- 732341 Exchange of gases Diffusion of gases takes place; such that a gas diffuses from a medium of high pressure to a medium of low pressure. The exchange of gases takes place at the level of two sites in the body: A) Exchange between alveolar air in the alveolus and blood: - Inhaled air (alveolar air) is rich with O2 and the blood entering the lungs is poor in O2 gas: so diffusion of oxygen takes place from alveolar air to blood - Inhaled air (alveolar air) is poor with CO2 and the blood entering the lungs is rich in CO2 gas: so diffusion of carbon dioxide gas takes place from blood to alveolar air - As a result: the exhaled air will be rich in CO2 gas and the blood leaving the lungs will be enriched by oxygen. Characteristics that favors this exchange include: Great number of alveoli Large surface area Richness in blood capillaries (richly vascularized) Thin wall Direct contact with blood capillaries 1. 2. 3. 4. 70- 732341 B) Exchange between tissues(group of cells) and blood: Note: the exchange of gases between blood and tissue is done across the lymph. - Characteristics that favors the exchange between blood and tissues: 1. Rich in blood vessels 2. Slow speed of blood inside the blood capillaries 3. Thin wall of cells and blood vessels 4. Presence of lymph (fluid) Transport of Respiratory Gases 20-30% by hemoglobin 98.5% by hemoglobin Carbon dioxide gas Oxygen gas 60-70% in the form of bicarbonate 1.5% dissolved in plasma 7-10% dissolved in plasma Hemoglobin + oxygen gas Hb + O2 Oxyhemoglobin HbO2 Hemoglobin + Carbon dioxide Hb CO2 Carbohemoglobin HbCO2 70- 732341 Hemoglobin and Color of Blood Air pollution and nicotine addiction lead to the entry of many harmful substances into the body such as carbon monoxide (CO). This gas combines with hemoglobin in an irreversible manner, leading to reduce the amount of free Hb to carry respiratory gases. This can cause respiratory problems that maybe deadly in severe case. Hb + CO HbCO Some Respiratory Disorders 70- 732341