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1. Introductive Course
Biology is the system of the sciences of living nature. The place of biology among other
disciplines, its importance for medicine, pharmacy and agriculture.
The main features of the living. Levels of organization of the living nature.
The cell as the basic structural and functional unit of the living nature.
The basic structure of the cell: the cell membrane, nucleus, organoids. Brief description
of their functions. Similarities and differences between cell structures of plants and animals.
Cell theory.
The chemical composition of cells: inorganic and organic substances.
Inorganic substances: water, minerals, chemical elements.
Organic compounds of living organisms.
Basic concepts of the taxonomy.
2. Human anatomy and physiology.
Human hygiene and health
1. Tissues of the man and animal.
Tissues of the body as a whole. The union of cells in the tissue. Types of tissue:
epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve.
The concept of bone, cartilage, loose connective tissue. Blood is the liquid connective
tissue.
Smooth muscles and their functions. Striated muscles and their functions. Features of the
structure of the cardiac muscle.
Neuron as a structural and functional unit of the nervous system. The reflex arc.
The concept about organ, system of organs. The physiological system of human organs.
2. Osteal system.
Overview of the structure of the human skeleton. Classification and the connection of
bones. The composition, structure and properties of bones. The main functions of the skeleton:
base, protection, participation in metabolism, blood-forming function.
The skeleton of a human body, spine, skull and limbs. The bones of different parts of the
skeleton.
Features of human skeletal structure in connection with bipedal locomotion.
3. The muscular system of the human.
The main muscle groups of the human. The muscles of the head, neck, trunk, and limbs.
The mechanism of muscle contraction.
Regulation of muscles. Prevention of curvature of the spine and the development of
flatfoot.
4. The cardiovascular system of the human.
Transportation of substances in the organism. The composition of the blood. The
composition of the plasma. Red blood cells, their structure and function. White blood cells, the
structure and function. The concept of immunity. Thrombocytes. Blood coagulation.
Heart. Its structure and operation. Neurohumoral regulation of the heart. Pulse.
The big and small circle of blood circulation. The motion of the blood in vessels. Vessels:
arteries, capillaries and veins. Blood pressure. Bad habits and their effect on blood circulation.
5. The lymphatic system.
Lymph. Tissue fluid. Structure and function of the lymphatic system. Organization of the
movement of fluids in the body. Providing homeostasis of the organism.
6. Human Respiratory System.
Pneumatic pathes and lungs. The upper respiratory tract, nasal cavity function. The
larynx, the structure and function. Vocal apparatus, its structure, the formation of sound. The
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. The mechanism of inhalation and exhalation. Transport of
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Cellular respiration.
Nervous and humoral regulation of breathing.
The action of carbon monoxide. The influence of smoking, air pollution on the
respiratory system.
7. The human alimentary system.
Nutrients and food products.
Mechanical processing of food and chemical scission of food.
Structure and functions of the digestive system of humans.
Teeth. The structure of the teeth, depending on their function.
The enzymes of saliva, gastric juice, pancreas. The mechanism of action of enzymes. The
significance of bile.
Digestion in the small intestine. Absorption in the small intestine. The function of the
large intestine.
The significance of medical and biological requirements for quality and safety of food.
Possible causes of digestive disorders.
8. The urinary system of the human.
Overview of the structure of the urinary system.
Macro-and microscopic structure of the kidney. Nephron. The formation of primary and
secondary urine.
Bladder and reflexive excretion of urine.
Homeostatic indices of the chemical composition of urine.
9. Skin.
Structure and function of the skin. Sweat glands. The mechanism of thermoregulation.
The mechanical and thermal damage to the skin. Skin care. The derivatives of the skin.
10. The nervous system.
Nervous regulation. Neuron as a structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Central and peripheral nervous system. The somatic nervous system. The autonomic nervous
system (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
The reflex arc.
The structure of the spinal cord and its functions.
The structure of the parts of the brain and their functions. Cortex.
The concept of human higher nervous activity. Unconditional and conditional reflexes.
Works by I.P. Pavlov about the formation of conditioned reflexes.
Language - the second signaling system of the human.
The influence of alcohol, drugs and toxins on the nervous system and human behavior.
11. The concept of the sensory systems and analyzers.
12. The endocrine system.
Hormones and their effect.
Endocrine glands: pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands.
Endoexocrine gland: pancreas, sex.
Excretory glands.
The hypothalamus as the top center of the regulation to maintain homeostasis.
The unity and complementarity of neurohumoral regulation.
13. Metabolism and energy.
Organic and inorganic metabolism. Assimilation and dissimilation - two sides of one process of
metabolism. The regulation of metabolism.
The liver and its role in metabolism.
Types of metabolism.
Balance of nutrition.
14. Reproduction and individual development of the human.
Sexual reproduction. The structure of male and female reproductive systems.
Embryonic period of human development. Germ layers. Formation of the fetus.
Postnatal (postembryonic) development period. The age periodisation (baby, childhood,
teenage, adolescent, mature, old, senile age).
Garonne regulation of sexual maturation.
3. Principles of Zoology and Parasitology
1. Zoology - the study of the animal world.
Similarities and differences between animals and plants.
Taxa in the taxonomy of animals. Major taxonomic groups of animals. The concept of
species. Parasitology and medicine. The concept of parasitism.
2. Single-celled animals.
Elementary cell as an integrated organism. General characteristics of single-celled.
Features of the external and the internal structure of single-celled.
Parasitic single-celled: dysentery amoeba, trypanosomes, trichomonas, giardia,
leishmania, balantidiums, malaria plasmodium.
3. Many-celled animals.
The difference between the cells of single-celled and many-celled organisms. General
characteristics of many-celled as an example Hydra.
4. Type of Flatworms.
General description of the type (three-layer, bilateral symmetry, skin-muscular sac).
Features of the structure. The life cycles of parasitic flatworms. The intermediate and final hosts
of parasites. Liver fluke, bovine tapeworm, pork tapeworm, broad tapeworm, echinococcus.
Prevention of infection.
5. Type Roundworms.
General description of the type (three-layer, two-sided symmetry, body cavity). Features
of the structure, the environment of the parasite lives. The life cycle of Roundworms. Ascarides,
pinworm, trihinela.
Prevention of infection.
Helminthology - the study of parasitic worms.
6. Type of annelid worms.
General characteristics (segmentation, the cavity of the body, the circulatory system,
regeneration).
Environment, variety of worms. Their significance in the nature and human life.
7. Type of Arthropods.
General description of the type (segmentation, cavity of the body, parts of the body
covers).
Classes: crustaceans, arachnids, insects.
Environment, structure, the vital activity of spider and mites. A variety of spiders and
mites, and their importance in nature and life of animals and humans (tarantula, karakurt, spider
mites, gall mites, itch tick, taiga tick, dog tick).
The structure of insects. Types of insect development. Features of the behavior of insects.
The practical significance of insects. Pollinators of plants, timber bearers, herbivorous,
dangerous agricultural pests, pathogens and vectors of human diseases, animals and plants.
8. Type of Chordates.
General characteristics of the type of Chordates. Classification (taxonomy) of chordates.
Variety. The signficance of chordates in the human life.
Protection of wildlife. The Red Book.
Cephalochordates.
Lancelet. Features of the structure of the lancelet as chordates.
Cranial.
Fish. External and internal structure, development. A variety of fish.
Amphibians. Features of external and internal structure, the processes of life in
connection with the semi-aquatic lifestyle. A variety of amphibians.
Reptiles. Features of the structure and vital activity of reptiles. A variety of reptiles. The
practical significance.
Birds. Features of the structure and vital activity of birds. A variety of birds and their
adaptation to the conditions of existence.
Mammals. Characterization of the class of mammals.
Features of the structure of organs and their functions. Physiological organ systems.
A variety of mammals.
Farm animals.
Protection of mammals.
Chapter 4. Microorganisms. Plants.
1. Viruses. Bacteria.
The main features of the living. A variety of living things.
The concept of the taxonomy. The main taxa (units of classification).