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Download The Impact of Urban Decay on Potential RVFV Vectors During the
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The Impact of Urban Decay on Potential RVFV Vectors During the Recent Economic Crisis Grace Schulte Old Dominion University VMCA 2012 The Pathogen • Rift Valley Fever Virus – Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Phlebovirus • Main mode of transmission – Direct or indirect contact with blood or organs of infected animals – Evidence of infection through milk – No human – to – human contact to date • Vector – Mosquitos, biting flies • Hosts – Primarily ungulates, occasionally humans Clinical Features in Humans • Mild – Flu‐ like symptoms (4‐7 days) – Can be mistaken for meningitis • Severe – Ocular Disease – Meningoencephalitus – Viral Hemorrhagic Fever RVF in Animals • Affects many species • Usually causes severe disease • Sheep, goats, cattle most susceptible • Death: 90% of young vs. 10% of adults • ~ 100% abortion rate – Sudden mass abortion in herds hallmark Recent Status 2000 – Yemen / Saudi Arabia 2006 ‐ Kenya Most current/ongoing outbreak – South Africa Current Vaccines • Inactivated Vaccine for human use – Not licensed, not commercially available – Experimentally used for vet and lab personnel • Vaccines for Animals – Live • One dose; may result in spontaneous abortion – Attenuated • Several doses – Must be implemented prior to outbreak! Implications for the US • RVFV listed as a select agent of the HHS and USDA • Can easily enter the states (WNV) – Infected animals/people – Mechanical vector transport – Malicious intent • Favorable seasonal and ecological conditions present Competent US Vectors Tested Aedes canadensis Ae. cantator Ae. dorsalis Ae. excrucians Ae. sollicitans Ae. taeniorhynchus Ae. triseriatus Ae. vexans Anopholes bradleyi‐crucians Culex erraticus Cx. pipiens Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx salinarius Cx. tarsalis Cx. territans Culicoides sonorensis Most Competent Aedes canadensis Aedes taeniorhynchus Aedes vexans Culex erraticus Culex pipiens Culex tarsalis Confounding Factors • Low larval rearing temp + warm adult holding temp = most efficient transmission • Ae. vexans – Florida and Louisiana – efficient – Colorado and California – incompetent • Competence or lack thereof in lab does not necessarily equal that in the wild Risk Mapping • First Prediction of Outbreak (Assaf Anayamba, et al) – 2009 – 2‐6 week warning – Sea‐surface temp, rainfall, vegetation index satellite data – Epidemiological and entomological information Recent Project • Modeling and Analysis of key factors – Temperature / Rainfall (NOAA Climate Data) – Vector Biology and distribution (Surveillance efforts) – Agricultural Data • Creation of a nationwide data analysis system – Useful to USDA, DHS, and state health departments • Substantial gaps in surveillance data Texas Mosquito Analysis Texas Risk Maps Temperature Precipitation Texas Risk Map Collaboration w/ UC Davis • California Vector‐borne Surveillance Gateway – “CalSurv Gateway” – complete mosquito‐borne virus surveillance management system • West Nile Virus – Shares many of the same vector species – Subject to common patterns and concerns New Discoveries • Neglected (Green) Swimming Pools in Bakersfield, Ca. – Cx. p. quinquefasciatus – Cx. tarsalis!! *Reisen, W.K., et al. (2008) Delinquent Mortgages, Neglected Swimming Pools, and West Nile Virus, California. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(11):1747‐1749 New Focus – Future Strategy • Foreclosure, abandoned home rates – Start small, interpolate • Current species distribution trends Acknowledgements Primary Investigator: Dr. Holly Gaff GIS Mapping: Dr. Hua Liu Also: Dr. William Riesen Dr. Chris Barker Bborie Park UC Davis WNV Research Group Funding provided by: Questions?
