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Exam Review IB Biology HL What is a difference between human sperm and human egg cells? • A. Sperm have more chromosomes. • B. Sperm have a larger surface area to volume ratio. • C. Eggs have an autosome. • D. The division of the cytoplasm in sperm production is uneven Which pair of statements best describes oogenesis and spermatogenesis? Outline a possible cause of Down syndrome. • An extra chromosome 21 caused by sister chromatids not separating during meiosis Discuss the ethical issues surrounding IVF. • Multiple births • Complications for mom or baby Draw a labelled diagram of the adult female reproductive system. During urine production, what happens if the water content of the blood is too low? • A. Membrane channels are produced in the cells of the collecting duct. • B. The pituitary gland stops secreting ADH. • C. The collecting duct becomes less permeable to water. • D.Large volumes of dilute urine are formed. What happens when ATP binds to myosin heads during muscle contraction? • A. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. • B. Calcium ions are taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. • C. Cross-bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments are broken. • D. Myosin heads form cross-bridges with actin filaments. What is indicated by the letters X, Y and Z? State the function of the structure labelled A. What prevents antibiotics from being effective against viruses? • • • • A. Viruses have a high rate of mutation. B. Viruses have no RNA. C. Viruses have no metabolism. D. Viruses have a protein shell that protects them. How can active immunity be acquired? • • • • A. B. C. D. By having the disease Injection of antibodies Through colostrum Via placenta Where in a cell are antigens found? • • • • A. B. C. D. In the nucleus In the cytoplasm In the plasma membrane On the surface of the Golgi apparatus What is required to produce monoclonal antibodies? • • • • A. B. C. D. T-lymphocytes and oocytes T-lymphocytes and early embryo cells B-lymphocytes and tumour cells B-lymphocytes and stem cells Explain the principles of vaccination. Which response describes the behaviour of chromosomes in metaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis? • A. Chromosomes line up at the equator; Separation of homologous chromosomes • B. Tetrads (bivalents) line up at the equator; Separation of homologous chromosomes • C. Chromosomes line up at the equator; Separation of sister chromatids • D. Tetrads (bivalents) line up at the equator; Separation of sister chromatids The allele for red flower colour (R) in a certain plant is codominant with the allele for white flowers (R’). Thus a plant with the genotype RR’ has pink flowers. Tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d). What would be the expected phenotypic ratio from a cross of RR’dd plants with R’R’Dd plants? • A. 9:3:3:1 • B. 50% pink 50% white, and all tall • C. 1:1:1:1, in which 50% are tall, 50% dwarf, 50% pink and 50% white • D. 3:1 What is the locus of a gene? • A. The proportion of the population that have the gene • B. The part of the phenotype that is affected by the gene • C. The position of a gene on a chromosome • D. The predicted effect of natural selection on the frequency of the gene A gene has three alleles. How many different genotypes can be found for this gene? • • • • A. B. C. D. 3 6 9 12 Which human trait shows a pattern of polygenic inheritance? • A. ABO blood type • B. Sickle cell anemia • C. Skin colour • D. Co-dominant alleles How does the X chromosome differ from the Y chromosome in humans? • A. The Y chromosome is longer. • B. Some genes on the X chromosome are absent from the Y chromosome. • C. The genes are the same but some on the Y chromosome are not expressed. • D. The X chromosome determines sex. Plants develop brightly coloured flowers to attract animals. Which process is directly assisted by this adaptation? • • • • A. B. C. D. Seed dispersal Pollination Fertilization Germination Which of the following will promote variation in a species? I. Meiosis II. Fertilization III. Natural selection • • • • A. B. C. D. I only II only I and II only I, II and III Why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria? • A. All bacteria reproduce very quickly. • B. Bacteria exposed to antibiotics developed a resistance to them. • C. Varieties of bacteria resistant to antibiotics reproduce faster than non-resistant varieties. • D. Bacteria showing resistance to antibiotics survive after antibiotics are used. Which of the following represent homologous features? • • • • A. B. C. D. Wings in birds and insects The appendix in humans and horses Fins in fish and wings in birds The striped coat of the zebra and the tiger Draw and label a diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. Explain the consequences of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation. Which vessel directly supplies the heart muscle with blood? • • • • A. B. C. D. The aorta The pulmonary artery The coronary artery The pulmonary vein Is the blood in the aorta, left ventricle and pulmonary artery oxygenated or deoxygenated? Aorta Left Ventricle Oxygenated deoxygenated Pulmonary artery deoxygenated deoxygenated Oxygenated Oxygenated Oxygenated Oxygenated deoxygenated Oxygenated Oxygenated Oxygenated Celiac disease causes the destruction of the villi cells. Which of the following is most likely to happen to people with celiac disease? • A. Incomplete digestion of fats • B. Poor absorption of calcium • C. Increased levels of glucose in blood • D. Damage in the esophagus caused by increase in acid content of the stomach • • • • What sequence of organs do substances pass through, as they move through the human digestive system? A. mouth stomach pancreas small intestine liver large intestine anus B. mouthstomach small intestine pancreasliver large intestine anus C. mouthesophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus D. mouth esophagus stomach large intestine small intestineanus Explain the need for enzymes in digestion Which group of organisms in the carbon cycle converts carbon into a form that is available to primary consumers? • A. Decomposers • B. Saprotrophs • C. Detritus feeders • D. Producers What is a potential consequence of the rise in global temperatures on the Arctic ecosystem? • A. Increased exposure to UV light • B. Increased rate of decomposition of detritus • C. Decreased success of pest species • D. Increase in the ice habitat available to polar bears According to the precautionary principle, what should happen if there are fears that eating a food might cause a health problem? • A. People should be warned about the possible health problem. • B. The company producing the food should be warned about the possible health problem. • C. People who have fears about the food should test it to see if it causes a real health problem. • D. The company producing the food should test the food to prove that it does not cause a health problem. Describe what is meant by a food chain using an example with four named organisms. Explain how natural selection leads to evolution. The sequence of nucleotides in a section of RNA is: GCCAUACGAUCG What is the base sequence of the DNA sense strand? • • • • A. B. C. D. CGGUAUGCUAGC GCCATACGATCG CGGTATGCTAGC GCCAUACGAUCG What is removed during the formation of mature RNA in eukaryotes? • • • • A. B. C. D. Exons Introns Codons Nucleosomes What happens during translation? • • • • A. B. C. D. Copying of DNA to produce DNA Copying of DNA to produce mRNA Copying of DNA to produce tRNA Polypeptide synthesis