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Taxonomy
Order in Diversity
Taxonomy: the science of
classifying organisms
into similar groups
based on their
characteristics and
evolutionary history
Number of Living Organisms
1.7 Million Species Identified
World's Species Distribution
Insects
Flowering Plants
Fungi
Other Animals
21%
5%
56%
18%
-1,000,000 Insects
-248,000 Flowering Plants
-69,000 Fungi
-281,000 Other Animals
-One third are parasites
Biodiversity: variations in genes,
species, and ecosystems
History of Taxonomy
-Originally proposed by
Aristotle
-based his system on
locomotion
Carlos Linnaeus
-Founder of Modern
Taxonomy
-based on similar body
structure
-placed organisms into
groups called taxa
-used the language of
Latin
Eight Major Taxonomic Groups
-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species

Largest Group

Smallest Group
Species
-A group of organisms
which share similar
characteristics
-can breed with one
another
-and produce fertile
offspring
Human Classification
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
-Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo (man)
Species: sapiens (wise)
Phylogeny – evolutionary history of
organisms
-Share common ancestors
-phylogenetic trees:
diagram showing
relatedness of all
species
Phylogenetic Tree
Warm
blooded
scales
Gills
Lungs
Binomial Nomenclature: “two name naming”
Scientific Names: Universal Language of Latin
1. Combination of genus and species.
2. Capitalize genus/lower case species
3. Underline or Italicize
Ex. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Purpose: Reduce confusion of common names
Bluegill, sunfish, panfish, bream, blue bream,
blue sunfish
Locust, harvest fly, Cicada
Cougar, panther, mountain lion, puma
Groundhog or woodchuck
Common Scientific Names
(Canis familiarus)
(Gorilla gorilla)
(Felix domesticus)
(Canis lupus)
Scientific names are given to…
1. Describe the species
Swima bombiviridis - the
bombing worm
2. Location of the 1st discovered species
Ex. Pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana)
3. Named after the scientist who discovered it
Ex. Panthera tigris corbetti (Jim Corbett)
Family Names
-Plant families end in “aceae”
Ex. Poeaceae (grasses)
-Animal families end in “idae”
ex. Hominidae (humans)
Modern Taxonomy
-Three Domains
-based on cell types
-Six Kingdoms
1. Domain Archaea – prokaryotic cells
1a. Kingdom
Archaeabacteria
-Unicellular
-asexual reproduction
-most primitive life form
2. Domain Bacteria: prokaryotic cells
2a. Kingdom Eubacteria:
-prokaryotic cells
-asexual reproduction
-most common bacteria
-several sizes and
shapes
Ex. Escherichia coli
3. Domain Eukarya: eukaryotic cells
3a. Kingdom Protista
-eukaryotic cells
-asexual/sexual
reproduction
-autotroph and
heterotroph
Ex. amoeba
3. Domain Eukarya: eukaryotic cells
3b. Kingdom Fungi
-some photosynthetic
-some are decomposers
-some parasitic
-multicellular
3. Domain Eukarya: eukaryotic cells
3c. Kingdom Plantae:
-multicelled and
eukaryotic
-cell specialization
-autotrophic
-sexual reproduction
Ex. Green plants
3. Domain Eukarya: eukaryotic cells
3d. Kingdom Animalia:
-multicellular
-eukaryotic
-heterotrophic
-complex organ systems
-sexual reproduction
Ex. Insects, birds,
mammals
Prokaryotic Cells: simple cells
-Lack a cell nucleus
-Lack organelles
-usually have a cell wall
-unicellular
Eukaryotic Cells: Complex cells
-have membrane-bound
nucleus*
-have many complex
organelles*
-have a cell wall (plant) or
cell membrane (animal)
-may be uni- or
multicellular