Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Glossary allies people or countries united for a specific purpose; during World War II, the countries that united to fight Germany amendment a change, addition, or correction; specifically, a change or addition to the U.S. Constitution anti-Semitism hatred of and prejudice against Jews appeal request for a higher court to review a case armada Spanish word used to describe a great fleet of armed ships assassin a murderer, especially someone who kills a public figure for political reasons baby boom an increase in the U.S. birth rate that began after World War II and continued through the mid-1960s bigotry intolerance, prejudice Bill of Rights first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution blitzkrieg German word used to describe sudden warfare intended to surprise the enemy and win a quick victory blockade closing off a place (such as a harbor or port) to prevent entering or leaving an area boycott to refuse to deal with a nation, company, or organization in order to show disapproval or force a change cabinet officially chosen group of advisers to the president candidate someone running for political office capitalism economic system based on private ownership of land and resources, in which individuals and businesses produce goods and services to make money; also known as the free enterprise (or free market) system census official count of people citizen someone with all the rights, protections, and responsibilities guaranteed under a nation’s government civil disobedience opposing a law as a matter of principle by refusing to obey it civil rights rights guaranteed to all citizens by the Constitution and acts of Congress Civil Rights Act of 1964 law prohibiting discrimination in public places and employment coalition union of groups with a common objective colony land controlled by a distant or foreign nation commune group of people living together who share resources and responsibilities communism economic and political system in which the state owns most of the land and property and which in theory is dedicated to social equality Glossary 351 Copyright © 2011, K12 Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced in whole or in part, including illustrations, without the express prior written consent of K12 Inc. concentration camp place where Nazis imprisoned, tortured, and killed people during World War II Constitution the document that outlines the plan of government in the United States containment policy to stop the spread of communism counterculture culture with values that are very different from those of established society crusade expedition or war motivated by religious beliefs embargo ban on commerce and trade empire group of cities, states, or territories under the rule of one person equality having the same rights, privileges, and status executive branch the branch of government that carries out the laws; in the U.S. the president is its head exile to banish someone from his or her home or country democracy government by the people, either directly or through elected representatives fascism political system, usually led by a dictator, characterized by extreme national and racial pride and suppression of opposition depression time of severe economic decline, including high unemployment and falling prices feminists people who believe that women deserve the same rights and opportunities as men dictator ruler with complete authority and no accountability free trade business between nations that is carried out without major restrictions discrimination showing favor toward or prejudice against people because they belong to a particular group fundamentalism belief in the literal truth of religious texts and in strict adherence to religious laws dove someone who takes an antiwar position genocide deliberate murder of an entire nation or ethnic group or the destruction of its culture economy management and flow of resources and money in a community emancipation granting of freedom Emancipation Proclamation document written and signed by President Abraham Lincoln that freed all slaves living in Confederate states during the Civil War ghetto a city neighborhood where poor people live crowded together, usually in bad conditions guerrilla a soldier who fights by using surprise tactics to bring down the enemy 352 Glossary Copyright © 2011, K12 Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced in whole or in part, including illustrations, without the express prior written consent of K12 Inc. habeas corpus, writ of a court order requiring proof that a prisoner is being justly held hawks people who advocate war or the use of force against other nations hippies young people of the 1960s who rebelled against traditional values Jim Crow system of laws beginning in the late 1800s that segregated blacks and forced them to use separate and inferior facilities Ku Klux Klan an organization formed in the South in 1866 that used lynching and violence to intimidate and control blacks and others Hoovervilles settlements of makeshift houses built by homeless people during the Great Depression labor unions associations of workers formed to promote and protect the rights of members hostage someone held prisoner as a bargaining chip in a conflict League of Nations an organization proposed by President Woodrow Wilson after World War I to unite nations in working for peace and security immigrants people who move to a new country or region lobby to attempt to influence lawmakers impeach to charge a public official with crimes or misconduct lynching kidnapping and execution of a person by a mob imperialism expanding a nation by taking other lands martyr someone who chooses to die rather than give up a religious belief or political principle inauguration ceremony that ushers a new president into office infidels nonbelievers in a dominant religion, according to the believers inflation the process by which the prices of goods and services increase integration bringing together different racial and ethnic groups internment confinement, especially in wartime isolationism a national policy of withdrawal from world affairs migration movement of a group from one country or region to another national debt total amount of money the federal government owes to lenders nationalism strong feeling of pride in one’s country Native Americans the first peoples of North America, including those called Eskimos and Indians nativism the practice of favoring native-born citizens over immigrants Glossary 353 Copyright © 2011, K12 Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced in whole or in part, including illustrations, without the express prior written consent of K12 Inc. Nazis the German political party led by Adolf Hitler nonconformist person who follows his or her own beliefs instead of what may be traditional or popular nonviolent resistance peaceful protest that avoids the use of physical force orator an effective public speaker pacifism opposition to the use of force under any circumstance ratify to formally approve a suggested action reparations payments made for damages suffered reservation public land set aside for special use, especially land set aside for Indian peoples after European Americans took over Indian land revenues income, especially from city, state, or national taxes revolution overthrow of a government pardon official forgiveness for a crime riots violent disturbances of the peace parliament a legislature segregation the practice of separating one racial, ethnic, or religious group from another, especially in public places peninsula a piece of land almost entirely surrounded by water perjury lying under oath poll tax tax (that has been found to be unconstitutional) that people in some states used to have to pay before they were allowed to vote Quakers a Christian group, officially called the Society of Friends, that opposes war and believes in respecting the rights of other people quota limit on the number of people from an ethnic, religious, or other group who will be allowed into a nation, institution, or organization self-determination the right of citizens to choose the form of government under which they will live sit-in organized demonstration by protesters who sat down in segregated establishments and refused to leave socialism government ownership of factories and services with wages determined by workers’ needs speculation financial risks taken in order to make a large profit stock exchange trading center where shares of stock are bought and sold radical someone who favors extreme changes in existing laws or conditions 354 Glossary Copyright © 2011, K12 Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced in whole or in part, including illustrations, without the express prior written consent of K12 Inc. stock market the stock exchange and associated businesses for the buying and selling of stocks totalitarian form of dictatorship that has total control over all aspects of life and that suppresses all political or cultural opposition suburb a residential community on the outskirts of a city treaty formal agreement between nations tariff tax on imports or exports tax money that citizens and businesses are required to contribute to pay for the cost of government and the services it provides truce agreement to stop fighting tyranny absolute power, especially when it is unjustly or cruelly used U-boats German submarines technology application of scientific ideas for practical purposes United Nations an international organization formed in 1945 to promote peace, security, and economic development among nations Third Reich Germany under Adolf Hitler, 1933 to 1945 white-collar job office job Glossary 355 Copyright © 2011, K12 Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced in whole or in part, including illustrations, without the express prior written consent of K12 Inc.