Download M.Sc BOTANY(08)

Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
Semester I
CORE COURSE-I
6
5
08 PBO 1401
100
BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS: CRYPTOGAMS
Unit-1
Microbial diversity: General account – ultra structure, nutrition and
reproduction – Classification of microorganisms – Three, Five and Eight domain Biology and economic importance.
Unit-2 Phycology: Algae in diversified habitats (terrestrial, freshwater, marine) – thallus
organization – cell ultrastructure – reproduction – crieteria for classification of algae
(Fritsch) - Salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta,
Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta – Algal blooms, algal biofertilizers.
Unit-3 Mycology: General characters of fungi – substrate relationships in fungi – cell
ultrastructure – unicellular and multicellular organization – cell wall composition,
nutrition (saprobic, biotrophic, symbiotic) – reproduction – heterothallism –
heterokaryosis – parasexuality – recent trends in classification (Alexopolus and Mins).
General
account
of
Mastigomycotina,
Zygomycotina,
Ascomycotina,
Bacidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina – Fungi in industry, medicine and as food – fungal
diseases in plants and humans, Mycorrhizae, structure and reproduction of Lichens.
Unit-4 Bryophyta: General characters and economic importance -morphology, structure,
reproduction and life history – classification (Watson), distribution – general account of
Marchantiales, Jungermaniales, Anthoceratales, Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrichales
– Evolution of gametophytes, sporophytes and fossil bryophytes.
Unit-5 Pteridophyta: General characters – classification (Sporne), introduction to –
Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida. Evolution of stele – heterospory –
origin of seed habit – general account of fossil Pteridophyta (Rhynia, Lepidodendron and
Calamites).
1
Books for the Study:
Alexopoulos, C.J and Mims, C.W. (1979)-Introductory mycology-Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi.
Bold, H.C and M.J. Wyne (1978)-Introduction to Algae Structure & ReproductionPrentice Hall, New Jersey.
Chapman,V.J & Chapman (1973)-The Algae-ELBS and Mcmillan, London.
Delevoryas, T., 1977. Plant Diversification. Holt, Rinehart & Wintson, New York.
Foster & Gifford, (1959). Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. COH,
Freeman & Co.
Fritsch, F.E (1935)-The structure and reproduction of the Algae (2Vols)-Cambridge
University Press, England.
Hale, Jr.M.E.(1983) - Biology of Lichens-Edward Arnold, Maryland.
Mukta Bharagava (2003). The Latest portfolio of Theory and practice in fungi
dominant publishers and Distributors – NewDelhi.
Parihar, N.S. (1991) – Bryophyta- Central book Department, Allahabad.
Prempuri, (1973). Bryophytes - A Broad perspective. Atma Ram & Sons, New Delhi.
Round, F.e. (1986). The Biology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sharma,O.P (1986)-Text book of Algae-TataMcGraw-Hill, New Delhi
Sporne,K.R, (1975). The Morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson & Co., London.
Vashista, B.R, A.K. Sinha and Adarsh Kumar (2007) – Botany for degree students –
Bryophyta S.Chand and Company Ltd, New Delhi.
Vashishta, B.R. and Sinhu A.K. (2007) – Botany for degree students – Fungi,
S.Chand and Company Let, New Delhi.
Venkatraman,G.S. et.al.,(1974)-Algae form &function-Today &Tomorrow
Publishers, New Delhi.
2
Semester I
Core Course-II
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
6
5
08 PBO 1402
100
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Unit-1: Fundamentals of Microbiology: History of Microbiology-Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria. Birth of modern chemotherapy (Dreams of a Magic Bullet). Developments
and scope of microbiology. Microscopy- Dark field, Phase-contrast, Fluorescence and
Electron Microscopy (TEM & SEM). Preparation of specimen for light microscopy –
Preparing smears for staining, simple stain, differential stain, special stain - Out line of
Bergey’s systematic classification.
Unit-2: Functional anatomy of Prokaryotic cells. Cell size, shape and arrangement of
bacterial cells. Structures external to the cell wall – Glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments,
fimbriae and pili. Cell wall – composition and characteristics.
Introduction of structure of the cell wall – Plasma (Cytoplasmic) membrane, movement
of materials across, membranes, cytoplasm, nuclear area, ribosomes, inclusions,
endospores.
Unit-3: Viruses- General characteristics of plant and animal viruses. Classification of
viruses, isolation, cultivation and identification of viruses. Viral multiplications (lytic
cycle, lysogenic cycle, specialised transduction) - prions and virons.
Unit-4: Immunology: Immune system-Historical perspective, Innate immunity; adaptive
immunity; Cell and organs of the immune system. Antigen - types, general properties,
role played by Biological system in the immunogenicity, Adjuvants, Epitopes, Haptons
and Super antigens.
Unit-5: Antibodies – Immunoglobulin structure and function, antigenic determinants on
immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin classes. Antigen and antibody interactions –
agglutinations reactions, RIA and ELISA.
3
Books for study:
Carpenter P.L. (1967). Microbiology- Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
Davis, B.D., Dulbecco, R.Eiser, H.N.& Grinsberg, H.S. (1980). Microbiology-Harper &
Row, NewYork.
Edmond, P. (1978). Microbiology: An environment perspective-Mac Millan& co.,
NewDelhi.
Janis kuby (1997). Immunology-W.H. Freeman & company
Ketchum, P.A. (1988), Microbiology-Concepts and applications; John Wiley&Sons, N.Y.
Pelczar, M.H.Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R.(1993). Microbiology, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing co., Ltd., NewDelhi.
Prescott (1993). Microbiology-Wm.C.Brown Publishers.
Postage, J.(1975). Microbes & Man-Penguin Book, Baltimore.
Power and Daginwara (1994). General Microbiology, Himalayan Publishing House.
Salle, A.J. (1974). Fundamental principles of Bacteriology, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
co., NewDelhi.
Schegal, H.E.(1986). General Microbiology, Cambridge University, London.
Stainer, R.Y. Adelberg, E.A. and Ingram,J.L. (1978). General Microbiology, MacMillan
& Co., London.
Staley,J.T. (1984). Bergey’s Manual of systematic Bacteriology Vol.I-IV Williams &
Wilkins, London.
Starr, M.O. (1981). The Prokaryotes: A handbook on Habitat, Isolation & Identification
of Bacteria.
4
Semester I
Core Course-III
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
6
4
08 PBO 1403
100
TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITY OF SEED PLANTS
Unit -1: Gymnosperms: Structure of pollen grains, pollen germination, complexity of
their female gametophyte, evolution of Gymnosperms- Classification and their
distribution in India- Brief account of the Pteridospermales, Pentaxylales and
Glossopteridaceae- General account of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Ephedrales,
and Gnetales.
Unit -2: Taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family and other categories – Salient
features of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Typification, principle of
priority and its limitation, effective and valid publication, citation, retention and rejection
of names)- Taxonomic keys-Taxonomic evidences (anatomy, palynology, embryology,
sero and cytotaxonomy, biosystamatics and ecology in relation to taxonomy; two
examples for each category) - Taxonomic tools – floras and monographs. Brief account
on the systems of classification- natural-artificial - phylogenetic - modern system
(Dahlgren).
Unit -3: Guiding principles of Bentham and Hookers system. Distribution, salient
features, description and economic importance of the families : Ranunculaceae,
Menispermaceae, Portulacaceae, Tiliaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Sapindaceae,
Caryophyllaceae, Aizoaceae, Combretaceae, Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Pedaliaceae,
Scrophulariaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae,
Loranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Commelinaceae, Typhaceae, Araceae
and Cyperaceae.
Unit -4: Plant genome as source of taxonomic evidence (gene mapping, sequencing, base
ratio, hybridization, Grass genome, Arabidopsis genome and gene trees)- Application of
PCR, RFLP, RAPD in plant systematics- proteins and aminoacids sequencing, storage
proteins, serology and isozymes in systematics – Numerical taxonomy (OTU, weighting,
cluster analysis)-Digital taxonomy (applications, data structure and data base structure).
Unit -5: Chemo taxonomy: Secondary metabolites as source of taxonomic evidence alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, lipids and
pigments (betalins, anthocyanins and betacyanin)
5
Books for study:
Dahlgren, R. (1984). The Families of Monocotyledons: structure, evolution and
Taxonomy - Springer Verlag.
Davis, P.H. & Heywood, V.H. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy -Oliver & Boyd,
London.
Gamble, J.S. (1933). Flora of the Presidency of Madras - Botanical survey of India,
Calcutta.
Greuter, W. (1989). International code of botanical nomenclature -Intn. Ass. Plant
Tax. Leiden.
Heywood,V.H.(ed.,) (1968). Modem methods in plant taxonomy-Academic Press, N.Y.
Hutchinson, J. (1969). The genera of Flowering Plants - Clarendon Press.
Jefferey, C.(1969). An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy-J & A. Churchill Ltd.,
London.
Lawrence, G.H.M.(1944). Taxonomy of vascular plants - Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Pandey, B.P.(1997). Taxonomy of Angiosperms - S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Singh, V. & Jain, K.K. (1989). Taxonomy of Angiosperms - Rastogi, Meerut.
Stace, C.A. 1980. Plant taxonomy and biosystematics. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.
London.
Takhtajan, A.L. (1969). Flowering Plants - Origin and dispersal - Oliver & Boyed.
Vashista, P.C. (1990). Taxonomy of Angiosperms - S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
6
Semester I
Core Course – IV
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
6
5
08 PBO 1404
100
CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit-1 Cell Biology - Structural organization of the cell-specialized plant cell types Cell
wall (primary and secondary), Plasma membrane (structure,models and functions,
channels, pumps and receptors)-Plasmodesmata.
Unit-2 Cell organelles - Plastids – Mitochondria, Ribosome, ER, Golgi complex,
Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Glyosomes, Peroxisomes, Spherosomes, Ergastic cell inclusions
and nucleus (structure including ultra structure and functions), Programmed Cell Death
(PCD), Basic techniques in cell biology (Cell fractionation and separation of cell
organelles)
Unit-3 Molecular Biology - Expression of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial genome, RNA
editing, Nucleo cytoplasmic interations, synthesis, packing and transport of chemicals
within the cell- cytoskeleton, roles of microtubules and filaments-cell cycle events and
their genetic control.
Unit-4 DNA in forensic science – MLP and SLP methods – Extraction – purification –
Restriction Endonuclease digestion – Electrophoretic separation – Hybridization.
Unit-5 PCR technique – PCR based forensic system – Methods – Quantification and
amplification of DNA – DNA chip technology.
7
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Walker, J.M. and Rapley, R. (2003). Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Panima
Publications.
Dayanasargar, V.R. 1989, Cytology & Genetics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.,
New Delhi
Du Praw, E.J. (1969) - Cell & Molecular biology - Academic Press, N.Y.
Freifelder, D (1986) - Molecular Biology - Jones & Barriet Publishing INC.,
Boston, Portola Valley.
Gomperts, B.D. (1976) - The Plasma membrane: Models for its structure &
Function Academic Press.
Grierson, D. and Covey, S.N. (1989) – Plant molecular biology, Blackey publishers,
USA.
Gustafson, J.P. (1984) - Gene manipulation in plant improvement. Plenum Press, N.Y.
Lea and Leagood (1997) – Plant biochemistry and molecular biology. John Wiley
press, NewYork.
Leadbetter, M.C. (1970) - Introduction to the fine structure of plant cells- Springer
Verlag.
Levin, B. (1974) - Gene expression; Vol.1 Bacterial Genomes, Vol.II Eucaryotic
chromosomes - Wiley Inter Science. London.
Packer, L. (1976) - Mitochondria: Bioenergetics, biogenesis and membrane
structure Academic press, N.Y.
Primrose, S.B and Twynman (2006) – Principles of gene manupulation and genomics,
Blackwell science, London.
Rastogi, S.C. Sharma, V.N. Anuradha Tandon (1993) - Concepts in Molecular
Biology - Wiley Eastern Ltd.
Risley, M.S. (1986) - Chromosome structure and function - Van Nostrand, Reinholt.
Rost, T.L. Gifford, Jr. & Ernest, M. (1977) - Mechanism and control of cell
division - Academic Press, N.Y.
Sharma, A.K. & Sharma. A. (1985) - Advances in Chromosome and cell
genetics - Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., India.
Verma, P.S. & S. Agarwal, V.K. (1998) - Concept of Molecular Biology S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
8
Semester I
Core course IV
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
6
5
08 PBO 1405P
100
Practical for CC I, II, III and IV
BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS: CRYPTOGAMS
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITY OF SEED PLANTS &
CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Morphological study of representative members of:
Algae:
Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyta
: Gloeocapsa, Spirulina,
: Hydrodictyon, Bulbochaet,
Closterium (Desmids),
Acetabularia,
Charophyta
: Nitella.
Eulenophyta
: Euglena
Xanthophta
: Botrydium
Bacillariophyta : Cyclotella and Navicula (Diatoms)
Phaeophyta
: Padina, Sargassum
Rhodophyta
: Batrachospermum, Gracilaria,
Fungi:
Ascomycotina
: Taphrina,
Basidiomycotina : Lycoperdon
Dueteromycotina : Cercospora, Colletotrichum
Examination of Mycorrhizal Association
Identification of fungal culture: Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium and
Fusarium.
Lichens
: Usnea
Bryophytes
: Morphological and anatomical features of the following:
Targionia, Reboulia, Anthoceros and Pogonatum.
Pteridophytes: Morphology and anatomy of the vegetative and reproductive
parts of the following: Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda,
Gleichenia, Salvinia and Azolla.
9
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY:
1. Isolation of microbes from soil-serial dilution and plating.
2. Gram’s staining of Bacteria found in Curd, Root-Nodules.
3. Growth Curve of Bacteria.
4. Isolation of Rhizobium from root-nodules of Legumes.
5. Effect of different antibodies on bacterial growth (antibiotic sensitivity)
6. Effect of different pH on bacterial growth.
7. Microbial analysis of Milk by Methylene-Blue Reduction Test.
8. Hemeagglutination – Blood grouping.
Gymnosperms: Morphology and anatomy of the vegetative and reproductive
parts of the following- Cupressus, Podocarpus and Ephedra.
Taxonomy: 1. Detailed study of the plants representing each family mentioned in the
Syllabus.
2. Botanical tour and submission of 30 herbarium specimens and
submission of tour report and Field report.
3. Preparation of keys by using punch cards.
4. Working of nomenclature problems.
Cell and Molecular Biology
1. Squash and Smear techniques - Root tip and flower buds.
2. Isolation of total DNA and Plasmid-DNA (Demonstration only)
10
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
Semester II
6
4
08 PBO 2406
100
Core Course – VI
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Unit-1.
Genetics- Monohybrid and Dihybrid Ratios (Mendel’s Laws). Deviation from
Mendelian ratio. Incomplete dominance (Mono and Dihybrid), Lethal factor, complementary
factor and epitasis (dominant), Multiple alleles and Blood groups.
Unit-2 Linkage, crossing over, recombination, mapping of genes on the chromosomes,
sex linkage-Drosophila (eye colour) and humans (colour blindness), cytoplasmic
inheritance, sex determination in Drosophila, Humans and plants.
Unit-3 Changes in chromosome structure, number and behaviour, their genetic effects,
polyploidy, types. Gene action. Gene units - cistron, recon, muton, codon and operon.
Unit-4 Mutation – Introduction- types of mutations - Gene mutation, physical and
chemical mutagens. Mutation rate and its role in evolution.
Unit-5 Evolution-Evolutionary concepts in explaining the diversity of life. Theories of
Lamark, Charles Darwin, and the Modern synthetic theories.
Books for study:
Genetics:
1. Agarwal, V.K. (2000): Simplified Course in Genetics (B.Sc.Zoology), S.Chand& Co.,
NewDelhi.
2. Ahluwalia, K.B. (1990): Genetics, Wiley Eastern Ltd., NewDelhi, Bangalore, Bombay,
Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad.
3. Gardner, E.J. and Shusted, D.P. (1984): Principles of Genetics (7 th Edn.,) John
Wiley&sons, N.Y., Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.
4. Gupta, P.K. (2000): Genetics, Rastogi Publishers, Meerut, India.
5. Herskowitx, I.H.(1977): Principles of Genetics (2 nd Edn.,) MacMillan Publishing Co.,
Inc.,N.Y., and Collier-MacMillan, London.
6. Jain, H.K. (1999): Genetics-Principles, Concepts & Implications Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co., (P) Ltd., NewDelhi.
7. Meyyan, R.P. (2000): Genetic & Evolution, Saras Publication, Nagarcoil, India
8. Onyansagar, V.R. (1986): Cytology and Genetics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing co., Ltd.,
NewDelhi.
9. Renganathan, T.K.& Shanmugavel, S. (1996): Genetics and Genetic Engineering,
Commercial offset Printers, Sivakasi, India.
11
10. Sandhya Mitra (1994): Genetics-A Blue Print of Life, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.,
Ltd., NewDelhi.
11. Sarin, C. (1994): Genetics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., NewDelhi.
12. Singleton, R. (1963): Elementary Genetics, D.Van Nostrand Co., Ltd., Inc.N.Y & affiliated
East West. Press(P) Ltd., NewDelhi.
13. Sinwott, E.W., L.C.Dunn and J.Dobshansky (1958): Principles of Genetics (5 th Edn.,)
McGraw Hill publishing Co., N.Y., Toronto, London.
14. Winter, P.C., Hickey,G.I & Fletcher,H.L. (1999): Instant Notes in Genetics, Viva Books
(P) Ltd., NewDelhi, Mumbai, Chennai.
Evolution:
1. Anna Sproule (1998): Charles Darwin, Scientists who have changes the world orient
Longmans, Hyderabad.
2. Gottlieb, L.D. and Jain, S.K.(1988): Plant Evolutionary Biology, Chapman &Hall, N.Y.
3. Savage, J.M. (1969): Evolution (2 nd Edn.,), Amarind Publishing CoseC20, (P) Ltd.,
NewDelhi, Bombay, Calcutta, N.Y.
4. Shukla, R.S. and P.S.Chandel (1996): Cytogenetics, Evolution&Plant Breeding, S.Chand,
NewDelhi.
5. Verma,P.S. and V.K.Agarwal (1999): Concept of Evolution, S.Chand&Co., NewDelhi.
.
12
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
Semester II
6
5
08 PBO 2407
100
CORE COURSE – VII
BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS
Unit-1 Sampling techniques - Data – types, collection, classification, tabulation,
presentation-diagrammatic and graphical; Measures of central tendencies - mean, median
and mode; Measures of dispersion - range, mean deviation, variance, standard deviation
and standard error; Skewness and Kurtosis.
Unit-2 Probability and Probability distribution - Binomial, Poisson and normal
distribution; Correlation – types and methods of studying; Regression (Simple and
Linear)- Types, analysis and significance; Tests of significance – t-test, G-test, Chisquare test, F-test and ANOVA (one way and two way).
Unit-3 Bioinformatics - an overview - definition and history; Internet in bioinformatics;
Biological databases: sequence database - nucleic acid and protein database; structure
database – PDB; specialized database, literature database; file formats of genbank,
Swissprot, PDB, NCBI data model, data retrieval using entrez.
Unit-4 Proteins and amino acids - Peptide bonds - Levels of protein structure - helix,
sheet and turns - Ramachandran plot - Super secondary structures - Domains quaternary structure. DNA and RNA structure - Watson and Crick model - A, B and
Z forms of DNA - RNA secondary structure.
:
Unit-5 Biological Sequence analysis - Pair wise sequence comparison - Sequence queries
against biological databases - BLAST and FASTA - Multiple sequence alignments Phylogenetic alignment.
Protein structure visualization tools - RasMol, Swiss PDB Viewer - Structure Classification, alignment and analysis - SCOP, CATH, FSSP
13
Books for study:
Biostatistics
Bailey, N. T. J. Statistical methods in Biology. Third edition, Cambridge University
press. (1995).
Khan, I.A. and Khanum, A. (1994). Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Vikas Publications,
Hyderabad.
Misra, B. N. and Misra, M. K Introductory practical Biostatistics. Darbari Prokashan
publications, Calcutta. ( )
Plalanichamy, S. and Manoharan, M.(1990). Statistical Methods for Biologists,
Paramount Publications, Palani.
Selvin, S. Biostatistics: How it works. Pearson Education. Inc. (2005)
Sundar Rao, P.S.S. and Richard, J. (1997). An Introduction to Biostatistics – PrenticsHall of India Private Ltd. NewDelhi.
Zar, J.K. (1984). Biostatistical analysis, Prentice Hall International, New Jercy.
Bioinformatics:
Attwood, T.K. and D.J. Parry-Smith, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Pearson Education
Ltd., New Delhi (2004).
Lesk, Arthur M. An introduction to Bioinformatics, Second edition, Oxford University
Press. New Delhi (2006).
Mani,K. and N. Viyaraj, Bioinformatics for beginners, Kalaikathir Achchagam,
Coimbatore, India (2002).
Murthy, C. S. V. Bioinformatics. Himalaya publishing House, Mumbai. (2003)
14
Semester II
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
6
5
08 PBO 2408
100
Core Course - VIII
ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
Unit -1: Meristems: stages and mechanism of control of differentiation; classification,
apical meristems (root and shoot apices), concepts (central mother cell zone, meristeme
d’attente), floral meristem-Ultra structure of secondary cell wall. Epidermal cell
modifications (root hairs, cuticle, stomata, epidermal hairs).
Unit -2: Types and evolution of tracheary elements in higher plants- types of cells in
secondary xylem- phylogeny of vessels-types and phylogenetic considerations of xylem
parenchyma-modification
of
rays
in
Dicots-Sieve
elements-companion
cells-
Development and evolution of sieve elements-Nodal anatomy- Root- Stem transition.
Unit -3: Procambium and Vascular cambium- origin and development - cambial
modifications bark formation in roots- wound cork- lenticels-tyloses-anomolous
secondary growth in angiosperms-secondary growth in monocotyledons- secretary cells
(nectaries, laticifers)- structure, development and functions of transfer cells-abscission of
plant organs (leaves, branches, flowers and fruits).
Unit -4: Ontogeny of anther wall and microspores- Tapetum (morphology, cytology
function) – Pollen development and pollen wall features-causes of pollen sterility-Female
gametophyte (types, organization of mature embryo sac)- Role of synergids, central cell
and antipodals-Double fertilization- Sexual incompatibility (types and biological
significance) -Methods to overcome incompatibility (intra-ovarian pollination, chemical
treatment,fusion of isolated protoplasts).
Unit -5: Endosperm – types, cytology and significance- Embryogeny in Dicots and
Monocots-unusual features of embryo (under developed, reduced)- nutrition of embryoPolyembryony (causes, classification importance in Horticulture)- Apomixis (causes and
significance, Agamospermy and its types, Apospory and parthenogenesis).
15
Books for study:
Anatomy
Clowers, F.A.L. (1961) - Apical Meristems - Blackwell Scientific Pub. Oxford.
Cutter, E.G. (1978) - Plant anatomy - Edward Arnold Pub. Ltd. London.
Easu, K. (1953) - Plant anatomy - John Wiley & Sons Inc. N.Y.
Fahn, A., (1989) - Plant anatomy - Maxwell, MacMilIan, Singapore (P) Ltd.,
Metcaife and Chalk (1950) - Anatomy of the Dicotyledons & Monocotyledons Vol.I, II.
Pandey, B.P. (1989) - Plant anatomy - S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Singh, V.Pande, P.C. and Jain D.K. (1987) - Anatomy of seed plants -Rastogi
Publications, Meerut.
Embryology
Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. (1981) - Embryology of Angiosperms - Vikas
Publi. House (P) Ltd., New Delhi.
Maheswari, P. (1963) - An Introduction to embryology of angiosperms -International
society of Plant Morphologies, University of Delhi.
Raghavan, V. (1976) - Experimental embryogenesis is Vascular Plants -Academic
Press, London.
16
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
Semester II
6
4
08 PBO 2409P
100
Core Course - IX
PRACTICAL FOR CORE VI, VII & VIII
Genetics and Evolution, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics & Anatomy and
Embryology of Angiosperms
Genetics and Evolution
1. Genetics practicals, which include working out genetic problems.
Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
1. Collection and tabulation of data (Continuous and discrete)
2. Construction of Histogram, Frequency polygon, Frequency curve,
3. Construction of Bar diagrams, Pie charts.
4. An introduction to literature databases (PubMed)
5. An introduction to Search engine (Google)
6. An introduction to basic biological sequence databases and their access
7. Introduction to FASTA, BLAST
Anatomy
1. Examination of L.S. of shoots and root apices.
2. Nodal anatomy, uni, tri, multi lacunar.
3. Demonstration of primary pit-fields in Onion epidermal peel.
4. Wood structure - T.S., T.L.S., and R.L.S., - showing variations in vessel elements,
fibres, axial parenchyma and ray parenchyma.
5. Maceration techniques.
6. Identification of different types of stomata - in Dicot and Monocot.
7. Anatomy of Epiphytic root – Dicot – Ficus bengalensis.
8. Anatomy of Epiphytic storage root – Daucus carota.
9. Anatomy of cucurbita stem – Bicollateral vascular bundle.
10. Anatomy of phylloclade stem – Muchlenbeckia.
11. Anomalous features : Fissured xylem (Aristolochia-stem), Medullary bundles
(Achyranthes – stem).
12. Identification of wood defects - spotters.
Embryology
1. Slides showing T.S. of anther, embryosac, endosperm and embryo
2. Dissection of endosperm haustoria - Cucurbitaceae – Cucumis/Cassia occdentalis.
3. Dissection of Embryo- Tridax.
4. Methods of testing pollen viability using - (a) Alexander's stain (b) acid –test.
5. In vitro Pollen germination – Brubakers / Succrose solution.
17
Hrs
Cred.
Code
Marks
Semester II
6
4
08 PBO 2601
100
Extra Disciplinary Course –I
ORGANIC FARMING
Unit – 1: History of organic farming - adverse effects of agricultural practices - alternate
agriculture - components of organic farming systems - methods of organic farming
Unit – 2: Agricultural pollution, soil pollution, fertilizer pollution, elemental toxicity,
pesticidal pollution.
Unit – 3: Traditional additives for organic farming – bulky organic manures – green
manuring – agronomic importance of organic manures - Non- traditional additives for
organic farming – types of biofertilizers – soil conditioners – aquatic weeds,
vermicompost.
Unit – 4: Biogas technologies for organic farming – waste water treatment and use for
organic farming - domestic and industrial wastes for organic farming.
Unit – 5: Nutritional quality of organic agriculture - future trends in organic farming –
organic certification.
Books for study:
Dahama, A. K. 1997. Organic farming, Second edition, Agro Botanica, Bikaner, India.
Veeresh, G.K. 2006. Organic farming, Foundation books Pvt. Ltd, NewDelhi.
18
Semester III
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
4
4
08 PBO 3410
100
CORE COURSE – X
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Unit-1 Plant water relations: Structure and properties of water - Water transport
processes - diffusion, osmosis, chemical potential, water potential, absorption of water,
mechanism of water transport – Apoplast and symplast concept –Accent of sap – SPAC
concept, Theories explaining acent of sap. Transpiration and its significance, mechanism
of stomatal movement. Membrane permeability - Nutrient uptake and transport
mechanism - ion pumps and carriers, active and passive transport, transcellular transport,
- phloem translocation - phloem loading and unloading, mechanism of phloem
translocation.
Unit-2 Photosynthesis and respiration: Photosynthetic pigments and light harvesting
complex, photooxidation of water, mechanism of electron and proton transport – Z
scheme of e-transport chain and photophorylation. Carbon assimilation – the Calvin
cycle, photorespiration and its significance, the C4 cycle, the CAM pathway, CO2
concentration mechanism. Respiration – glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport and
ATP synthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, cyanide - resistant respiration.
Unit-3 Nitrogen fixation: Biological nitrogen fixation - nodule formation and nod factor,
mechanism of nitrogen fixation, genes involved in nitrogen fixation - nitrate and
ammonium assimilation pathways.
Growth and development: Physiological effects and mechanism of action auxins,
gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid.
Photomorphogenesis–concept–types
of
photoreceptors,
phytochromoes,
photorespornses types – cytochromoe role, flowering – photoperiodism – short day, long
day and day neutral, vernalization.
Unit-4 Stress physiology: Plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress, mechanism of
abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, water stress, salt stress, metal toxicity, freezing and
heat stress, oxidative stress.
Unit-5 Fruit ripening – mechanism of ripening – climatic rice, shelf life of tropical
fruits, biological clocks in plants – circadian rythms.
19
Books for study:
Bidwell, R.G.S., 1979. Plant Physiology, McMillon.
Devlin, R. W. 1969. Plant physiology. Van Nostrand, Reinholt Co., NewYork
Goodwin, F.W and Mercer, 1983. Introduction to Plant biochemistry, Bergmann
Press.
Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley and Sons, USA.
Jain, V. K. 1997. Fundamentals of plant physiology. S. Chand & Company LTD.,
NewDelhi.
Leopold, A.C. 1973. Plant growth and development. Tata McGraw-Hill Co.
Nobel, P. S. 1970. Introduction to Biophysical Plant Physiology. W. H. Freeman and
Company, San Francico.
Pandey, S. N. and Sinha, B. K. 2001. Plant Physiology. Third revised edition, Vikas
publishing House PVT. LTD. New Delhi.
Rastogi, S. C. 2005. Experimental Physiology. Second revised edition, New Age
International publishers, New Delhi.
Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W. 1986. Plant Physiology. Third edition, CBS
Publishers and Distributors, Delhi.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 1991. Plant physiology. The Benjamin/Cummings publishing
company, Inc., California, New York.
Verma, S. K. 2000. A text book of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. S. Chand &
Company LTD. New Delhi.
Verma, V. 2007. A text book of Plant Physiology. Ane Books India, New Delhi.
Wilkins, M. B. 1989. Advanced Plant Physiology. ELBS, England.
20
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester III
4
4
08 PBO 3411
100
Core Course – XI
BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS
Biochemistry
Unit-1 Carbohydrates: Classification and structure of mono, di, and polysaccharides;
Chemical properties. Haworths Perspective formula – chemical and isomeric properties
of mono saccarhides – chemistry, structure and properties of oligosaccharides. Lipids –
Classification – structure – Biological significance (Liquid mosaid).
Unit-2 Aminoacid – structure and functions. Protein – General properties – classification
– structure – reaction characteristic.
Unit-3: Enzymes – Nomenclature structure – classification, Enzyme catalysis instead of
“regulation”. Mode of action, Enzymes kinetics – Michaelis Menten Reit Law and its
derivation, Line Weaver and Births plot. Nucleic acids – components and types – DNA,
RNA, structure and composition – Chargaff’s rule – Watson Crick model.
Biophysics
Unit-4 Bioenergetics – energy and work, scope and basic concept of bioenergetics.
ATP Bioenergy - chloroplast bioenergetics, mitochondria bioenergetics. Laws of
thermodynamics – applications in biological systems – Free energy – concept and
determination. Energy rich compounds – oxidation, reduction potentials – Redox couples
in biological systems.
Unit–5: Electromagnetic radiation and spectroscopy in biological studies – other optical
techniques – Bioelectricity and Nerve impulse condition. Radiation biology.
21
Books for study:
Biochemistry
Barker, G.(1969) - Understanding the chemistry of the cell - Edward Arnold, London.
Bionstein, A.B. & King, P.J. (1987) - A genetic approach to Plant Biochemistry (Ed.,)
Narosa, New Delhi.
Brett. C.T., Hillman, J.R. (Ed.) (1985) - Biochemistry of Plant cell walls -Cambridge
University Press, U.K.
Freifelder, D. (1985) - Essentials of modem biochemistry-Jones & Barlett.
Iliot and Iliot, (2005) – Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Rawan Panima Pub.
Lehninger, A.L., (1975) - Biochemistry - (2nd Edn.,) Worth, New York.
Lehninger, A.L. (1985) - Biochemistry - Worth Publishers.
Norton, G.( 1978) - Plant Proteins - Butterworths, London.
Palmer, J.M.(ed.,)(1984) - The physiology and Biochemistry of plant Respiration –
Cambridge University Press, U.K.
Veerakumari. L., (2004) – Biochemistry – MJP Publishers, Chennai.
Biophysics
Casey, E.J. (1962) - Biophysics - concepts and mechanisms - van Nostrand Reinhold
co., & East- west Press, New Delhi.
Lehninger, A.L. (1971) - Bioenergitics: The Molecular Basis of biological energy
transformation - Addition Wiley.
Subramanian, M.A. (2005) – Biophysics Principles and techniques, MJP Publishers,
Chennai.
22
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester III
4
3
08 PBO 3412
60
Core Course – XII
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit-1 Medical application: Microbial production of therapeutic agentspharmaceuticals, interferon, enzymes, DNase I, Alginate lyase. Vaccines – Tuberculosis,
Herpes simplex virus, cholera. Vector vaccines. Human gene therapy-Ex vivo, in vivo
gene therapy, pro drug activation therapy.
Unit-2 Application to plants and Agriculture: Genetic engineering of plants –
Development of pathogen – Herbicide, Insects & viral resistant plants, Stress and
senescence tolerant plants – oxidative – fruit ripening, plants as Bioreactors – antibiotics,
polymers, foreign protein in seeds, golden rice.
Unit-3 Application to Environmental protection: Bioremediation and Biomass
utilization- Microbial degradation of xenobiotics, genetic engineering of biodegradative
path ways, utilization of starch, sugars, cellulose – biorefinery – biomass for energy
production, biogas – fuel alcohol production, hydrogen gas production, petrocrops,
biocensors, biochips.
Unit-4 Molecular farming: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins – currents state of transgenic
crops, concerns about GM crops, regulation of GM crops, product, Greener genetic
engineering. Commercial products by Recombinant microorganisms, Microbial synthesis
of indigo, L. Ascorbic acid. Biopolymers- Xanthan gum, microbial synthesis of Rubber.
Unit-5 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Patenting – Copy right, Trade, Patenting in
different countries, Patenting multicellular organisms, patenting and fundamental
research – Entrepreneurship in biotechnology – National level, Efforts in India, World
leaders.
Books for study:
Adrian Slater, Nigel scott and Mark Fowler, 2004. Plant biotechnology, Oxford
university Press, Ist Pub. 2003.
Bernard R. Glick, Jack J.pasternak. 2004. Molecular biotechnology, American society
for Microbiology. In India CBS Publishers New Delhi.
Chawla, H.S.I, 1998. Biotechnology in crop improvement International Book distributing
campany.
De Roberties, E.D.P. and De Roberties, E.M.F. 1995. Cell and Molecular Biology, 8th
edn. B.L.Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Hammond, J.Mcgarvey, C. and Yusibov, V.(pds) 2000. Plant Biotechnology. Springer
verlag.
Jogdand, S.N. 2005. Advances in Biotechnology, Himalaya Pub. House, New Delhi.
23
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester III
6
3
08 PBO 3412 P
40
Practicals for Core Course X, XI and XII
Plant physiology; Biochemistry and Biophysics & Biotechnology.
Plant physiology
1. Determination of osmotic potential by plasmolytic method.
2. Measurement of water potential by gravimetric method.
3. Effect of temperature on membrane permeability.
4. Absorption spectrum of chloroplast pigments, xanthophylls and caroteinodis
5. Estimation of chlorophyll a, b & total chlorophyll and carotenoids.
6. Quantification of xanthophylls and caroteinoids by solvent fractionation method.
7. Estimation of Anthocyanin.
8. Thin layer chromatography of plant pigments.
9. Km value of enzymes.
10. Effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity.
11. Assay of nitrate reductase activity.
12. Assay of catalase activity.
13. Effect of phytochrome on seed germination.
14. Native-PAGE for Isoenzymes.
Biochemistry and Biophysics
1. Thin layer chromatography of plant pigments.
2. Estimation of proteins by Broad ford method.
3. Saponification value of fatty acid.
4. Finding out fatty acid value of oils.
5. Estimation of sugars.
6. Estimation of pKa value of amino acid.
7. TLC separation of dyes.
8. Isolation and estimation of DNA.
9. Isolation and estimation of RNA (yeast).
10. Qualitative test for protein, lipid and carbohydrates.
11. Spotters available for biophysics (Centrifuge, pH meter, colorimeter,
spectrophotometer).
Biotechnology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sterilization techniques – physical and chemical methods.
Media preparation – M.S. medium
Callus initiation – from seedling explant.
Cell viability assay – dye exclusion method.
DNA estimation – Quantitative estimation of DNA by spectrophotometric method.
Isolation of genomic DNA – from plant tissues.
Isolation of Milk protein.
SDS –PAGE for Proteins.
Plasmid isolation.
24
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester III
6
4
08 PBO 3501
100
Elective - I
WOOD SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
Unit -1: Introduction- structure of wood-Elements of wood-Chemical composition of
wood- Basic properties and uses of wood- Wood chemistry (cellulose, cellobiose, lignin)Wood density and its importance- Wood moisture. Physical, Chemical and Mechanical
properties of wood-Wood seasoning (advantages, process of seasoning, factors affecting
the rate of drying and methods of drying)
Unit -2: Air drying - Kiln drying- other methods of drying (Boultonising, Vacuum
drying, Chemical seasoning, Dehumidification). Seasoning defects - (Surface and End
checking, Splitting, Case hardening, Honey combing, Collapsing, Warping, Cupping,
Diamonding, Bowing, Spring, Twisting, Staining , Discolouration)- Defects of woodNatural defects (knots, reaction wood, compression wood, tension wood).
Unit -3: Wood destructing Fungi, their effects of decay on wood, prevention of decay Wood destructing Insects and pests (wood borers, termites, marine borers, molluscan
borers, crustacean borers - prevention and control)-chemical processing of wood –
Commercial woods of South India.
Unit -4: Natural durability classification of wood- Wood preservation (properties and
characteristics of wood preservatives, types) – Preservative process and its classificationRural preservative methods for Wood rot, Termites, and Sap wood eating InsectsFactors affecting the strength of timber. Defects in timber (Knots, tight and loose knots,
Cross grain, diagonal grain, Spiral grain, Irregular grain, Interlocked grain)
Unit –5: Reaction wood (Compression wood, Tension wood, Compression failure, Sap
stain, Decay, Bark pockets) –Thermal properties of wood- Classification of commercial
timber -Adhesives- properties, uses- Plywood- manufacture, uses-Fiber boards- Particle
boards- Wood pulp in paper and Rayon industry- Substitutes of woodDendrochoronology.
Books for study:
Brown, E. (1949) - Textbook of Wood Technology - McGraw Hill.
Chowdhury, K.A. & Ghose, S.S. (1958) - Indian Woods - Publications Division, Govt. of
India.
Shrivastava. M.B. (1977) – Wood Technology – Vikas publishing house, New Delhi.
25
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester III
6
4
08 PBO 3502
100
Elective - II
COMMERCIAL PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Unit-1 Nutrient media (MS and B5) - Plant growth regulators - Aseptic manipulationSterilization of culture vessels, media, culture room and plant materials - Precautions
during aseptic manipulation.
Unit-2 Totipotency – Callus - Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis-synthetic
seeds-somatic hybridization and cybridization and their importance. Cryopreservation.
Unit-3 Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium-Secondary metabolite productioncell selection for high yielding compound, Bioreactors, Immobilized cell culture, hairy
root culture - Biotransformation.
Unit-4
Micropropagation-mass
cultivation,
Stages
in
micropropagation-Factors
influencing micro propagation-Application and limitations of micropropagationCommercial production – preparation of stock plant, Initiation of culture (stage I), shoot
proliferation (stage II), media formulae, rooting, hardening (stage III), Green house
acclimatization (stage IV) scheduling production.
Unit-5 Economic and problems encounter in commercial tissue culture: Selection of
plants and location for commercial tissue culture, optimizing production, possibilities of
lowering the cost-Genetic stability in commercial tissue culture-maintenance of genetic
stability in culture –methods for detection of genetic variation. Techniques for crop
improvement – Banana, Citrus, Papaya and Grape. Quality control in commercial plant
tissue culture.
26
Books for study:
Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. (1983). Plant tissue culture: Theory and Practical.
Elsevier Science Publishers, Netherlands.
Dodds, J.H. and Robers, I.W. (1985). Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture, Cambridge
University press, Cambridge.
Kalyan Kumar De. (1992). An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, New Central Book
Agency, Calcutta.
Mascarenhas, A.F. and Rajani Nadgauda-Tissue Culture Publication & Information
Directorate (C.S.T.R., Govt. of India).
Prakash, J. and R.L.M.Picrik.(1993). Plant Biotechnology-Commercial prospects &
Problems, Oxford and IBH, Publication, NewDelhi.
Reinert, J. and Bajaj, Y.P.S. (1977). Plant cell, tissue and organ culture:
Publishing House, NewDelhi.
Narosa
Razdhan, M.K.(2003). Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture, Oxford & IBH Publication,
NewDelhi.
Smith. (2005). Tissue culture media. Academic press. London.
Vasil, I.K.(1986). Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants-3 volumes, Academic
press, Inc.
27
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester IV
6
5
08 PBO 4413
100
Core Course - XIII
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE,
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING
Unit-1 Ecology: Concept and dynamics of ecosystem: Ecosystems – types, components,
energy flow. Productivity - Biogeochemical cycles N, P, C, S. Ecological amplitude of a
species and adaptation- ecads- ecospecies- ecotypes, Raunkiaer’s life forms. Utilization
of energy resources - non renewable and renewable.
Unit-2 Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Soil, Thermal, Radiation and Noise
pollution. Cumulative effects of pollution on global environment- Green house effect,
depletion of ozone layer, climate change, its causes and consequences. Pollution
abatement strategies and methodologies.
Unit-3 Conservation application and Technology: Afforestation programmes-social
forestry, Chipko movement, productivity, commercial exploitation, forestry-wildlife
management and its impact-environmental monitoring and impact assessment- soil
reclamation- principles, methods and applications, Bioremediation, Rio, Kyoto summit,
Ganga action plan.
Unit-4 Bioresources and Conservation: Biodiversity - Definition and levels.
Endangered flora and fauna- their identification and documentation- conservation of
genetic resources-NGRP-Role of IUCN, IBPGR, PGRC of FAO, Red Data Book.
Conservation strategies- In situ approach: Biosphere reserves, forest reserves, National
Parks, Sanctuaries, Sacred groves. Ex situ approach: Botanical garden, germ plasm and
gene banks, tissue culture, Cryopreservation. Environmental education, Ecotourism. Role
of International organization –WWF, UNEP, UNDP, FAO and WB.
Unit-5 Remote sensing: Definition, Electromagnetic spectrum(EMS), GIS – application
of Remote sensing in Natural Resources management. Types of satellites: Indian Remote
sensing satellites.
28
Books for study:
Agrawal, K.C. 1996. Environmental Science. Agrobotanical publishers India.
Garg, M.R. V.K.Bansal & N.S.Tiwana.1997. Environmental pollution and protection.
Deep & Deep publications, New Delhi.
Krishnan Kannan.1997. Fundamental of Environmental Pollution. S.Chand & Company
Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
Kumar, H.D.1997. General Ecology Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd NewDelhi.
Ronald M.Atlas.1997 (2nd Ed). Principles of Microbiology, WM.C Brown Publishers,
London.
Sharma, P.D. 2000. Ecology and Environment Rastogi Publications,Meerut,India.
Shukla R.S. and P.S Chandel.2000. Plant ecology and soil science. S.Chand & Company
Ltd. Ram Nagar New Delhi.
29
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester IV
6
4
08 PBO 4414P
100
Core Course - XIV
(Practical for Core Course XIII)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
AND REMOTE SENSING
Environmental Science
1. Analysis of vegetation-Quadrat, Line transect methods, point frame method, Belt
transect method to analyse species frequency, abundance, density and dominance.
2. Species area Curve Index.
3. Random sampling.
4. Practical application of Raunkiar’s frequency formula.
5. Analysis of species diversity.
6. Construction of permanent quadrate for vegetation of study area.
7. Determination of IVI and construction of phytogram.
8. Estimation of Dissolved oxygen content and BOD.
9. Estimation of carbonate.
10. Estimation of Bicorbonate.
11. Estimation of Chloride content.
12. Estimation of Organic content.
13. Estimation of Total dissolved solids.
14. Estimation of Total hardness.
15. Estimation of Nitrate.
16. Estimation of Calcium.
17. Estimation of Magnesium.
Conservation Biology
Students must visit to places of ecological interest and should submit a report
on field studies.
30
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester IV
6
4
08 PBO 4503
100
Elective – III
BIOINSTRUMENTATION AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Unit-1 Microscopy – Light, Dark and Phase contrast microscopes – principles. Brief
account on SEM and TEM.
Unit-2 Fixation and staining: Theory of fixation-fixation agents, fixation fluids, vacuum
fixation and other modern methods of fixation.
Unit-3 Buffers: Characteristics and preparation. pH meter - principles, measurement of
pH., pKa. Electrometric determination, glass and reference electrodes. Gas-measuring
electrodes - basic principles, applications of Clark electrode. Centrifuges - principles,
density gradient, Working principle and applications, types of centrifuges.
Unit-4 Chromatography - basic principles - Detailed study of HPLC, Principles of Ion
exchange; molecular sieve, and affinity chromatography and TLC. Electrophoresis - basic
principles - its types, electrophoretic mobility and factors influencing. electrophoretic
mobility; Isoelectric focusing, application, PAGE. Tracer techniques - nature of
radioactivity, patterns of decay, half life - detection of radiation, measurements - GM
Counter, Scintillation counter, autoradiography and applications of isotopes in biology.
Unit-5 Spectrophotometry - principles, working principles and applications. UV/Vis.
Flame photometer - general principles - Instrumentation. Atomic absorption
spectrophotometer, NMR, ESR
31
Books for study:
Clark, J.N, 1964. Hand book of Basic Microtechnique, McGraw Hill Book Co.,
London.
Gupta, S.P, 1990. Metrology of Study and Scientific work Research, Narosa
Publishing House.
Life Science Book House, Madurai.
Jayaraman, J., 1985. Statistical Methods-Sultan Chand & Sons.
Kothari.C.R. Research Methodology a Handbook, Concept Publishing Company,
NewDelhi.
Misra,R.P. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry Wiley Eastern Ltd., NewDelhi.
Plummer, D.T.,1978. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
32
Hrs
Credit
Code
Marks
Semester IV
6
4
08 PBO 4504
100
Elective – IV
HERBAL THERAPY AND BOTANICAL PHARMACY
Unit-1 Herbal remedies, Ancient medicine in Britain, Homeopathy medicine and Chinese
herbal medicine - Conservation of wild and domesticated plants – In situ and ex situ
conservation – Collection and processing - Herbal medicines for diabetics, gastro
intestinal problems, anxiety and depression.
Unit-2 Brief introduction on Pharmocognosy – Classification of Medicinal plants –
Alternative medicines - Traditional medicines like Ayurveda, Sidda and Unani.
Indigenous medical knowledge - Intellectual property – patents – Plant Tissue culture as
a source of phytochemicals.
Unit-3 Phytopharmaceuticals – Commercial significance – Current trends of marketing –
Indian trade of medicinal and aromatic plants - Neutraceuticals, Cosmoceuticals, Natural
pesticides, Antibiotics, Adaptogens and Rasayana.
Unit-4 Drug adulteration and methods of drug evaluation – Phytochemical investigations
– Biological testing of herbal drugs – Pharmaceutical plant products – Carbohydrates,
Tannins, Lipids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids – biological activities.
Unit-5 Aromatherapy - Plants in the preparation of tinctures, decoctions, infused oils,
and their medicinal applications – Detailed account on Amla, Aloe, Aswagandha, Vinca
rosea, Tulsi and Senna – Adverse reactions and interaction of herbal drugs and natural
products.
33
Books for study:
Boon, H and Smith, M. 1999. The Botanical Pharmacy. Quary Press, Inc. Stewart
House Distribution Services.
Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P., and Gokahale 2002. Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakasan.
Morten, J.F. 1977. Major Medicinal Plants. Charles C. Thomas Publishers,
Springfield, Illinois.
Peter B. Kaufmann et,al., 1999. Natural Products from plants. CRC Press.
Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R., and Robbers, J.E. 1981. Pharmacognosy. 9th ed. Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia.
Wariers, Compendium of medicinal plants.

34