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Ovary position
Correction:
perigynous
Major Groups of Plants
&
Life Cycles
Green plants (Kindgom Plantae)
Green plants
Embryophytes (land plants)
Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
Seed plants
Ferns
Lycophytes
Hornworts
Mosses
“Green algae”
Liverworts
Bryophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Phylogeny of Green Plants
Green plants
“Green algae”
Embryophytes
(land plants)
Embryo
http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/
Cuticle
Sporopollenin
http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_330/
http://en.wikivisual.com/
http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/cut1a.jpg
Pop Quiz
According to the phylogenetic tree shown in the previous
slide, the group “green algae” is: A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
Monophyletic
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
I have no idea Phylogeny of Green Plants
Green plants
“Green algae”
Embryophytes
(land plants)
Embryo
http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/
Cuticle
Sporopollenin
http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_330/
http://en.wikivisual.com/
http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/cut1a.jpg
Phylogeny of Land Plants
Embryophytes (land plants)
“Bryophytes”
Tracheophytes
(vascular plants)
tracheids
http://f030091.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/image/OM_code_E/60.Tracheids.gif
stomata
http://www.freewebs.com/jdingfel/Stomata.jpg
http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/fac/biology/lab/102/images/liverwort1.jpg
http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/mosses/familys/racopilaceae/images/racop01bt.jpg
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/ClassificationPlants/Cryptogamia/Bryophyta/Nonvascular/hornwort1.JPG
Phylogeny of Tracheophytes
Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
Seed plants (Gymnosperms
+Angiosperms)
Textbook DVD WSJ
seeds
http://home.pacbell.net/kenww/my_iris/other/I_foetidissima_seeds-web.jpg
Textbook DVD WSJ
pollen
true leaves
http://www.bioquest.org/scope/projectfiles/PollenMixb.jpg
Phylogeny of Seed Plants
Seed plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
carpel
flowers
endosperm
Textbook DVD WSJ
http://web.gccaz.edu/~lsola/Flower/capsella3.jpg
bitegmic ovules
reduced female gametophyte
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/fertil1.gif
http://www.dickcontino.com/images/ginkgo.jpg
Summarize the synapomorphies for major groups of land plants
Green plants
Embryophytes (land plants)
Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
Seed plants
Ferns
Lycophytes
Hornworts
Mosses
“Green algae”
Liverworts
Bryophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Generalized Life Cycle in Plants
Alternation of generations = cycle between haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) phase. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations
Generalized Life Cycle in Plants vs. Animals
What’s the difference between plants and animals?
Some key terms in the plant life cycle
Meiosis = reductive nuclear division process that reduces the chromosome number of a cell by half (from a diploid cell to 4 haploid daughter cells). Mitosis = nuclear division that maintains the parental chromosome number
for daughter cells; the basis for growth in size and asexual reproduction in plants. Fertilization = fusion of the sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus to form a zygote. Zygote (2n) = the cell formed by fusion of the gametes (sperm [1n] and egg [1n])
at fertilization; embryo. Spore (1n) = the first cell of the gametophyte generation; product of meiosis. Sporophyte (2n) = diploid, spore-producing generation of the plant life cycle, that
produces structures called sporangia (singular, sporangium). Gametophyte (1n) = haploid, gamete-producing generation of the plant life cycle,
that produces structures/sex organs—gametangia (male: antheridium, produce
sperm; female: archegonium, produce eggs).
Life cycle: bryophytes
http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=523
Life Cycle: ferns and fern allies
http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=524
Life Cycle: angiosperms (flowering plants)
http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=525
Some key terms in the angiosperm life cycle
embryo vs. embryo sac
Embryo (2n): young sporophyte, from the first cell after fertilization until
germination of the seed (in seed plants) or emergence from protective gametophytic tissues (other land plants); zygote. Embryo sac (1n): female gametophyte of the angiosperms (flowering plants).
Some key terms in the seed plant life cycle
Seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms) – Sporophyte dominant. Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte and very reduced and short-lived.
Microsporangia in pollen-bearing structures that produce male gametophytes;
in pollen cones (gymnosperms) or anthers (angiosperms).
Male gametophytes = short-lived and inside the pollen grain; 2-3-celled, 1 cell becomes sperm.
Megasporangia in ovules that produce female gametophytes, which produce
eggs; in cones (gymnosperms) or ovaries (angiosperms).
Spores grow into small gametophytes which are contained within the parent
plant (inside cones or flower).
Which comes first: pollination or fertilization?
Pollination = transfer of pollen from anther
to stigma.
Fertilization = fusion of sperm nucleus and
egg nucleus.
Pollination occurs only in seed plants!
Fertilization occurs in all sexually
reproducing organisms. In seed plants, pollination must occur
before fertilization!