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The Carbon Atom Can bond with 4 other elements. Has ability to form millions of different large and complex structures. Living organisms all contain carbon. Monomers Most carbon compounds are built from smaller molecules called monomers Polymers Monomers link together to form polymers Examples of polymers include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Macromolecule Table Elements Carbohydrates Triglycerides Lipids Phospholipids Steroid Proteins Nucleic Acids Monomer Polymer Function Examples Carbohydrates Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) Monomer = monosaccharide (ex: glucose) Two monomers= disaccharide (ex: lactose) Many monomers= polysaccharide (ex: starch) Examples: sugars, starch, cellulose and glycogen Provide energy for the cell and serve structural purposes Macromolecule Table Elements Monomer Polymer Function Examples C, H, O Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Energy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch Carbohydrates disaccharide Triglycerides Lipids Phospholipids Steroid Proteins Nucleic Acids Monosaccharides Aldehydes or ketones that contain several hydroxyl substituents. Glucose Molecule CH2OH C H O H H C HO C OH OH H C C H OH Lipids Contains C, H and O. 3 types Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Examples: Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, wax, cholesterol and steroids Not soluble in water OHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H Fatty Acid HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Macromolecule Table Elements Carbohydrates Monomer Polymer Function Examples Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Energy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch energy unsaturated, saturated, wax Cell membranes (structure) N/A hormones cholesterol C, H, O disaccharide Triglycerides Lipids Phospholipids Steroid Proteins Nucleic Acids C, H, O Fatty Acid NONE NONE Triglycerides Two forms Saturated – all single C bonds Unsaturated – has double or triple C bonds. Long Chain Lipids O C O C H H-C-O H-C-O H Phospholipid Fat (glycerol +fatty acids) Phospholipids Important structural component of cell membranes Steroids – lipids with rings Estrogen Testosterone Cholesterol Macromolecule Table Elements Carbohydrates Monomer Polymer Function Examples Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Energy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch energy unsaturated, saturated, wax Cell membranes (structure) N/A hormones cholesterol C, H, O disaccharide Triglycerides Lipids Phospholipids Steroid Proteins Nucleic Acids C, H, O Fatty Acid NONE NONE Proteins Contain C, H, O and Nitrogen (N). Polymers made up of amino acid monomers Held together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different types of amino acids Two amino acids = dipeptide Many amino acids = polypeptide Most enzymes are proteins Proteins help build and repair cell components Amino Acid H N H H C R O C O- Macromolecule Table Elements Carbohydrates Monomer Polymer Function Examples Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Energy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch energy unsaturated, saturated, wax Cell membranes (structure) N/A hormones cholesterol Build/repair cells Insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes C, H, O disaccharide Triglycerides Lipids Phospholipids Steroid Proteins C, H, O Fatty Acid NONE NONE C, H, O, N amino acid Polypeptide dipeptide Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids Large complex polymers that store cell information DNA and RNA Made up of monomers called nucleotides A nucleotide is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group and a base Base Phosphate Sugar Macromolecule Table Elements Carbohydrates Monomer Polymer Function Examples Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Energy & Structure Glucose, Lactose, Starch energy unsaturated, saturated, wax Cell membranes (structure) N/A hormones cholesterol build/repair cells Insulin, hemoglobin, enzymes C, H, O disaccharide Triglycerides Lipids Phospholipids Steroid Proteins C, H, O Fatty Acid NONE NONE C, H, O, N amino acid polypeptide dipeptide Nucleic Acids C, H, O, P, nucleotide N N/A contain genetic info DNA & RNA Macromolecules in Review Monomer Protein Amino Acid Polymer Polypeptide Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Lipid Fatty Acid Ex: Phospholipids Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Ex: DNA
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