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Anatomy and Physiology Circulation and respiration Glossary of terms used in this chapter Acidosis an over-acid condition in bodily tissues or fluids Actin contractile protein that makes up the thin filaments of muscle fibres Actomyosin the protein that enables muscles to contract Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule found in all living organisms that is the main immediate source of usable energy for the activities of the cells Aerobic describing a pathway that utilises oxygen Aerobics vigorous exercise designed to increase the body’s oxygen uptake Alactic used to describe activities in which lactic acid is not being accumulated in the muscle cells Albumin water-soluble protein found in egg-white, milk and blood. In the blood it is found in plasma Alveolar air air remaining in the lungs that cannot be exhaled. same as residual air Alveoli tiny air sacs of the lungs that allow for rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Amino acids organic compounds occurring naturally in plant and animal tissues and forming the basic constituents of proteins Anaerobic growing or existing without oxygen Arteriosclerosis a loss of elasticity and thickening of the walls of the arteries (hardening of the arteries) Atrium one of the 2 upper chambers of the heart, receiving blood from the veins (plural is atria) Beta-oxidation the first step in fatty acid oxidation which results in the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A for entry into the Krebs cycle Blood pressure the pressure of the blood against the walls of blood vessels Blood sugar another term for glucose Bronchiole a very small division of a bronchus Bronchus branches of the respiratory pathway (plural bronchi) Calorie a calorie (cal) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water through 1°C a kilocalorie (kcal) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water through 1°C. The kilocalorie is the unit used to measure the energy value of foods Carbohydrate an energy-producing organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen e.g. starch, glucose and other sugars Cardiovascular of or relating to the heart and blood vessels Catalyst a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing any permanent change Cholesterol a steroid occurring naturally in body cells and fluids, high levels of which can cause hardening of the arteries. Levels of cholesterol are increased by eating too much saturated fat Ciliated having cilia Cilium a small hair-like vibrating structure on the surface of some cells, which create currents in the surrounding fluid (plural cilia) Circulatory system system that governs the circulation of blood Collagen a protein found in connective tissue (yields gelatin on boiling) Creatine phosphate (CP) molecule in skeletal muscle fibres that contains high energy phosphate bonds used to generate ATP Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) an enzyme used in the breakdown of creatine phosphate to form ATP Diaphragm a muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen Diastole the period between 2 contractions of the heart when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood (see also systole) Diastolic pressure the blood pressure during diastole (ventricular relaxation) Electron transport chain a series of chemical reactions that converts the hydrogen ion generated by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle into water and produces energy for oxidative phosphorylation Endothelium a layer of cells lining the blood-vessels and heart Energy capacity for work; the capacity of matter to do work; the means of doing work Enzyme a protein acting as a catalyst in a specific biochemical reaction Epiglottis a flap or fold of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which covers the windpipe during swallowing Erythrocytes red blood cells Essential amino acids standard amino acids that humans and other animals must obtain from their diet in order to survive. Essential amino acids for humans include lysine, tryptophan, valine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, methionine and arginine Expiration breathing out Expiratory reserve volume air that can be exhaled during a forced expiration Fats natural esters of glycerol and various fatty acids existing as solids at room temperature Fatty acids organic compounds that consist of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group Fibrinogen a soluble protein found in blood plasma that aids clotting Fructose a simple sugar found in fruits and honey Glucose a major energy source for every cell in the body, for the production of ATP Glycerol (also called glycerine) an alcohol that is found in human and animal cells. Simple fats and oils are esters of fatty acids and glycerol Glycogen a polysaccharide that serves as a store of carbohydrates such as glucose in the body Glycolysis the breakdown of glucose by enzymes to release energy Heart rate (HR) the rate of beating of the heart Heart rate recovery period the time it takes for the heart rate to return to its resting rate Hypertension abnormally high blood pressure Hyperventilation breathing at an unusually fast rate, resulting in a reduction of carbon dioxide Hypoglycaemia an abnormally low level of glucose in the bloodstream Inferior vena cava the lower of 2 main veins carrying blood to the heart. See superior vena cava Inspiration breathing in Joule (J) the unit of work or energy equal to the work done by a force of one newton when its point of application moves one metre in the direction of action of the force, equivalent to a wattsecond Keratin a fibrous protein occurring in hair, feathers, etc Krebs cycle a series of chemical reactions that involve the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and produce 2 moles of ATP, and hydrogen and carbon, which combine with oxygen to form H2 O and CO2 Lactate a salt or ester of lactic acid Lactate threshold the level of work that starts the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle cells Lactic acid an acid formed in muscle tissues during strenuous exercise Larynx chamber at the front or upper part of the windpipe, leading from the lower portion of the pharynx to the trachea, in which the voice is produced Leucocytes white blood cells Lobus inferior lower lobe of the lung Lobus medius middle lobe of the lung Lobus superior upper lobe of the lung Lungs large spongy respiratory organs in the thorax which bring air into contact with the blood Metabolism all the chemical processes that occur within a living organism, that result in energy production and growth Mucous membrane a mucus-secreting epithelial (outer layer) tissue lining many body cavities and tubular organs Mucous membrane a mucus-secreting tissue that lines many body cavities and tubular organs Myosin contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibres Oesophagus (or gullet) the tract from the mouth to the stomach Oils viscous liquids insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents Oxygen debt recovery oxygen intake in excess of resting following exercise Pathway a specific sequence of reactions within cells, catalysed by enzymes, in which one compound is converted to another one that is important biologically Peptide organic compound that consists of 2 or more amino acids bonded in sequence Pharynx a cone-shaped opening behind the nose and mouth, common to both the digestive and respiratory systems Pleural membranes (or pleura) serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs Portal vein a vein that carries blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas and intestines Protein organic compound composed of one or more chains of amino acids and forming an essential part of all living organisms Pulmonary of or relating to the lungs Pulmonary artery the artery carrying blood from the heart to the lungs Reaction (in biology or chemistry) the interaction of substances undergoing chemical change Residual air same as alveolar air Respiration the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and body cells Sphygmomanometer an instrument for measuring blood pressure Stroke volume (SV) the volume of blood per beat Superior vena cava the upper of 2 main veins carrying blood to the heart. See inferior vena cava Systemic referring to the whole body, rather than a particular part Systole the contraction of the heart when blood is pumped into the arteries (see diastole) Systolic pressure the blood pressure during systole (ventricular contraction) Thorax wall the bones of the thorax consisting of the thoracic spinal column, the ribs, and the sternum Thrombocytes blood platelets Tidal volume the air inhaled and exhaled at each breath Tissue any of the coherent collections of specialized cells of which animals or plants are made, such as muscular tissue; nervous tissue Trachea (or windpipe) the passage through which air reaches the bronchial tubes from the larynx. It is reinforced with rings of cartilage Ventilation the volume of air inhaled or exhaled per minute Vital capacity the total quantity of air that can be inhaled and exhaled by an individual