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Human Body Systems Test Review 1. Active vs. Passive Immunity Active Immunity Getting vaccinated for common viral and bacterial infections • Vaccine stimulates white blood cells into action Both Provide future protection from these specific pathogens Passive Immunity A mother breast feeding her child, passing along her immunities through her breast milk. • No immune response is stimulated 2. DNA Fingerprinting Can be used to identify criminals: Which suspect most likely committed this crime? Suspect #2 because the DNA bands match exactly. Can be used to determine paternity/maternity. How can you tell that each of the four kids is related to the mom and dad? If you look at each child, the ‘bands’ they have came from their parents. Each parent gave only some of its DNA to each kid so no two kids look alike. What would expect the DNA fingerprints to look like for identical twins? The DNA banding patterns for both children would be exactly identical. This is why it is often difficult to prove which twin committed a crime. 3. Maintaining Homeostasis Systems working together! Integumentary-skin, epidermis, sweat glands Nervous-hypothalamus-senses increased temperature and coordinates other organs through release Body of hormones from glands to sweat or shiver Temperature Endocrine-production of and release of hormones Circulatory-transport of hormones and increased blood flow when hot to cool body down faster Muscular-to pull on hair follicles to create goose bumps Circulatory-circulates blood/hemoglobin and oxygen or carbon dioxide, heart will beat faster when CO2 levels are high, trying to get more oxygen to cells Nervous-detects levels of CO2 in blood and increases breathing and heart rate to increase gas Oxygen/Carbon exchange by release of hormones Dioxide Levels Endocrine- production of and release of hormones Respiratory-lungs, alveoli, increase diffusion rate of gases Muscular- diaphragm increases rate of breathing and cardiac muscle pumps harder and faster Circulatory-absorbs water from large intestine and circulates it to the body Water Nervous-detects levels of water in blood and tells kidneys when to filter (hydration) Excretory-kidneys filter excess water when nervous system says to, to help maintain blood pH Digestive- Circulatory-Endocrine-Nervous-RespiratoryBlood pH Enzymes only work well in a very narrow range of pH so it is critical that the nervous system coordinates all systems and organs together to maintain a very small range for optimal use Nervous-nerves send the resistance of blood flow and when the pressure goes up the brain sends messages to endocrine glands to release hormones to slow heart and dilate vessels Blood pressure Circulatory-vessels constrict or relax to change blood pressure according to hormones present Endocrine-hormones made and secreted according to nervous system instructions Circulatory-circulates blood and everything in it Blood toxicity Nervous-detects levels of wastes in blood and tells kidneys what and when to filter (wastes) Excretory-kidneys filter excess water, minerals, wastes, urea, etc. as determined by the nervous system to help maintain blood pH and cleanliness Digestive- digestion of food causes increase of glucose levels in blood Blood sugar Circulatory-capillaries absorb glucose from small intestines and transport it (glucose) Endocrine-pancreas releases insulin so that cells will absorb the sugar Nervous-regulates levels of sugar in the blood and stimulates pancreas to make/release insulin Endocrine- FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen hormones are all secreted from endocrine glands and they all play roles in a female’s menstrual cycle as well as physical sexual characteristics for both Puberty, female/male sexes characteristics Circulatory- transport hormones to necessary sites through blood stream Nervous- Hypothalamus regulates levels of hormone release from endocrine glands Maintained 4. Organization within the body Different types of cells work together to make up tissues. Different types of tissues work together to make an organ. 5. Digestion & the Major Events Occurring Number 7 10 3 6 2 5 9 4 8 1 Description The pancreas makes and secretes insulin to help regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels Anything left in the intestines after this point is stored as feces in the rectum until it exits the anus during a restroom break Esophagus is surrounded my smooth muscle that contracts involuntarily and pushes food towards stomach Gall bladder stores any unused bile from liver Epiglottis covers trachea so food goes down the esophagus and not the windpipe Liver makes and secretes bile to help digest fat in eaten food, breaks down drugs and alcohol too Water and minerals are absorbed in the large intestine. -Stomach uses Hydrochloric Acid and numerous enzymes (like pepsin) to chemically digest food -Stomach is made of smooth muscle that also involuntarily contracts to increase mechanical digestion 90% of the nutrients, digested food, is absorbed through the villi in the small intestine -Glands near mouth secrete enzymes (amylase) to start chemical digestion -teeth and tongue (skeletal muscle) chew feed and start mechanical digestion 6. Diseases Diseased Organ Lung Heart Kidney Brain Pancreatic Muscular Liver Difficulties observed Gas exchange, use an oxygen tank, little to no exercise High blood pressure, poor circulation, stroke, heart attack High blood toxicity, dialysis to clean blood, renal failure Loss of coordination, cannot maintain homeostasis of vital functions, organ failure Diabetes, high blood sugar Decreased output and transport in excretory, circulatory and digestive systems Obesity, cannot break down drugs/alcohol, poisonous blood 7. Molecules in the Body Word Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Enzyme Hormone Description Component found in food, breaks down quickly for quick source of energy, responsible for blood sugar levels Component of food, building blocks of many cells; muscles, etc. Component of food, building blocks of cells and extra fat can be stored on body for times when food supply is low Speeds up chemical reactions, digestion Chemicals that signal other organs to start or stop doing something new Synonyms Starch, sugar Examples Glucose, fructose Amino acids, enzyme Amylase, pepsin Fat Phospholipids Catalyst, Proteins Chemical messengers, chemicals, endocrine Amylase, pepsin Adrenalin, insulin, testosterone, estrogen 8. Body Systems Overview System Structures Functions Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; eliminates wastes Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, fights infections, helps to regulate body temperature enzymes , mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, The body’s main defense against pathogens, fights infections Adenoids, tonsils, pituitary, spleen, hypothalamus, lymph nodes and vessels Endocrine Composed of glands that produce chemical messengers to influence body functions and maintain homeostasis Pituitary,, hormones, hypothalamus, testes, ovaries, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, thymus Muscular Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system involuntarily Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle Skeletal provides a site for blood cell formation, stores mineral reserves, allows movement, protects internal organs, supports the body Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, compact bone, spongy bone marrow Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body Brain, spinal cord, neurons, cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, neurotransmitters Provide a surface for gas exchange Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, carbon dioxide, oxygen Digestive Circulatory Immune Nervous Respiratory Integumentary Excretory Barrier against infection, injury, regulates body temp, removes wastes, protects from UV radiation, produces vitamin D Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails Eliminates waste Skin, lungs, kidneys, products from the body in ureters, urinary effort to maintain bladder, urethra homeostasis Picture 9. Body Systems Working together! Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Excretory Immune Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Integumentary Function Scratch out the systems not directly helping the process Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Excretor Immune Digestion Absorption Excretion Muscular Nervous Respiratory Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Circulation Respiration Metabolism Defense from injury or infection 10. Muscular Digestive Endocrine Skeletal Excretory Excretory Integumentary Immune Integumentary Immune Integumentary Excretory Immune Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Integumentary Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Immune Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Excretory Excretory Respiratory Skeletal Maintaining Homeostasis! a. Positive Feedback : when a stimulus present is desired and it triggers release of hormones to keep the process going. The more the original stimulus occurs the more hormone is released. b. Negative Feedback: when a stimulus present needs to be controlled so that the levels do not get too high. A hormone triggers another organ to stop producing another hormone and the process stops until the body becomes unbalanced again. Excretory Integumentary Immune Integumentary Immune Integumentary Name: Human Body Systems Test Review 1. Active vs. Passive Immunity Active Immunity Getting vaccinated for common viral and bacterial infections • Vaccine stimulates white blood cells into action Both Passive Immunity A mother breast feeding her child, passing along her immunities through her breast milk. • No immune response is stimulated 2. DNA Fingerprinting Can be used to identify criminals: Which suspect most likely committed this crime? Can be used to determine paternity/maternity. How can you tell that each of the four kids is related to the mom and dad? What would expect the DNA fingerprints to look like for identical twins? 3. Maintaining Homeostasis Systems working together! Fill in the blank according to which system is helping. -skin, epidermis, sweat glands -hypothalamus-senses increased temperature and coordinates other organs Body through release of hormones from glands to sweat or shiver Temperature -production of and release of hormones -transport of hormones and increased blood flow when hot to cool body down faster -to pull on hair follicles to create goose bumps -circulates blood/hemoglobin and oxygen or carbon dioxide, heart will beat faster when CO2 levels are high, trying to get more oxygen to cells -detects levels of CO2 in blood and increases breathing and heart rate to increase Oxygen/Carbon gas exchange by release of hormones Dioxide Levels - production of and release of hormones -lungs, alveoli, increase diffusion rate of gases - diaphragm increases rate of breathing and cardiac muscle pumps harder and faster -absorbs water from large intestine and circulates it to the body Water -detects levels of water in blood and tells kidneys when to filter (hydration) -kidneys filter excess water when nervous system says to, to help maintain blood pH Blood pH Enzymes only work well in a very narrow range of pH so it is critical that the nervous system coordinates all systems and organs together to maintain a very small range for optimal use -nerves send the resistance of blood flow and when the pressure goes up the brain sends messages to endocrine glands to release hormones to slow heart and dilate vessels Blood pressure -vessels constrict or relax to change blood pressure according to hormones present -hormones made and secreted according to nervous system instructions -circulates blood and everything in it Blood toxicity -detects levels of wastes in blood and tells kidneys what and when to filter (wastes) -kidneys filter excess water, minerals, wastes, urea, etc. as determined by the nervous system to help maintain blood pH and cleanliness - digestion of food causes increase of glucose levels in blood Blood sugar -capillaries absorb glucose from small intestines and transport it -pancreas releases insulin so that cells will absorb the sugar (glucose) -regulates levels of sugar in the blood and stimulates pancreas to make/release insulin - FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen hormones are all secreted from endocrine glands and they all play roles in a female’s menstrual cycle as well as physical sexual Puberty, female/male characteristics for both sexes characteristics - transport hormones to necessary sites through blood stream - Hypothalamus regulates levels of hormone release from endocrine glands Maintained 4. Organization within the body Different types of work together to make up tissues. Different types of tissues work together to make an . . 5. Digestion & the Major Events Occurring Number Description The pancreas makes and secretes insulin to help regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels Anything left in the intestines after this point is stored as feces in the rectum until it exits the anus during a restroom break Esophagus is surrounded my smooth muscle that contracts involuntarily and pushes food towards stomach Gall bladder stores any unused bile from liver Epiglottis covers trachea so food goes down the esophagus and not the windpipe Liver makes and secretes bile to help digest fat in eaten food, breaks down drugs and alcohol too Water and minerals are absorbed in the large intestine. -Stomach uses Hydrochloric Acid and numerous enzymes (like pepsin) to chemically digest food -Stomach is made of smooth muscle that also involuntarily contracts to increase mechanical digestion 90% of the nutrients, digested food, is absorbed through the villi in the small intestine -Glands near mouth secrete enzymes (amylase) to start chemical digestion -teeth and tongue (skeletal muscle) chew feed and start mechanical digestion 6. Diseases Diseased Organ Difficulties observed Gas exchange, use an oxygen tank, little to no exercise High blood pressure, poor circulation, stroke, heart attack High blood toxicity, dialysis to clean blood, renal failure Loss of coordination, cannot maintain homeostasis of vital functions, organ failure Diabetes, high blood sugar Decreased output and transport in excretory, circulatory and digestive systems Obesity, cannot break down drugs/alcohol, poisonous blood 7. Molecules in the Body Word Description Component found in food, breaks down quickly for quick source of energy, responsible for blood sugar levels Component of food, building blocks of many cells; muscles, etc. Component of food, building blocks of cells and extra fat can be stored on body for times when food supply is low Speeds up chemical reactions, digestion Chemicals that signal other organs to start or stop doing something new Synonyms Starch, sugar Examples Glucose, fructose Amino acids, enzyme Amylase, pepsin Fat Phospholipids Catalyst, Proteins Chemical messengers, chemicals, endocrine Amylase, pepsin Adrenalin, insulin, testosterone, estrogen 8. Body Systems Overview System Structures Functions Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; eliminates wastes Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, fights infections, helps to regulate body temperature enzymes , mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, The body’s main defense against pathogens, fights infections Adenoids, tonsils, pituitary, spleen, hypothalamus, lymph nodes and vessels Composed of glands that produce chemical messengers to influence body functions and maintain homeostasis Pituitary,, hormones, hypothalamus, testes, ovaries, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, thymus Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement, helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system involuntarily Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle provides a site for blood cell formation, stores mineral reserves, allows movement, protects internal organs, supports the body Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, compact bone, spongy bone marrow Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body Brain, spinal cord, neurons, cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, neurotransmitters Provide a surface for gas exchange Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, carbon dioxide, oxygen Barrier against infection, injury, regulates body temp, removes wastes, protects from UV radiation, produces vitamin D Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails Eliminates waste Skin, lungs, kidneys, products from the body in ureters, urinary effort to maintain bladder, urethra homeostasis Picture 9. Body Systems Working together! Function Digestion Absorption Excretion Circulation Respiration Metabolism Defense from injury or infection 10. Scratch out the systems not directly helping the process Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Excretory Immune Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Muscular Nervous Respiratory Skeletal Integumentary Excretory Immune Integumentary Excretory Immune Integumentary Excretory Immune Integumentary Excretory Immune Integumentary Excretory Immune Integumentary Excretory Immune Integumentary Maintaining Homeostasis! a. Feedback : when a stimulus present is desired and it triggers release of hormones to keep the process going. The more the original stimulus occurs the more hormone is released. b. Feedback: when a stimulus present needs to be controlled so that the levels do not get too high. A hormone triggers another organ to stop producing another hormone and the process stops until the body becomes unbalanced again.
