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From DNA To Protein Transcription DNA double Structure stranded Sugar deoxyribose adenine, guanine, Nitrogen cytosine, bases and thymine • DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids • mRNA – the messenger RNA; carries the message from the DNA instructing the ribosome which sequence of amino acids to bond together • tRNA – the transfer RNA; brings amino acids to the ribosome • rRNA – the ribosomal RNA; with proteins physically composes the ribosome • Transcription – the creation of mRNA using DNA as a template • Initiation • RNA polymerase – the enzyme that assists in transcription of RNA from DNA • Template strand – the strand of DNA that will be transcribed into RNA during transcription • Non-template strand – the strand of DNA that is not transcribed into RNA during transcription • RNA Polymerase and other biochemicals separate strands • Elongation • RNA Polymerase moves along template strand • Free-floating RNA nucleotides attach their counterpart on DNA • Proceeds from 3’ to 5’ direction • Longer mRNA is created • Termination • mRNA and RNA polymerase detach from DNA • DNA strands rewind RNA single stranded ribose adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil Biology 6.2 – From DNA To Protein From DNA To Protein • Steps for determining mRNA strand given DNA strand • Step 1 | Identify the template strand. • Step 2 | Write each complementary nitrogenous base. • Step 3 | If provided, compare to the non-template strand. Base on DNA Template Base on Complementary mRNA Adenine (A) Uracil (U) Thymine (T) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) • Prokaryotic cells lack nucleus • mRNA can be immediately used for protein synthesis Guanine (G) • Eukaryotic cells must transport the mRNA out of the nucleus • RNA processing – the modification of an initial mRNA transcript to create a mature, useable transcript • Pre-mRNA – an immature strand of mRNA formed directly after transcription • After modification it will be mRNA • A protective cap is added to 5’ end • Poly-A tail – a repeating section of adenine molecules attached to the 3’ end of the mRNA molecule during processing • RNA splicing – removal of introns and joining of exons to create mature mRNA molecules • Removes introns – the sections of the mRNA molecule removed during the RNA processing that do not contain useable code • Connects exons – the sections of the mRNA molecule that contain the instructions for the protein • Before and after coding segment there are UTRs (untranslated regions) Guanine (G) Editing mRNA Cytosine (C) Biology 6.2 – From DNA To Protein From DNA To Protein Translation • Translation – the use of the codon sequence in mRNA to generate a protein • Decoded into groups of three RNA bases • Codons – a series of three bases on the mRNA molecule complementary to the anti-codon on the tRNA molecule • Anti-codons – a series of three bases on the tRNA molecule complementary to the codon on the mRNA molecule • Ribosome scans mRNA for start codon, AUG • Anti-codon of tRNA binds to start codon • Bases in DNA and bases in mRNA strands are same in all organisms • Only sequence of bases differs • Each codon of mRNA “codes” for a particular amino acid or a stop codon • Genetic code can be translated to determine amino acid sequence for proteins from any section of DNA • Since all organisms use the same genetic code, a codon table can be used to determine the sequence of amino acids given a mRNA strand Biology 6.2 – From DNA To Protein From DNA To Protein Protein Folding • When the polypeptide is terminated from the ribosome, protein synthesis is completed • Some polypeptides have amino acids that are removed first, while others are ready to use immediately after translation • Some proteins go to Golgi Apparatus for packaging • Functional proteins show various levels of structure Biology 6.2 – From DNA To Protein