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Ancient Rome Part II 6th grade Social Studies First Five: 4/4/16 1. Write down one thing you did over Spring Break. 2. List and describe the two main social classes in the Roman Republic. 3. Take out your Chapter 10 (Rome) notes, Italy Map and begin reviewing your materials. You have a TEST Wednesday! Roman Republic Tripartite Government – 3 offices that represent all groups of society, giving everyone a voice in government 1. MAGISTRATES ◦ ◦ Made up of elected officials 2 most powerful were called CONSULS Served 1 year term as both political and military leader Held power over all other officials and citizens 2. SENATE ◦ a council that advised the consuls ◦ Held office for life, all magistrates became senators after one year term over ◦ Were only patricians at first, but eventually plebeians could also serve in the Senate 3.TRIBUNES and ASSEMBLIES Tribunes -Represented the plebeians and had power of veto Assemblies – elected magistrates Served one year terms First Five: 4/5/16 1. Which group was responsible for representing the “common people?” A. B. C. D. 2. Magistrates Tribunes Dictators Consuls Who did the Romans fight during the Punic Wars? For your test: Cornell notes Vocabulary Map: ◦ Italy, Rome, Sicily, the Alps, Greece, and Carthage First Triumvirate An alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus Rule Rome as consuls for 10 years Goal – to weaken the Senate and patrician class Julius Caesar Military general Conquered Gaul (modern day France) between 58 BC and 50 BC Excellent orator (public speaker) Becomes a key political figure in Rome End of the Triumvirate Crassus died in 53 BC Caesar grows more and more popular after he conquers Gaul Pompey’s allies in the Senate began to call for Pompey to be sole ruler of Rome They ordered Julius Caesar to give up control of his army ◦ He refused and marched back into Rome with his army (which was illegal), ready for war with Pompey Pompey and his allies fled Italy Caesar and his army chase after, finally defeating them in Greece in 48BC The Egyptian king orders Pompey killed Caesar is now solely in control of Roman politics. Julius Caesar Julius Caesar declared himself to be dictator for life in 45 BC. On March 15, 44 BC (the Ides of March), Caesar is attacked by the Senators and assassinated because they were scared he was trying to be king. ◦ Senate was angry with him for reducing their powers. ◦ The citizens of Rome resented the way he took power. The Second Triumvirate Marc Antony (Caesar’s former assistant) and Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son) emerge and take control of the Roman government. ◦ The 3rd consul was Marcus Lepidus. He controlled Northern Africa while Antony took control of the east and Octavian the west (including Italy). They vow to seek revenge for the murder of Julius Caesar. ◦ Their army defeats most of the assassins in 42 BC, and the remaining killers commit suicide. Marc Antony Octavian The Second Triumvirate The Senate gives this alliance complete political authority (in effect making them 3 dictators who rule their own part of the Republic). Rule for two 5 year terms before civil war breaks out due to disagreements, ambition for power, and jealousies between the three. The Young and the Restless 43 BC – Octavian married Antony’s stepdaughter 40 BC – Antony married Octavian’s sister After 8 years of marriage, Antony divorces Octavian’s sister and goes to live with Cleopatra. ◦ Octavian is furious! He uses this to turn public opinion against Marc Antony. Octavian obtains a copy of Antony’s will, which leaves substantial money to his and Cleopatra’s 3 children and instructions for his body to be buried in Alexandria, Egypt Octavian makes the will public in Rome which leads to outrage amongst the Roman Senate. ◦ They declare war on Cleopatra in 32 BC Civil War Octavian’s army defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in Greece in 31 BC Antony and Cleopatra escape to Egypt ◦ In 30 BC, they commit suicide ◦ Octavian declares himself ruler of Egypt and adds it to Roman territory End of the Republic 27BC – Octavian is given the title CAESAR AUGUSTUS by the Senate making him sole ruler, or emperor, of Rome. This marks the beginning of the Roman Empire. Quick Write Assignment Write a short summary of how Rome changed from a monarchy to a republic and now to an empire. Use your Chapter 10 and 11 notes to help you. Bonus: 5 Points List 2 ways the US government is similar to the Roman Republic. Come in quietly and take your Chapter 11 Notes and Vocabulary out Expansion of the Empire Rome continues to expand its territory and grant citizenship to conquered people. ◦ Took over all of the North African coast, Jerusalem, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, the island of Britain ◦ Empire included parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia Trade Expansion of lands promoted trade in the empire ◦ New goods for Rome – Chinese silk, Indian spices, African animals ◦ Used gold and silver coins to trade In the event that no one wanted Roman goods, gold and silver ensured foreigners would still trade with them. Pax Romana “Roman Peace” ◦ A period of growth, wealth, invention, and stability that lasted 200 years ◦ Included both political and cultural accomplishments Reached its height under Emperor Trajan ◦ Added Mesopotamia and Armenia ◦ Improved public works, including the road system and bridges, harbors, and renovating the Forum Achievements Most Roman accomplishments were geared toward solving problems in every day life. They often improved upon previous inventions and made them better. Architecture and Engineering 1.The Arch ◦ Was used to build higher, more stable structures ◦ Most famous example – the Coliseum 2.The Dome ◦ Used a series of arches to create a tall open area, or vault, inside a structure Can support more weight due to their rounded shape Used in bridges, vaults, and aqueducts The KEYSTONE is the most important stone in the arch. The arch would collapse without it. Cement Used to make structures last Is watertight Mixture of lime and volcanic rock and ash 3. Roads ◦ unified the empire, used for trade and military protection ◦ Built in layers of different materials ◦ Built over 50,000 miles of roads ◦ Parts still remain today ◦ Milestones marked distances 4. Aqueducts ◦ Raised channels that supplied fresh water to cities ◦ carried water from the mountains down to lower elevations Many roads and aqueducts are still in use today Science Studied science to improve health GALEN – surgeon who studied the body ◦ Described valves in the heart ◦ Noted differences between arteries and veins Art Beautiful mosaics Realistic portraits Lifelike sculptures (modeled after the Greeks) Language Latin Still used in science and medical fields today Later developed into the Romance languages ◦ Spanish ◦ French ◦ Italian ◦ Portuguese Law Legal system based on written laws Inspired civil law used around the world today 4/11/16 First Five: 4/11/16 1. 2. What happened to Julius Caesar and why? Which of the following governments existed in Rome? (Choose more than one) A. B. C. D. E. F. Democracy Monarchy Oligarchy Empire Republic Representative Democracy Roman Religion Polytheistic Most of their beliefs were adopted from the Greeks ◦ Gave the gods Roman names ◦ Example: Zeus becomes Jupiter Built temples, made sacrifices, prayed Believed in afterlife Allowed conquered people to keep own religions as long as they did NOT threaten Roman rule ◦ Judaism and Christianity seen as a threat because they did not pray to the Roman gods ◦ Jewish people rebel several times against the Romans creating political problems. They are defeated each time. ◦ In the early 100s, the Romans destroy the city of Jerusalem and force the Jews to leave. Judaism Belief in one almighty God (Yahweh) All knowing, all powerful, merciful, and just Believed God would send a Messiah to restore the nation of Israel ◦ Jews believe they are the chosen people who share a unique relationship with Yahweh ◦ In return,Yahweh gave them the land of Israel FIRST major monotheistic religion Holy book is the Torah Christianity Belief in one almighty God Belief in Jesus Christ as the Messiah ◦ This is where Christianity splits from Judaism Holy book is the Bible Spread beyond Jerusalem as Christians moved out of Judea after being persecuted by the Romans Jesus Carpenter from Nazareth Left home to become an traveling minister with his twelve disciples While preaching, he was recognized as a prophet and healer by some followers and welcomed as the son of God His message was love and devotion to God and all of mankind Christian Teachings Jesus is God in bodily form He died on the cross (the Crucifixion) and was resurrected from the dead so that man can be forgiven for their sins He remains among mankind as the Holy Spirit Spread of Christianity Banned in Roman Empire After the death of Jesus, his followers (Peter, John the Apostle, and Paul) continued to spread Christianity by teaching throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean Early 300s, Emperor Constantine converts and removes the ban Decline of the Empire 1. Expensive to maintain the empire ◦ Keeping military in distant lands ◦ Protecting traders on land and seas Taxes were continuously raised ◦ Angered the people because they couldn’t pay the taxes and began to lose their lands ◦ Many moved into the cities needing the government to care for them = even higher taxes ◦ Less farmers – less food – invite German tribes into empire to farm abandoned lands 2. Division into eastern and western empires led to civil wars between competing groups The empire was too large to efficiently govern so co-emperors ruled 2 capitols = Rome and Constantinople 3. Corruption and immorality amongst Roman citizens and government officials Political leaders would often bribe and threaten to achieve their goals and ignore the needs of the citizens Some officials began to form their own armies in order to overthrow emperors 4. Invasions and attacks from groups such as the Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Huns, and Visigoths The Huns invaded the lands of the Visigoths, who in turn fled into Roman lands Goths successful in defeating western armies and in 410 destroy the city of Rome This victory inspires other groups to attack Rome as well and by 450, military leaders are ruling the Western Roman Empire End of the Western Empire 476 AD – Western Roman Empire fell to Germanic invaders ◦ A German military general overthrew the last of the Roman Emperors and named himself king of Italy 4/12/16 List 3 things that led to the decline of the Roman Empire. 2. Who gave Octavian the title of Caesar Augustus? 3. What unified the Roman Empire, by making it easier to trade and provide military protection? 1. Byzantine Empire The eastern portion of the Roman Empire Lasts for 1,000 years after the fall of the Western Empire ◦ In 1453 the Ottoman Empire takes control Preserved and spread the accomplishments of the Greeks and Romans Constantinople Center of the Byzantine Empire Became the greatest city of the western world Straddled the Bosporous Strait, so it was located on 2 continents – Asia and Europe Was the crossroads for international trade Justinian Byzantine emperor Organized and simplified the Roman laws into a legal system called the Justinian Code ◦ Made the laws fair for all people Educated scholars and government officials so they could better help the citizens Byzantine Accomplishments Enhanced Roman artistic style of making mosaics from marble by adding brightly colored glass Built highly decorated Christian churches ◦ Most famous is the Hagia Sophia 4/13/16 4/14/16 Studies Weekly 18 & 19 4/15/16 Test