Download SG TISSUES

HONORS PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE FOR TISSUES—MR. U-T
This is not a comprehensive outline or summary of the material on your test, but, rather, a list of concepts,
structures, and terms that you should be familiar with. For treatment in depth, consult your class notes and
text.
Marieb & Hoehn, 2007. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed.
Ch. 4, Tissue: The Living Fabric, pp. 117—150
Ch. 9, Table 9.3, pp. 314—315
Ch. 11, Figs. 11.1—11.5, pp. 388—394, Table 11.1, pp.396—397, Figs11.16—11.18, pp. 407, 409, & 410
Ch. 12, Fig. 12.4, 433, Fig. 12.29, p. 471, Fig. 12.31, p. 473
Ch. 13, Fig13.5, p. 501, Fig. 13.6, p.509
Hierarchy of organization
>200 cell types
tissue definition
similar/common structure, function,
origin (embryology & development)
4 kinds of tissues & their general functions:
epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
embryo germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm,
endoderm
epithelial tissues
covering & lining
from all 3 germ layers
basement membrane
avascular
classification: shape, number of layers,
special features
shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
layers: simple, stratified
special features: keratinized, microvilli, cilia
Pap smear
glandular epithelium
secretions
exocrine glands—out onto surface
unicellular exocrine gland: goblet cell
multicellular exocrine glands: duct & acinus
exocrine glands & products: examples
endocrine glands—into blood stream (ductless)
hormones
endocrine glands & products: examples
muscle
mesoderm
muscle fiber
endomysium
contraction
striated/skeletal: striations, long cylinders,
multinucleate (fusion of myoblasts),
independent neuromuscular junctions, no
pacemakers, move joints
cardiac (hearty): disorderly striations, uni- or
binucleate, branches, intercalated discs
“functional syncytium,”
Purkinjee system: pacemakers
smooth muscle: uninucleate, no striations,
spindle-shaped, found in hollow internal
organs (viscera)
single unit smooth muscles have pacemakers
multiunit smooth muscles: independent
neuromuscular junctions, no pacemakers
move fluids through tubes
nervous tissue
sensory receptionintegrationmotor output
receptors & effectors
nervous system
central (CNS): brain & spinal cord
peripheral (PNS): cranial and spinal nerves
sensory (afferent) & motor (efferent)
neurons (nerve cells)
dendrites, cell bodies, axons, synapses
neuron patterns: multi-, bi-, or unipolar
myelin sheath: white matter, made by
oligodendrocytes (CNS) & Schwann cells (PNS)
unmyelinated: gray matter
ganglion/ganglia
demyelinating diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS)
neuroglia (supporting cells): general functions
neuroglia specific kinds & functions
CNS neuroglia: oligodenrocytes, astrocytes,
microglia, ependymal cells
PNS neuroglia: Schwann cells, satellite cells
connective tissues (CT)
mesenchyme (from mesoderm) = embryonic CT
general functions
diversity
components: living cells, nonliving fibers and
ground substance
fibers + ground substance = matrix
fibers: proteins (collagen, elastic, reticular)
ground substance (fluid to solid medium, contains
the fibers & surrounds the cells)
-blast: embryonic or immature cell
-cyte: mature or adult cell
fibroblastsCT proper
chondroblastscartilage
osteoblastsbone
hematopoetic stem cellsblood
CT proper:
loose—areolar, adipose (fat), reticular
dense regular—tendons, ligamements
dense irregular—joint & organ capsules,
dermis
cartilage—no nerve or blood supplies
chondronlasts, chondrocytes, lacuna/-ae
hyaline: articular & replacement,
elastic: pinna & epiglottis,
fibrous: intervertebral discs, pubic
symphysis
bone aka osseous tissue—rich nerve & blood
supplies
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
osteons, Haversian canals
blood
matrix = plasma
ground substance = serum
fibers = serum proteins
red bone marrow
formed elements: cells & platelets
erythrocytes (RBC): carry O2 (most) & CO2 (some)
leukocytes (WBC): immune system—make
antibodies; recognize, attack, & destroy
invaders & damaged/dead cells
platelets—blood clots