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High Middle Ages Chapter 9 Growth of Royal Power England Norman Conquest 1066 King Edward dies without an heir and led to a struggle for power A council chose Edward’s brother in law Harold to rule but Duke William of Normandy also claimed the throne William sailed to England and faced off against Harold at the Battle of Hastings October 14, 1066 William (the Conqueror) killed Harold and became King of England England under the power of William Granted fiefs to the Church and Norman lords Controlled who built castles and where Required vassals to swear allegiance to him Had a complete census taken in 1086 Domesday Book Listed every castle, field and pigpen in England England under William’s successors Strengthen finances and law Created a royal treasury to collect taxes, collect fines and other dues Under Henry II common law became popular Jury system established Common law- law the same for all people Royal courts were in charge of the common law Group of men sworn to speak the truth Were used to determine whether there should be a trial or not Henry’s power led to a dispute with the church King John 1205- lost war to France and lost land Had a fight with the Church over the appointment of a new archbishop of Canterbury Pope excommunicated him and put England under an interdict until John agreed to allow England to be a fief of the Pope and pay a yearly fee to the church Magna Carta 1215 angry nobles forced John to sign this document Forced him to respect the rights and privileges of nobles and the church Two basic ideas were in the document which would shape English government Gave nobles certain rights (later given to all people) Monarch must obey the law Parliament 1200’s rulers turned to the Great Council for advice This became the Parliament Later it developed into a two house system: House of Lords and House of Commons The Holy Roman Empire and the Church Conflicts between Popes and Rulers Pope Gregory VII One of the greatest medieval popes; most controversial, admired and hated Wanted to make the Church independent of secular rulers Banned the practice of lay investiture giving only the Pope the right to appoint bishops Concordat of Worms 1122, agreement between the Pope and rulers over investiture Gave the pope the authority to appoint bishops but emperors could still give them fiefs Pope Innocent III 1198 Claimed supremacy over all other rulers; led to clashes with all other rulers He excommunicated King John of England and King Philip II of France (for annulling his marriage) 1209 he launched a crusade (holy war) against the Albigensians in southern France, killing thousands of people. The Crusades 1095 The Muslim Turks were invading Christian lands (Byzantium, Middle East, North Africa and Spain) The Church called upon Christians to fight back Thousands of knights assembled and sewed crosses on their tunics making them the crusaders There were four crusades but only the first came close to achieving its goal capturing Jerusalem Jerusalem switched hands between the Christians and Muslims for nearly 200 years Impact Led to hatred between Christians and Muslims Christians turned against the Jews Increased trade Brought Pope’s power to its greatest Ended serfdom Learning, Literature and Arts Universities and Learning Schools developed around large cathedrals Some of the first universities opened in Italy, Paris and London Students attended class from 10am-5pm Took 3-6 years to earn a bachelors degree Women could not attend university Philosophy, math and sciences became popular subjects to study Literature, art and architecture Literature began to appear in the vernacular, making it more popular with everyday people Epics, long poems, were used to describe life in the Middle Ages Examples: Song of Roland, Poem of the Cid, Divine Comedy and Canterbury Tales New styles of art and architecture emerges Romanesque and Gothic Romanesque vs. Gothic Architecture Romanesque Rounded arches Thick walls and buttresses Small windows Horizontal with modest height Plain exterior Dark and gloomy Gothic Pointed arches Exterior flying buttresses Large stained-glass windows Vertical and soaring Ornate exterior Tall and light filled A time of crisis for Europeans Black Death Also known as the Bubonic Plague By mid 1300’s the disease had spread throughout all of Europe Caused by fleas carried by rats brought to Europe on trading ships from Asia and Africa Typically killed people within 2-3 days from the first signs of the disease Socially – people either acted recklessly because they thought they were going to die or they tried to repent for all their sins hoping god would save them Economically – production declined, cost of labor increased, and jobs declined Nearly one in three people died from the plague Crisis in the Church Crisis happened because of the plague; many church officials died during the plague People questioned why god saved some and not others and some even stopped going to church The papal court moved to France in the early 1300’s and lived in fancy courts which went against church doctrine Reformers elected their own pope in Rome and for many years they church had two or more popes at the same time John Wycliffe and Jan Hus led a movement of translating the bible into the vernacular and believed it was the bible that held the truths not the Church. Both were accused and tried for heresy by the church. Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Fighting between England and France They fought over French lands that England claimed as their own In the early years England was showing strength and defeating France in many of the battles English knights used the long bow which helped them to defeat the French The war changed when Joan of Arc inspired French troops to fight and they began to win battles – she was later captured by the English, convicted and burned at the stake for witchcraft England ended up losing it’s lands in France and French kings expanded their power
