Download 6.Lec6_Principles_Matter_Energy_II

Environmental Sciences Course
Principles of Ecology:
Matter, Energy, Life
and biodiversity
Dr.-Eng. Hasan Hamouda
Eng. Osama Othman
Energy and Matter in
the Environment
Species - All organisms genetically similar enough to
breed and produce live, fertile offspring in
nature.
Population - All members of a species that live in the
same area at the same time.
Biological Community - All populations living and
interacting in an area.
Ecosystem - A biological community and its physical
environment.
Open vs. Closed
University Of Palestine UNI
3316 Dr. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman
2
Food Webs and
Trophic Levels
Productivity refers to the amount
of biomass produced
in a given are during a given
time.
Primary Producers Photosynthesize.
Consumers -Eat other organisms.
Food Webs are series of
interconnected food chains in
an ecosystem.
Trophic Level refers to an
individual’s feeding
position in an ecosystem.
University Of Palestine UNI
3316 Dr. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman
3
Ecological Food Chain
University Of Palestine UNI
3316 Dr. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman
4
Trophic Levels
Organisms can also be identified by
the kinds of food
they consume:
Herbivores -eat plants.
Carnivores - eat animals.
Omnivores - eat plants and animals.
Detritivores -eat detritus.
Decomposers - breakdown complex
organic matter
into simpler compounds.
University Of Palestine UNI
3316 Dr. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman
5
Trophic Levels
University Of Palestine UNI
3316 Dr. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman
6
University Of Palestine UNI
3316 Dr. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman
7
Ecological Pyramids
Most ecosystems have huge number of primary
producers supporting a smaller number of
herbivores, supporting a smaller number of
secondary consumers.
Second law of thermodynamics.
-Ecosystems not 100% efficient.
10% Rule
University Of Palestine UNI
3316 Dr. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman
8
BIODIVERSITY
- Biodiversity - Variety of living things.
- Genetic Diversity - Measures variety of
different versions of same genes.
- Species Diversity - Measures number of
different kinds of organisms within
a community.
- Ecological Diversity - Measures richness and
complexity of a community.
University Of Palestine UNI
3316 Dr. Hasan Hamouda Eng. Osama Othman
9