Download Present Phytosanitary Risks – Harmful Organisms

Present Phytosanitary Risks –
Harmful Organisms
Information Seminar on Phytosanitary
Issues
Plant Health Directorate
Date: 6th February, 2015
Main Aim of the Directorate
Mission Statement
The Plant Health Department, as the Maltese National Plant Protection
Organization (NPPO), co-ordinates and regulates activities on the
control/introduction/dispersion of major pests and diseases harmful to plant
production while encouraging the production of good quality and healthy plants,
as foreseen in the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the
European Union’s legislative provisions.
The Department implements preventive and control measures through;
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Surveys and inspections in nurseries, woodland areas and public areas.
Inspections at trade and boarder inspection posts (BIPs).
Control measures via eradication programmes and contingency plans.
These measures will ensure Malta is safe guarded against the introduction
and spread of organisms of quarantine and quality importance which are harmful
to plants within Malta and the EU.
Legal Basis
• Council Directive 2000/29/EC and its
amendments
On protective measures against the
introduction into the Community of organisms
harmful to plants or plant products and
against their spread within the Community.
• Transposed by Legal Notice 97/2004 (and its
amendments) - PLANT QUARANTINE ACT,
2001 (ACT NO. XI OF 2001)
Quarantine Citrus diseases
Stubborn disease- Spiroplasma citri
• Stubborn is caused by a bacteria Spiroplasma citri
• Principal economic hosts are grapefruits (C. paradisi),
lemons (C. limon),mandarins (C. reticulata), oranges
(C. sinensis) and sour oranges (C. aurantium).
• This disease is of greatest concern in countries
having a hot, dry climate
• Widespread in certain Mediterranean and EPPO
countries such as Cyprus, Egypt, France (Corsica
only), Greece, Italy (Sardinia, Sicily), Spain, Morocco
Turkey and Syria
Symptoms of Stubborn disease
• Affected trees are stunted and the leaves are
broader and shorter, sometimes mottled or
chlorotic
• Under very hot conditions leaves may have
blunted or heart- shaped yellow tips, which is
a highly diagnostic character
• Fruiting tends to be suppressed, stunted,
lopsided or acorn shaped and discoloured
Quarantine citrus diseases
Stubborn Disease- Spiroplasma citri
Source: http://www.fao.org
Source: http://www.fao.org
Source: http://ccpp.ucr.edu
Quarantine citrus diseases
Stubborn disease- Spiroplasma citri-Vectors
• The vector of stubborn disease is the sugarbeet
leafhopper- Circulifer tenellus and Neoaliturus
haematoceps
• Vectors present in Mediterranean and EPPO
countries such as Algeria, Egypt, France (Corsica;
della Giustina, 1989), Israel, Italy (Sicily), Libya,
Morocco, Spain (including Canary Islands),
Tunisia, Turkey
Quarantine citrus diseases
Stubborn disease- Spiroplasma citrivectors
Source: www.fao.org
Source: www.fao.org
Control of Stubborn disease
• Nursery trees should be grown under screenhouse
• Stunted trees should be destroyed
• Healthy source of bud-wood (spread through
infected bud-wood)
• Insecticide treatments against vectors are not
efficient
Quarantine citrus diseases
Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV)
Source: www.eppo.org
Source: www.ars-grin.gov
Vectors of Citrus Tristeza Virus present
in the Maltese Islands
Melon Aphid (Aphis gossypii)
Citrus Black Aphid (Toxoptera aurantii)
Spirea Aphid (Aphis Spiraecola)
Vectors of CTV- Toxoptera citricida
Source: FFTC 2006
Source: Nolasco, 2005
Transmission modes and control of
CTV
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Infected plants
Infected cuttings (grafting)
Vectors (aphids)
Use of Tristeza –tolerant rootstocks
Eradication of infected trees
Control of aphid vectors
Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas
citri subsp. citri
• A bacterial disease of citrus that causes
premature leaf and fruit drop
• Main symptoms are lesions on the leaves, stems
and fruit of citrus trees
• Affects the health and marketability of infected
fruit
• Canker causes the citrus tree to continually
decline in health and fruit production until the
tree produces no fruit at all
Citrus canker can spread by
• Windborne rain
• Lawnmowers and other landscaping equipment
• People carrying the infection on their hands,
clothing, or equipment
• Moving infected or exposed plants or plant parts
Source: www.apsnet.org
Source: www.apsnet.org
Citrus canker control
• No cure exists for citrus canker; disease
management is the only way to control the
disease
• Citrus canker management involves the use of
the timely applications of copper-containing
products and windbreaks to hinder inoculum
dispersal
• Most infections occur between April and July on
oranges and three to four applications of coppercontaining materials at 3-week intervals should
be sufficient to obtain relatively clean fruit
Quarantine citrus diseases
Citrus dry rot- Deuterophoma traceiphilla
• Fungal disease affecting lemon, lime,
bergamot and sour orange
• Symptoms appear in spring as leaf and shoot
chlorosis followed by dieback of twigs and
branches
• When sliced, recently affected branches show
distinct yellowish discolouration of tissue
• Can lead to destruction of the whole tree
Quarantine citrus diseases
Deuterophoma traceiphilla
Source: www.padil.gov.au
Source: www.bspp.org.uk
Source: www.tagem.gov.tr
Control of Deuterophoma traceiphilla
• Removal and burning of infected shoots or
whole plants when extensively affected
• Prevent physical damage to trees by
rotovation to prevent inoculation
• Two to five chemical spray preventive
treatments using copper based fungicides or
Thiophanate-methyl should be applied during
autumn/winter and especially immediately
after hail storms (Pollini, 2002; EPPO, 2004)
Quarantine citrus diseases
Citrus Black Spot(Guignardia
citricarpa)
• A fungal disease that affects citrus plants throughout
subtropical climates
• Will cause a reduction in both fruit quantity and
quality
• Symptoms include both fruit and leaf lesions, the latter
being critical to inter-tree dispersal
• Is present in many countries such as: Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, Mozambique,
Philippines, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Taiwan,
The United States and Uruguay
Citrus Black Spot control
• Strict regulation and management is necessary to
control this disease since there are currently no
citrus varieties that are resistant
• Applications of Copper based fungicides from
May-September may help in controlling the
spread of the disease
• Another method of control is to accelerate the
leaf litter decomposition under the trees in citrus
groves, this will reduce the chance for ascospore
inoculation
Quarantine citrus diseases
Citrus Black Spot
Source :http://citrusresearch.org/citrus-black-spot/
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_black_spot
Source:http://agrihortcommunications.com.au/?p=993
Source: http://www.agrofit.com.br/portal/citros/54citros/106-mancha-preta-uma-realidade-na-citricultura
Olive quick decline syndrome caused
by Xylella fastidiosa
• Detected in olive trees in Lecce province in
Apulia, Italy in October 2013
• Outbreak in Italy characterised by extensive
leaf scorch and dieback
• This disease infected olive trees across 74,000
acres of the region of Apulia
• Spread of the disease is by small xylem
feeding insect vectors
• Main entry is the movement for plants for
planting
Xylella fastidiosa
• Regulated in Annex I, Part A, Section I of Council
Directive 2000/29/EC
• Regulated by Commission Decision 2014/497/EU
Annex I Specifies the requirements for introduction of specified
plants from 3rd Countries
Annex II Specifies the requirements for movement of specified
within the EU Union
Olive quick decline syndrome caused
by Xylella fastidiosa
Source: http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/special_topics/Xylella_fastidiosa/Xylella_fastidiosa.htm
Olive quick decline syndrome caused
by Xylella fastidiosa
• The disease cannot be controlled by any pesticide
• The only control of this disease is by uprooting and
burning infected trees and applying pesticides for the
vectors
Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philaenus.spumarius.-.lindsey.jpg
Anoplophora chinensis (CLB),
Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB)
• Regulated by Commission Decision 2012/138/EU
• Beetles of CLB and ALB are quite similar and both
have white patches
• Body size ranges between 11 and 40 mm
• The major distinction between the two species is the
presence of numerous granulae at basal one-fourth
of elytra in CLB while they are absent in ALB
Larval and Pupal stages
Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
• PWN is a dangerous quarantine pest in forestry
• There are 70 tree species known as hosts of PWN
• It is 0.8 millimetres to 1 millimetre long so it is
difficult to observe
• PWN is vectored by bark beetles of the genus
Monochamus
Pine Wood Nematode Life cycle
Source- http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_pinewilt/pinewilt.htm
Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
This pest can spread through the following:
• Worldwide Trade
• Untreated or badly treated packaging wood is the
most dangerous factor for the distribution of PWN
• Round wood with bark
• Bark of infested trees
• Wood chips
• Containers with living vectors
• Bonsai plants
Potato cyst nematode
• Nematode that live on the roots of the plants in the
Solanum family
• Regulated by Annex I part A Section II of Council
Directive 2000/29/EC and Council Directive
2007/33/EC
• Hosts- Mainly potatoes, but tomatoes and
aubergines are also attacked. Other Solanum spp.
and their hybrids can also act as hosts
• Present in many European countries
Potato cyst nematode
• Detected in 2012 during the official surveys
carried by the directorate in Zebbug Malta
• Official result showed that it was not final
stage (empty Cysts) ,the crop did not show any
growth decline symptoms or yield reduction
• From the intensive surveys carried by the
directorate to date it can be concluded that
our climate and the environmental conditions
are not favourable for this pest to spread.
Potato cyst nematode
Source- www.snipview.com
Source- http://us.vocuspr.com
Phytophthora ramorum
• Fungal disease
• Regulated by Commission Decision 2002/757/EC
• Hosts: Quercus sp., Laurus nobilis (Bay laurel),
Viburnum and Rhododendron
• Found in the EU on several nursery plants
(mainly Rhododendron, Viburnum) in United
Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Czech Republic,
Netherlands, Denmark, France, Ireland, Slovenia
and Sweden
Phytophthora ramorum
Effect of Phytophthora on holm oak
Source: cisr.ucr.edu
Gibberella circinata
• A fungal disease
• Regulated by Commission Decision 2007/433/EC
• Hosts-Pinus sp (pines)
• This disease is present in Spain
• Surveys in are carried out woodland areas, public
areas and nurseries
Gibberella circinata
Source: www.diark.org
Source: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberella_circinata
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION