Download Disease Review/Vishaada

Disease Review/Vishaada
Vishaada v/s Generalized Anxiety Disorder
The Vedic literature especially Upanishads and Darshans have tried to explain the various
aspects of Mana, its synonyms, its functions etc. Mana described in Ayurveda has its root in the
Sankhya, Vaisheshika and Nyaya philosophies. The Ayurvedic texts have vividly described
about various mental disorders and psychological disturbances. But the detailed description
about these mental disorders is arbitrary except for Unmada and Apasmara. Many areas still
remain untouched and unexplored. One such ill defined and incompletely described disorder is
Vishaada.
Vishaada is a psychological disorder as old as mankind. Its references are so scattered in most of
the Indian classics which makes it is very difficult for the clinicians to differentiate and diagnose
this condition. A few of earlier done research works have projected the term Vishaada as
Depression. But looking into the pathophysiology and symptomatic presentation of Vishaada,
this evaluation did not seem to be concrete. On the other hand ayurvedic researchers have tried to
study and compare the symptomatology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder under the umbrella of
several psychological entities like Chittodvega, Anavasthittachitta, Attatvabhinivesha, etc.In both
the cases there has been a lacunae in establishing a concrete conclusion to establish a
comparative modern clinical entity in simulation to Vishaada.
Taking into consideration all these facts a hypothesis to understand Vishaada in context of
Generalized Anxiety disorder was made and after studying the disorder in detail it was concluded
that the psychological and somatic presentation of the disease entity Vishaada is similar to
Generalized Anxiety Disorder of modern psychiatry.
Etymological derivation of Vishada
1. (Pu) Vi+ Shad - Dhaj Pratyaya = Vishada[1]
2. Vi + Shad+ Kta = Vishada[2]
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Disease Review/Vishaada
Anxiety originates from Latin word ―anxietas‖ means experience of anger. In Modern Greek, we
confront the word ―anesuchia‖ whose root meaning in ―not quiet‖ or ―not calm‖. The Romans
used the word ―anxietas‖ which indicated a lasting state of fearfulness.
Definition and symptomatology of Vishaada
Various authors have derived, defined and interpreted the term Vishaada in different ways. A few of
which have been described below:
 Shabda
Kalpadruma
and
Vachaspatyam
refer
to
Vishaada
as
[3]
Avasada
Vishaada=Manoavsada=Swakarya Akshamatva=Inability of mind to perform its routine functions
effectively (Vachaspatyam)
 Monier Williams gives the meaning of Vishaada as drooping state, lassitude, depression,
languor. [4]
Looking into the dictionary meaning of this word it appears that Vishaada resembles to
depression but having a closer look at other references present in Ayurvedic texts and the
epitome of ancient psychology – Bhagvada Gita the symptomatology of Vishaada shows a great
resemblance to the features of Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

―Asiddhibhayat vividheshu karmeshu apravritti vishaada‖
[5]
Dalhana defines Vishaada as a
condition originated from apprehension of failure resulting into incapability of mind and body to
function properly. There is a significant reduction in both the activities. This condition arises out
of low self esteem. Low self esteem leads to low performance expectation which again leads to
high anxiety (Udvignata) and reduced effort (Apravritti).
According to modern psychiatry anxiety is defined as a phenomenon which is characterized by a
state of apprehension or unease arising out of anticipation of danger. [6]
It is well reported that patients with generalized anxiety disorder appear to have autonomic hypo
responsiveness [7] which does not necessarily mean that the patient is suffering from depression.

―Vishaado anushtheyo atmanam ashaktatajananam.‖
[8]
In this definition, Chakrapani
comments that Vishaada is a feeling of incompetence to accomplish or perform a desired work.
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To perform well or to achieve a goal, one needs a moderate amount of anxiety to anticipate and
apprehend the consequence of a decision or behavior. But when a person is unable to cope up
with this stress it leads to a feeling of incompetence to accomplish the desired goal and leads to
an intense disagreeable state, associated with an undefined threat to one‘s physical and
psychological self. Subjectively patient use words such as tense, panicky, terrified, jittery,
nervous, wound up, and apprehensive.

―Vishada Sarvada manah khedah‖ [9]

―Vishannatvam dukhkhitvam‖ [10]
Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by a pattern of frequent, persistent worry and
anxiety that is out of proportion to the impact of the event or circumstance that is the focus of the
worry. [11] For getting a clear picture of Vishaada it is important to review the literature available
in the acclaimed book of psychological counseling since ages i.e. Bhagwad Gita
In the first chapter of Bhagwad Gita named as ‗Arjuna Vishaada Yoga‘, when Arjuna sees most
of his relatives, friends and elders lined opposite to him in war he develops Vishaada which is
specified by the Vishidayantee process. Due to this Vishaada he develops certain symptoms
presented below which are quite similar to symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. As a
result of this disorder he develops dejection and flight reaction. For which Lord Krishna begins
psychological counseling and clears his misconcepts one by one. [12]
A clear understanding of each symptom of Vishaada mentioned by Shri Krishna is Bhagwad Gita
provides a platform for understanding the presentation of symptoms in Generalized Anxiety
Disorder.

Gatra Saada (Quivering of body or an involuntary vibration as if from illness or fear)
The flight or fight response is an intense reaction and causes many systems of the body to react.
Circulation, blood oxygen and blood carbon dioxide levels change and muscle tension is altered
in preparation for action. All of these bodily changes have a profound effect on bodily
sensations, feeling weak in the extremities, (arms, hands, legs or feet) is one of these sensations.
Quivering is usually caused by the pooling of blood carbon dioxide in the limbs, shaking the
hands, arms, legs and feet can help increase circulation to these areas. The nervous system is a
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very complex network of electrically charged nerves which are found in every square centimeter
of our body, around every organ, muscle and across the skin, the largest organ in the body.
Abnormal nerve impulses due to anxiety can cause a vast array of strange sensations; although
quite harmless these can be very disturbing.

Vepathu (Tremors)
Shaking or tremor is a normal reaction to fear and/or a drop in body temperature. Shaking occurs
when the muscles spasmodically contract creating friction between muscles and other body
tissues. This friction creates heat which raises body temperature. During anxiety it is quite
shaking or shivering is quite evident.

Romaharsha (Horripulation)
Horripulation is the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily
develop
when
a
person
is
cold
or
experiences
strong
emotions
such
as fear, nostalgia, pleasure, awe, admiration or sexual arousal.[13] .Another intense emotional
situation that can cause goose bumps is the "fight or flight" response the body can employ in an
extremely stressful situation. As the body prepares itself for either fighting or running, it floods
the system with adrenalin, the chemical that speeds up heart rate and metabolism in the presence
of extreme stress and anxiety.[14]

Paridahan( Burning sensation all over body)
In case of anxious state there is burning skin sensation like you have a bad sun burn, but there are
no apparent marks on the skin. The burning skin sensation may remain in one location, may
randomly change from location to location, or may affect the entire body. It can be intermittent
or can persist indefinitely. The burning skin sensation is commonly aggravated by stressful or
fearful situations. [15]

Gaandivam Sransate Haste (Feeling of Muscle weakness or exhaustion)
An anxious person does not feel tired or exhausted, yet he feels weak, light, unsteady, or like he
may faint at any time. He may also feel like he does not have any strength or energy. Even a
small or simple task seems like they require more energy than they have. There is a feeling of
muscle weakness.
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
Na Cha Shaknomi Avasthatum (Unable to stand at one place)
In GAD patient feels suddenly unsteady, light-headed, woozy or dizzy. This is sometimes
accompanied by a feeling that he might faint or pass out. It may also feel as though he is walking
on a boat, or that the floor seems to move up and down and it's hard to balance. He may also
have difficulty in placing his feet because his perception of the ground or floor may be incorrect.
In some cases it may seem that even though the patient is standing on a firm floor, the floor may
be vibrating or moving. Unsteadiness, dizziness, feeling dizzy or light-headedness are common
symptoms of stress, fear, and anxiety.

Mano bhraman (Reeling of mind)
The patient if GAD feels like he is not a part of what is going on, or like he is in a dream state or
‗out of touch with things‘. He may also feel that he is an observer of the world, or even himself,
but not able to feel a part of reality. Sometimes he may feel very unreal then think that he is
losing his control over mind or will cross over into some other non-real world. These thoughts
may cause him to panic with fear. Also, things around him may seem like they are shimmering,
foggy, hazy, too bright, or tunnel-like.

Mukhashosha (Dryness of mouth)
As the fluids and blood flow are diverted for use in other parts of the body during anxiety, the
mouth becomes dry. Another important symptom which is associated with dryness of mouth is
Lump in throat & Difficulty swallowing. Globes Hysterics is the correct term for this symptom.
It is caused by the muscles in the throat contracting due to anxiety or stress. Sometimes a person
cannot swallow anything and trying to make it worse. It is totally harmless and will not cause
stop breathing, eating or drinking it is just very unpleasant. [16]
Other important symptoms of Vishaada are explained below

Anavasthitachittam (Decreased concentration)
In GAD the patient has difficulty in concentrating or it feels like the short-term memory isn‘t as
good as it used to be. He may also notice that normal tasks seem hard to focus on or he has
difficulty in forming thoughts or carrying on conversations.
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
Dukhatvam(Feeling of Sadness) and Avasada (Depressed mood)
Depression is a word that is commonly misused to describe a variety of conditions. Depression is
a series of chemical imbalances that create a clinical illness that has strong links with anxiety
disorders and can be a side effect of them. Anxiety has many features of depression and can
mimic it quite strongly.

Nidra Vaishamya (Sleep disturbances)
One of the most distressing effects of anxiety is inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep. This
may be accompanied by increased dreams or night mares. Dreams and nightmares tend to mimic
what is going on in our daily lives. If we are relaxed and contented we have pleasant dreams and
usually do not remember them. If we are disturbed or confused our dreams are more likely to be
distressing.

Atmano Ashakta Jananam (Feeling of inefficiency)
The patient of GAD often feels that he is inefficient to perform his duties due to lowered self
esteem. Low self esteem leads to low performance expectation which again leads to high anxiety
(Udvignata) and reduced effort (Apravritti).

Asiddhi Bhayat Apravritti (Atychiphobia)
Atychiphobia is actually a unique type of phobia. It is a phobia relating to the persistent,
abnormal, irrational, and unwarranted fear of failure. It may be present because of some early life
causes such as demeaning or degrading parents or siblings, or traumatic events where there is
failure and at the same time embarrassment. These early life causes are said to stay in the
unconscious mind until a certain triggering point, event, etc. and ultimately lead to manifestation
of anxiety symptoms. [17]

Chittodvega (Anxious mood)
This is the cardinal sign of GAD. Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that can often occur
without an identifiable triggering stimulus. As such, it is distinguished from fear, which is an
emotional response to a perceived threat. Additionally, fear is related to the specific behaviors
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of escape and avoidance, whereas anxiety is related to situations perceived as uncontrollable or
unavoidable. [18]
 Prasveda (Sweating)
Sweating is a normal bodily reaction and is designed to reduce the body temperature. During
periods of anxiety the body is preparing itself for either flight or fight and releases sweat to cool
the impending exertions. As the anxiety subsides sweat levels return to normal.

Hridadrava (Palpitations)
Heart palpitations feel like the patient‘s heart is pounding, racing, beating fast, beating too hard,
skips a beat, or feels like it stops in his chest. It can also produce a feeling like a tickle in chest
that makes him cough. The heart's rhythm may be normal or abnormal. Palpitations can be felt in
your chest, throat, or neck.

Aruchi (Loss of appetite)
This symptom has both psychological as well as physiological impact. Sometimes the patient just
doesn‘t feel like eating, or the thought of food is unappealing. Or, that even though he is eating,
the food has no taste or is unsatisfying. Physiologically during periods of anxiety the body
diverts blood from various parts of the body to the muscle tissues in order to supply them with
the oxygen needed by them during the flight or fight response. One of the main areas where
blood is used most is around the digestive tract. As blood is diverted away from the stomach
during anxiety, the digestion slows and there is loss of appetite.

Shrama Asahtva ( Fatigue unrelated to exertion)
The patients of GAD become extremely exhausted, burnt out or have no energy. He may feel
tired all of the time and find even small tasks to be unusually tiring. He has no stamina and feels
that he could sleep all day and then wake up still tired.
Hence, from the above description it is very clear that the symptoms of Vishaada as explained in
Bhagwad Gita serve as a guiding light in understanding the symptomatology and pathogenesis of
Generalized Anxiety disorder.
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Definition of Generalized Anxiety disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) has the key component of the worry, with associated
symptoms of restlessness, fatigue impaired concentration, irritability muscle tension and sleep
disturbance. The definition of GAD has changed over time. In the current version of DSM-IV TR, GAD has changed from a residual category describing individuals who do not fit other
anxiety categories to a well-defined condition with sound diagnostic criteria. These criteria
include a 6-month symptom requirement & more emphasis on the psychic features of the
conditions symptoms and behaviors associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
DSM IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder [19]
A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation) about a number of events or
activities (such as work or school performance) occurring more days than not for at least 6
months.
B. The person finds it difficult to control the worry.
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with at least three of the following six symptoms (with
at least some symptoms present for more days than not, for the past 6 months):
1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
2. Being easily fatigued
3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
4. Irritability
5. Muscle tension
6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty in falling or staying asleep, or restless unsatisfying sleep)
D. The focus of the anxiety and worry is not confined to features of an Axis I disorder, being
embarrassed in public (as in social phobia), being contaminated (as in obsessive-compulsive
disorder), being away from home or close relatives (as in separation anxiety disorder), gaining
weight (as in anorexia nervosa), having multiple physical complaints (as in somatization
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disorder), or having a serious illness (as in hypochondriasis), and the anxiety and worry do not
occur exclusively during posttraumatic stress disorder.
E. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment
in social or occupational functioning.
F. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during a mood disorder, a psychotic disorder,
pervasive developmental disorder, substance use, or general medical condition.
In addition to the DSM- IV-TR framework, the symptoms of GAD can be conceptualized as
being contained in three categories.
1] Excessive physiological arousal
2] Distorted cognitive process
3] Poor coping strategies
In a nut shell, though the symptoms of GAD are numerous and highly variable, signs of motor
tension, autonomic hyperactivity and hyper arousal are frequently the presenting problems.
Patients complain of restlessness, inability to relax and fatigue. Pathological worry has been
identified as the pathognomic feature of GAD.GAD worry has been distinguished from normal
worry by being perceived as significantly more uncontrollable and unrealistic. [20]
Normal Worry v/s Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Normal Worry

Your worrying doesn‘t get in the way
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

of your daily activities and
responsibilities.

You‘re able to control your worrying.

Your worries, while unpleasant, don‘t
Your worrying significantly disrupts
your job, activities, or social life.

Your worrying is uncontrollable.

Your worries are extremely upsetting
and stressful.
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cause significant distress.

You worry about all sorts of things, and
tend to expect the worst.
Your worries are limited to a specific,
small number of realistic concerns.



Your bouts of worrying last for only a
You‘ve been worrying almost every
day for at least six months.
short time period.
Nidaana (etiological factors) and Samprapti (pathogenesis) of Vishaada
There is no direct reference of specific nidaana for Vishaada. But in general for all mental
disorders basic pathogenic factors are rajas & tamas.
[21]
Vitiation of rajas & tamas are
considered as a prime factor in causation of Vishaada.
In general, common etiological factors can be categorized under three broad headings- [22]
1. Pragnaparadha
2. Asatmendriyartha samyoga
3 Parinama
1. Pragnaparadha (Dhee Dhriti Smriti Vibhramsha)
Acharya Charaka states that Pragnaparadha related to mind is the first cause of all mental
disorders.
[23]
An action carried out with a non justifiable understanding due to dhivibramsa
(impairment of intellect), dhritivibramsha (impairment of will) and smritivibramsha (impairment
of memory) is termed as pragnaparadha.It is caused by derangement of Manasa doshas-Rajas and
Tamas. For example over affliction of mind by Kaama, Krodha, Bhaya, Moha, Shoka, Chinta,etc
may lead to many mental disorders.[24]
This can also be compared with the psycho-analytical theory of Freud. According to
psychoanalytical theory, anxiety arises from a conflict between instinctual drive and internal
inhibition and the ego‘s recognition of external danger. The ego uses various defenses to avoid
the anxiety produced by both inter-psychic and intra-psychic conflict and potential external
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danger. The experience of anxiety is the result of failure of the ego to use effective defenses, for
example, due to impairment of intellect there is a physical overreaction to stress. This over
reaction occurs because our body perceives everyday events and situations as threats to survival.
In an effort to protect yourself, your body triggers the fight or flight response even though there
is no real existing danger which in turn promotes anxiety.[25] Negative thought patterns like
"what-if" thinking, perfectionism, etc. can contribute to anxiety disorders. [25] Poor lifestyle habits
such as overwork, lack of sleep, poor diet, and lack of regular exercise can cause unnecessary
stress and promote anxiety. [25]
All these factors can be understood under the broad heading of Pragnaparadha.
2. Asaatmendriyartha samyoga
Unwholesome contact with the objects may be in the form of overutilization (Atiyoga),nonutilization(Ayoga) and wrong utilization(Mithyayoga).Only when they cross the individual
threshold range they result into stressful conditions and cause imbalance of Sharirika and
Manasika doshas.For eg. The use of and withdrawal from addictive substances, including
alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine, can worsen the phenomenon of anxiety. [26]
For individuals who suffer from anxiety disorders, the fear and worry they feel much of the time
can be overwhelming. In the race of competing with the fast pace of world, raising a family,
achieving too much in lesser time people overuse(atiyoga) or misuse(mithyayoga) their energy.
This brings about severe emotional and physical stresses finally leading to Anxiety.
3. Parinama(Samprapti Kala Karmanam)
Here, Parinama refers to the advent of maturity of the results of (Kala) time as well as
Karma(action).Ayurveda believes that the results of all misdeeds will mature with time and when
it happens the person will be afflicted by particular disorder. It is seen that all mental disorders
have a phase of excitement, remission, etc.
For e.g. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a mood disorder in which people who have
normal mental health throughout most of the year experience depressive symptoms in the winter
or summer,[27] spring or autumn year after year. The condition in the summer is often referred to
as reverse seasonal affective disorder, and can also include heightened anxiety.[28]
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Historically, there has been a perceived association between the lunar phase and human biology
and behavior that can be traced back to at least Roman times. The idea that the moon can in some
way influence human biology or behavior is a phenomena that has now come to known as the
―Transylvanian effect‖. Many mental health professionals continue to hold the belief that lunar
cycles can alter human behaviour. Raison et al. (1999) traces the historical roots of belief in the
power of the full moon to cause disorders of the mind, insanity, and even epilepsy [29] Barr et al.
(2000) reports that the mental health of patients living with the condition of schizophrenia will
deteriorate during the time of the full moon. [30]
This shows a relation of Kala (time factor) with anxiety. Acharya Charaka has also mentioned
that Shishir, Vasanta and Grishma are included in the Adaana kala when the sun is at its full
power and the moon is at its least power. In Adaana kala the sun absorbs all the Jaliya Ansha
(Watery elements) from the atmosphere and creates dryness in the atmosphere with the help of
pancha vayu which are its utmost strength. This creates daurbalyata (weakness) which includes
both physical and mental weakness in the humans.
[31]
Also Vayu and Manas are directly
interrelated to each other. While describing the physiological importance of Vayu Acharya
Charaka has described ―Niyanta Praneta Cha Manas‖ [32] this clearly reflects that any disturbance
in the given physiology of Vayu may lead to psychological disturbances like Anxiety, Irritability,
Mood Swings, etc.
Traumatic experiences that occur in childhood may have lasting effects that carry over into
adulthood [33] .This may also be taken as an example of Kala Parinama.
Sattva Vaisheshyakara Bhava’s (Factors influencing mental faculty of progeny)
The reasons for the variability in the psychic temperaments among the individuals has been
discussed in detail by Acharya Charaka who states that basically four factors influence and
determine the psychic variants of the child. He termed them Sattva Vaisheshyakara Bhava‘s [34]
1) Maata Pitru Sattve – Mental faculty of parents
2) Shrutayah – Whatever the mother hears, reads and thinks during the pregnancy
3) Svochita Karma – Actions of past life of foetus
4) Sattva Vaisheshya Abhyasa – Practices of the past life
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The mental traits or psychic predispositions of the parents influence the psychic trait of the
progeny. [35]
According to Acharya Sushruta if the parents are religious, virtuous and theistic, they produce
children of the same qualities. It is an accepted fact that some psychological traits are concealed
in the genes and the influence of hereditary factors on the emotional plane are well documented.
Many studies have shown that anxiety disorders tend to run in families.
[36]
For most medical
conditions, this would suffice to conclude that abnormal genes must be etiologically relevant.
However, it is not difficult to conceive that growing up with anxious parents or siblings might
influence the development of anxiety in any individual. One compelling hypothesis is that
individuals inherit a temperament like shyness, hyperactive autonomic nervous system
responses, or behavioral inhibition. Then, depending on a variety of life circumstances, these
genotypes are expressed as specific phenotypes—one or more of the anxiety disorders
themselves. It may also be that more powerful ―anxiety genes‖ require less environmental stress
to be expressed. [37]
Family aggregation studies suggest that children whose parents have an anxiety disorder are at
risk for developing an anxiety disorders themselves (Biederman et al. 2001), twin studies also
suggest a familial transmission for e.g, concordance rates from different monozygotic (identical)
and dizygotic (fraternal) twin pairs suggest a strong genetic basis for anxiety neurosis. Thalia C.
Eley's (1999) review of behavioral genetic research concluded that factors in shared and non
shared environments of parents with anxiety disorders have an important influence on the
development and maintenance of most anxiety disorders in their children and adolescents.
[38]
All these facts reveal the importance of Sattva Vaisheshyakara Bhavas in the manifestation of
Vishaada or GAD.
Behavioral Factors
The belief that child-rearing practices or early experience affects later behavior and personality is
neither new nor surprising. Child-rearing antecedent conditions associated with anxiety during
adolescence have been identified and include environmental factors (e.g., broken home, family
conflict) as well as specific attitudes and child-rearing practices. Lack of clear family rules, a
strong concern for a family's reputation, a poor relationship with the father, and frequent
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criticism and disagreement all were associated with anxiety
[39]
Inconsistency, harsh and
unyielding attitudes, ambiguity, and family conflict appear to be among the primary predictors of
the development of anxiety. Besides this children have a specific habit of observing and
imitating the behaviors of others around them, especially their parents. Parents can model
anxious behaviors to their children. A healthy parent child relationship leads to the child
developing a sense of control over the environment. In the absence of such a relationship and
development, the child may be vulnerable to anxiety.
[40]
This may lead to behavioral inhibition
in children. Behavioral inhibition is an early temperamental trait characterized by the tendency to
withdraw when exposed to unfamiliar situations.
Chakrapani also supports this fact by saying that the psychic trait of the progeny is directly
related to parental influence. This is due to some special effect (Prabhava) [41]
Manoabhighaata (Stressful life events)
While mentioning about nidanas for Manodukhaja Unmaada, Acharya Sushruta has enumerated
the following causes- [42]
1. When a person is tortured mentally and physically by somebody else
2. When a person loses his property or close relative
3. When a person is unable to achieve the love of desired person
4. When a person is unable to achieve the goal etc.
All these factors can lead to decreased self esteem and confidence of an individual. This causes
fear of failure in future which in turn leads to loss of interest and non indulgence in routine
works. So, considering these factors we can say that environmental factors are very important in
the manifestation of Vishaada. Clinical experiences indicate that stressful life events may trigger
GAD. The greater the number of negative life events experienced, the greater is the likelihood to
develop GAD. [43]
In addition to the above factors certain biochemical factors are also involved in the pathogenesis
of GAD.
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Biochemical Aspects
1) Autonomic, Noradrenergic, and Neuroendocrine Systems: Patients with generalized
anxiety disorder appear to have autonomic hypo responsiveness, subtle changes in adrenergic
receptor sensitivity, abnormal regulation of GH secretion, and altered glucocorticoid feedback
inhibition. [44]
2) Serotonergic System: The anxiolytic effects of 5-HT1A partial agonists (buspirone[BuSpar]
and ipsapirone) and 5-HT2 antagonists (ritanserin and serazepine) in generalized anxiety
disorder patients has suggested serotonin involvement.[44] The role of serotonin in anxiety is
supported by its modulatory effects on the locus coeruleus and its dense projections to the
amygdala. Decreased serotonin activity is associated with depression, and the most effective
antidepressants have been shown to enhance the functioning of serotonin. Low activity of
serotonin may permit the dysregulation of other neurotransmitters, including nor epinephrine.
These two systems are linked so closely that notable changes in one are reflected in the other;
interactions between these systems appear to be reciprocal. The precise nature of the reciprocal
interaction can vary, and the activity of norepinephrine at presynaptic serotonergic terminals may
lead to a decreased release of serotonin, whereas its activity at postsynaptic adrenoreceptors may
lead to an increase in the release of serotonin (Ninan P, 1999) [45]
3) GABAergic System: Low levels of GABA, a neurotransmitter that reduces activity in the
central nervous system, contribute to anxiety. A number of anxiolytics achieve their effect by
modulating the GABA receptors. [46][47][48]
4) Amygdala: The amygdala is central to the processing of fear and anxiety, and its function
may be disrupted in anxiety disorders. Another important area is the adjacent central nucleus of
the
amygdala,
which
controls
species-specific
fear
responses,
via
connections
to
the brainstem, hypothalamus, and cerebellum areas. In those with general anxiety disorder, these
connections functionally seem to be less distinct, with greater gray matter in the central nucleus.
Researchers have noted "Amygdalofrontoparietal coupling in generalized anxiety disorder
patients may reflect the habitual engagement of a cognitive control system to regulate excessive
anxiety." [49]
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Probable Samprapti (pathogenesis) of Vishaada
As Vishaada is not explained in detail in our classics, a direct reference of its samprapti
(pathogenesis) cannot be found. But the samprapti (pathogenesis) can be understood and
constructed considering the available references and on the basis of Dosha, Dushya involved. For
this the following points should be considered:
1. Vishaada is mentioned as one of the Manasika Rogas in our classics [50].
2. Vishada is mainly caused by vitiation of Sharirika dosha Vata and Manasika dosha Rajas.
Acharya Charaka mentions Vishaada as one of the 80 Nanatmaja Vata Vyadhis.
[51]
Acharya
Charaka while describing the sign and symptoms of Vataja Jwara names Vishaada as one of
them. [52]
A direct relationship between Vayu and Rajas is well explained by our Acharyas by quoting that
―Rajo Bahulo Vayu‖ and Rajas is the ―Pravartaka‖of mind.
This shows that although all the three Sharirika doshas take part in the pathogenesis of Vishaada
there is a dominant role of Vata dosha its pathogenesis.
3. It occurs in Hina Satva Purusha [53] and Satva Sara person is not affected by Vishaada [54]
Acharya Charaka states that when a person of Hina Satva see‘s Raudra, Bhairava or listens to
unpleasant stories, on seeing the flesh or blood of man or animals suffers from Vishaada,
Vaivarnya, etc. This reference throws light on Hetus of Vishaada. [55]
4. In the context of Anumana Pareeksha it is told that Bhayam Vishaadena and Dhairyam
Avishadena[56].
5. It is told that Vishaada is Agrya for Roga Vardhana.Acharya Charaka while describing the
best things prescribed in medicine terms Vishaada as the foremost in flaring up a diseased
condition. [57]
6. Acharya Sushruta while describing the origin of Visha states that Vishada manifests with the
intake of Visha. [58].
26
Disease Review/Vishaada
7. Acharya Charaka while elaborating the diseases caused as a result of excessive sexual activity
states that Vishaada and Manoavsaada etc.diseases can occur. This shows that Vishaada and
Manoavasaada are distinctively different states. [59]
Considering all these references a probable samprapti for Vishaada can be framed as shown in
the below prepared flowchart:
27
Disease Review/Vishaada
Schematic flowchart showing probable Samprapti of Vishaada
Hina Satva Purusha (Weak hearted persons)+Vata-Pitta-Rajas-Tamas Prakriti
Pragnaparadha, Manoabhighata, Vishasevana, Ativyavaya, etc.Nidaana Sevana
Vitiation of Sharirika
doshas (Vata dominant)
Vitiation of Manasika
doshas (Rajas dominant)
Vitiation of
Jatharagni
Moves to Hridaya
Vitiation of
Rasadi dhatus
By Ashraya Ashrayi Bhava
Manifestation of somatic
symptoms like tremors,
sweating, etc.
Manasa is vitiated
Vitiated Doshas spread all over body through Manovaha Srotas
Mano Vibhrama
Buddhi Vibhrama
Cheshta Vibhrama
Vishaada
28
Disease Review/Vishaada
As mentioned by Acharya Charaka, Sattva sara persons can resist the ill effects of emotions like
Chinta, Bhaya, Udvega.etc due the predominance of Sattva guna.But the persons having Hina
Sattva are prone to indulge in Pragnaparadha and are easily afflicted by negative events or
stressful situations. This results in imbalance of Manodosha predominantly Rajas and also
Sharirika dosha predominantly Vata. At this stage, the patient exhibits an exaggerated response
i.e. Udvega.
These vitiated Manasika doshas can generate psychic symptoms like Chinta (worry), Vyakulta
(apprehension), Bhaya (fear), etc. and in a long run start influencing the Sharirika doshas also.At
the level of Sharirika doshas especially Vata and Pitta get aggravated predominated by Vata
dosha. As Vata is said to be the controller of mind and Rajas also has an established connection
with Vata dosha, so it produces symptoms mainly related to aggravation of Vata dosha.
These vitiated Sharirika and Manasika doshas reach Hridaya (heart) which is the main abode for
Manasa (mind) and causes vitiation of mind and cause Vibhrama(Disturbances) related to
Manasa, Buddhi and Cheshta. This finally leads to manifestation of Vishaada.
Acharya Charaka says in brief that the prime function of Manasa is Chintya. [60]
Chakrapani also says that the Chintya are those which require thinking in the aspect of its do‘s
and don‘ts. [61]
Achintanam (less thinking), Atichintanam (excessive thinking) or Mithya chintanam (improper
thinking) will lead to pathogenesis of mental disorders. In case of GAD there is excessive,
persistent and uncontrollable worry which may be taken as Atichintanam. There is also a
predominance of negatively balanced verbal thought activity and an anxious apprehension about
the future which may be taken as Mithya Chintanam. Hence, the thought pattern of GAD
resembles Atichintanam and Mithyachintanam. Such abnormal thinking patterns cause
Manovibhrama which subsequently lead to abnormality in other factors like Buddhi, Sangya,
Smriti, etc.
The word Buddhi implies to comprehension, intellect, understanding, knowledge, discrimination,
etc. and derangement of Buddhi causes loss of discriminating power and understands things in an
abnormal way. Cognitive errors are nothing but Buddhi Vibhrama. In GAD there is
29
Disease Review/Vishaada
Metacognition, cognitive avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty and negative problem orientation.
In GAD negative beliefs about worrying are activated during a worry episode. [62]
Cheshta Vibhrama is caused by improper coordination of mind and body. It may be increased,
decreased or inappropriate in nature pertaining to body, speech and mental activities leading to
undesirable activities. In GAD also there is Cheshta Vibhrama which can be observed in form of
inappropriate psychomotor activities like trembling, restlessness, fidgeting, etc.
Hence, it can be concluded that various Cognitive errors and abnormal defense mechanisms are
nothing but Mano-Buddhi-Cheshta Vibhrama explained in our Ayurvedic texts and these act as
main pathological components of pathogenesis of Vishaada.
On the other hand the vitiated Vatadi doshas vitiate Jatharagni followed by Rasadi dhatus. These
vitiated Sharirika and Manasika doshas affect Hridaya, Manovaha srotas, vulnerable dhatus and
srotas and result into psychosomatic presentation of the disease.
Samprapti Ghataka’s of Vishaada
Dosha
Manasa - Rajas, Tamas (Predominantly Rajas)
Sharira - Vata, Pitta (Predominantly Vata)
Dushya
Manasa,Sarvadhatu
Srotas
Manovaha Srotas(specifically)
Agni
Jatharagni
Udbhavasthaana
Manasa(Hridaya)
Adhisthaana
Hridaya(Shirohridaya)
Vyaktisthaana
Manasa,Sarvasharira
Purvarupa
Alpavyakta
Rupa
Manasika
- Mano bhraman,Anavasthitachitta,Avsaada,
Atmano
Ashakta Jananam,Chittodvega,Asiddhi bhayat apravritti,etc
Sharirika
–
Vepathu,Prasveda,Romaharsha,Gatrasaada,Mukhshosha,etc
Rogamarga
Madhyam
30
Disease Review/Vishaada
Management of Vishaada
The exact mode of treatment for Vishaada is not mentioned in our classics. But the general
principles of managing mental disorders as mentioned by Acharya Charaka can be applied here,
which are as follows. [63]
Satmya indriyaartha samyoga (Preventive)
Asaatmendriyaarta Samyoga (Indugence in improper activities) is the main causes for various
psychological problems. So, to prevent the conditions like Vishaada, one should control the
indriyas to indulge in improper activities.
Evidence-based preventive measures vary in type of targeted population, targeted anxiety
disorder, type of risk or protective factors addressed, timing (i.e. anticipatory or reactive to
traumatic event) and intervention method used. The following points have been proposed by
W.H.O for prevention of Anxiety Disorders: [64]
 Reducing traumatizing events or exposure
 Enhancing emotional resilience and anticipatory education
 Post-trauma interventions
These are the following measures to prevent anxiety and at the same time prevent other further
complications to arise:

Facing one‘s fears in the right method. To face one‘s fear, they need not be forced directly to
help you settle with it. It has to be a gradual process, and the person itself is solely
responsible of what he would do to handle such circumstances.

Genetics. It cannot be altered, but the power of knowing that it runs in the family allows you
to understand and prepare oneself of the possibility that one day it may arise and you will
experience these episodes.

Gaining closure and understanding with past hurts and experiences will let an individual have
peace of mind. It will enable them to have closure and be able to move on without carrying
any baggage of hurt and pain. That way, the fear of getting hurt would be resolved.
31
Disease Review/Vishaada
Budhya samyak veekshya aveekshya (Cognitive therapy)
It is based on idea of thoughts and feeling related anxious state of mind. The individual is taught
to recognize and re-examine his anxious thought in order to find alternative and more helpful
way of thinking, anxious thinking - that is, attitudes, beliefs, and images - about the external
world, can instigate or perpetuate anxiety and panic. These are controlled by teaching the patient
how to recognize and re-examine anxious thinking so as to uncover different, more constructive,
and less anxiety provoking ways of viewing the outside world.
It consists of an impressive variety of technique in various anxiety disorders that includes
cognitive restructuring, psycho-education, relaxation, breathing retraining exposure, graded
practice and self instruction training are in both individuals and group therapies compared with
long established and highly successful behavior therapy for phobia and cognitive behavior
therapy for GAD in recent.
Karmaanaam samyak pratipaaanena (Behavior therapy)
It includes proper planning of karma (behavior or action) and avoiding improper karma
(behavior or action).Acharya‘s explained sadvritta to achieve this goal. By following these
techniques one can prevent pragnaparadha and its consequences. These are useful in the
prevention as well as in management of Vishaada.
The term behavior therapy is applied to psychological treatments based on experimental
psychology and indented to change symptoms and behavior. The key aspects of successful
behavior therapy are
i) The patient‘s commitment to treatment
ii) Clear identification of problems and objectives
iii) Available alternative strategies for coping with the patient‘s feelings.
Autogenic training used in GAD can also be included here. In this technique people are trained
to improve their health by using signal from their own bodies. It helps the patient to learn self
monitoring anxiety levels and then apply relaxation techniques to daily activity.
32
Disease Review/Vishaada
Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Psychological therapies)
Sattvavajaya is one of the three major therapies mentioned by Ayurvedic classics. It is a special
form of psychotherapy where the therapist attempts to divert the thought process of the patient
from unwanted targets (Ahita bhavas) to beneficial targets (Hita bhavas). [65]
Acharya Charaka has mentioned the following principles to adopt a virtuous path of living
 Avoid harmful or unwholesome regimens and adopt useful wholesome ones in regard to
Dharma, Artha and Kama.
 Serve the persons who are well versed in understanding the nature and management of
psychiatric disorders.
 Acquire knowledge of oneself, the place, family, time strength and the capacity. Consider
again and again what is useful and what is harmful for self.[66]
The concept of Achara Rasayana also has a direct effect for promotion of a normal healthy mind.
[67]
A number of psychotherapy are said to be effective for treating GAD, although possibly correct,
most of the claims need scientific substantiation. However, since clinical experience suggest
that psychotherapy augments the efficacy and shortens the length of the time of
pharmacotherapy, psychotherapeutic techniques, ranging from relatively simple stress
management and problem solving assistance to more complex cognitive and psychodynamic
treatment, should be applied for every patient with GAD. Psychological treatments are generally
effective. About half of patients regain a normal level of functioning and cognitive therapy is
claimed to be the most efficacious.
Yuktivyapaashraya Chikitsa (Rational therapy)
Administration of proper diet and medicaments come under this category.Acharya Charaka has
mentioned Panchakarma (Snehana, Swedana, Virechana, Nasya, etc), Bhojana vidhana
vidhana(dietary regimen) and Nidaana Parivarjana as the key elements of Yukti vyapaashraya
chikitsa. [68]
33
Disease Review/Vishaada
Along with the Panchakarma therapies various palliative measures like dhoopana (inhalation),
anjana (collyrium), lepan (coating with medicinal paste), dhaara (irrigation), and etc.can also be
administered in Vishaada.
The drugs used in the treatment are mostly medhya (nootropic) herbs or herbomineral
formulations which are believed to act as brain tonics and adaptogens.These drugs help in
alleviating various psychic conditions.
Pharmacological treatment is still common for patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and
panic disorder with moderate to severe symptoms .Available medications for GAD include
benzodiazepine, anxiolytics, buspirone, and antidepressants. Although benzodiazepines are
effective as short term anxiolytics, their use is compromised by a poor adverse event profile and,
like buspirone, they lack the antidepressant efficacy important for addressing the comorbid
depression experienced by many patients with GAD. Antidepressants, including paroxetine and
the serotonin-nor epinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine, are effective anxiolytics and
resolve symptoms of depression in patients with GAD.
Drugs other than benzodiazepines include the following

Beta Blockers

Tricyclic antidepressants

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Antipsychotic drugs in low dose

Antihistamines
34
Disease Review/Vishaada
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63. Agnivesha, ―Charaka Samhita‖ revised by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‗Ayurveda
Dipika‘commentary
by
Chakrapanidatta,edited
by
Vaidya
Yadavji
Trikamji
Acharya,Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan,Varanasi,reprint 2008, Sutrasthana 8/17,58
64. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr.pdf
65. Agnivesha, ―Charaka Samhita‖ revised by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‗Ayurveda
Dipika‘commentary
by
Chakrapanidatta,edited
by
Vaidya
Yadavji
Trikamji
Acharya,Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan,Varanasi,reprint 2008, Sutrasthana 11/54,pg.77
66. Agnivesha, ―Charaka Samhita‖ revised by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‗Ayurveda
Dipika‘commentary
by
Chakrapanidatta,edited
by
Vaidya
Yadavji
Trikamji
Acharya,Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan,Varanasi,reprint 2008, Sutrasthana 11/46,pg.77
67. Agnivesha, ―Charaka Samhita‖ revised by Charaka and Dridhbala with ‗Ayurveda
Dipika‘commentary
by
Chakrapanidatta,edited
by
Vaidya
Yadavji
Trikamji
Acharya,Chaukhambha Surbharti Prakashan,Varanasi,reprint 2008, Chikitsasthana 1/4/3035,pg.388-389
68. Vagbhatta,Ashtanga Hridayam, with the commentaries, ‗Sarvangasundara‘ of Arundatta and
‗Ayurvedarasayan‘ of Hemadri, edited by Pt.Harishashtri Paradkar Vaidya, Chaukhambha
Orientalia,Varanasi,reprint 2005,Sutrasthana 1/26,pg 16
40
Analytical Study
Analytical study of Ashwagandha granules
There has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine in the last few decades.
It is getting popularized in developing as well as in developed countries owing to its natural
origin and lesser side effect. In olden times, vaidyas used to treat patients on individual basis,
and prepare drug according to the requirement of the patient. But the scenario has changed
now; herbal medicines are being manufactured on the large scale in Pharmaceutical units,
where manufacturers come across many problems such as availability of good quality raw
material, authentication of raw material, availability of standards, proper standardization
methodology of single drugs and formulation, quality control parameters.
[1]
Hence in the
present study evaluation of Ashwagandha granules was attempted following the scientific
parameters including organoleptic characters, physicochemical analysis and chromatographic
pattern. [2]
Aims and Objectives
1. To evaluate the organoleptic characters of the drug.
2. Assessment of Physico-chemical parameters of the drug.
3. Thin layer chromatographic study of drug.
4. High-performance thin-layer chromatography study of the drug.
The Pharmacognostically authenticated sample drug Ashwagandha was made into granules
and it was used for the present study. The Ashwagandha granules was analyzed by using
various parameters, qualitative and quantitative analysis of Phyto-chemicals, Thin Layer
Chromatography (T.L.C.)
and
High-performance
thin-layer
chromatography study
(H.P.T.L.C)
Physico-chemical study: Ashwagandha granules were analyzed by using qualitative and
quantitative parameters at Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of I. P. G.T & R. A., Gujarat
Ayurved University, Jamnagar.
Organoleptic characters: Apart from quality control measures, Rupa (color), Rasa (taste),
Gandha (odour) and Sparsha (texture) pertaining to Pancajnanendriya Pariksha are subtle
yet important parameters for the basic standardization of drug. The characters of the sample
are tabulated in table no.3
57
Analytical Study
Table 3 – Organoleptic characters of Ashwagandha granules
Sr.No
Parameters
Sample - Ashwagandha Granules
1
Texture
Rough
2
Colour
Brownish
3
Taste
Sweet, Bitter
4
Odour
Non Irritant
Physico-chemical parameters [3]
It provides the objective parameters to fix up the standards for quality of prepared drugs. The
granules were evaluated for physico chemical parameters like total ash value, loss on drying,
pH value, Sugar estimation (Total sugar, Reducing Sugar, Non - Reducing Sugar), acid
soluble and water-soluble extractive values. The results are placed at table no.4
1. Determination of Moisture (Loss on Drying)
To know the amount of moisture present in the drug, the following procedure was utilized.
Procedure
2 gm of drug sample was taken in a pre weighed dried Petri dish. It was dried in an oven at
110o C until reaching a constant weight. The Petri dish was taken out, allowed to cool and
weighed immediately. The weight loss i.e. loss on drying was calculated and expressed as %
w/w.
2. Determination of Extractive Values
It gives an idea about the nature of the chemical constituents present in the drug.
a. Water Soluble Extractives
This test was carried out to determine the water-soluble extractive and approximate measures
of their chemical constituents of the test drug, which are water-soluble.
Procedure
5 gm. of the sample was weighed accurately. To it 100 ml of distilled water was added and
kept covered overnight in the 250 ml conical flask. It was stirred intermittently in the initial
period. It was filtered after keeping for 24 hours. 20 ml of the filtrate was accurately
measured with a pipette and transferred to the already weighed evaporating dish. The
evaporating dish was placed on a water bath for evaporation of the water. After evaporation
of the water it was dried in an oven at 100o C, allowed to cool and weighed immediately.
58
Analytical Study
From the weight of the extract obtained, the percentage of water-soluble extractive was
calculated and expressed as % w/w.
b. Alcohol Soluble Extractives
This test was carried out to determine the alcohol soluble extractive of the test drug and
determine the alcohol soluble chemical constituents.
Procedure
2.5 gm. of the sample was weighed accurately. To it 50 ml of Methanol was added and kept
covered overnight in the 250ml conical flask. It was stirred intermittently in the initial period.
It was filtered after keeping for 24 hours. 20 ml of the filtrate was accurately measured with a
pipette and transferred to the already weighed evaporating dish. The evaporating dish was
placed on a water bath for evaporation of the Methanol. After evaporation of the Methanol it
was dried in an oven at 100o C, allowed to cool and weighed immediately. From the weight
of the extract obtained, the percentage of Alcohol-soluble extractive was calculated and
expressed as % w/w.
3. Determination of Total Ash Value
This test was conducted to determine the quality and purity of the drug and also to evaluate
the percentage of inorganic radicals like carbonates, phosphates etc., naturally added as a
form of adulteration.
Procedure
2 gram of the sample was weighed accurately and taken in a pre weighed dried crucible. It
was incinerated in a muffle furnace up to 450oC till vapors cease to be evolved; then the heat
increased to 500oC until all the carbon is burnt off. The crucible was taken out, cooled and
weighed immediately. From the weight of the ash, the ash value was derived with reference
to the air-dried sample of the drug. It was calculated and expressed as % w/w.
4. Determination of pH Value
This test is carried out to determine the pH of the test drug with the help of pH meter.
Procedure
5g of test drug sample was weighted and taken in a conical flask. Then add 100 ml accurately
measured distilled water was added and stirred well for few minutes; this solution was kept
for some time and then filtered it through filter paper. The filtered solution was taken in a
beaker. pH meter and electrodes were standardized with buffer solution of known pH i.e. 7
pH. Electrodes were rinsed with distilled water and introduce into the test solution contained
59
Analytical Study
in a small beaker. pH value of solution was read.
5. Determination of Sugar
This includes estimation of total, reducing and non-reducing sugars.
a. Preparation of solution for analysis
2 gm of Ashwagandha granules accurately weighed was taken in 100 ml distilled water,
warmed for about 5 minutes with stirring with glass rod by keeping over the water bath. Then
filtered it through a filter paper and kept again over the water bath. After warmed, 5 ml of
lead acetate solution was added and warmed for about 3-5 minutes to get the precipitate.
Solution was filtered through filter paper. To the filtrate disodium oxalate was added to
dissolve excess lead acetate and to get a clear solution. This solution was filtered through the
filter bed made up of glass wool, cotton and Whattman no. 1 filter paper to get a clear
solution, washing was given by distilled water and the volume was made up to 500 ml.
b. Determination of reducing sugar
To 50 ml. of above solution, 100 ml. each of Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B solutions were
added, boiled for three minutes and filtered through filter bed (glass wool, cotton and
Whattman no. 1 filter paper). Repeated washing was given by hot distilled water till clear,
colourless filtrate was obtained. Precipitate of cuprous oxide (residue) was then taken with
acid ferric solution to dissolve the precipitate completely in it. This solution was titrated
against 0.1 N KMnO4 solution using orthophenanthrolin as indicator. At the end point the
colour changes to green. From the amount of KMnO4 solution required the amount of copper
was calculated. Then percentage of sugar content was determined from Hammond table.
c. Determination of Total Sugar
25 ml of the clarified solution was taken; to it 5 ml of 6N HCl was added and heated on water
bath at 67-71°C for three minutes. This is then treated with diluted sodium hydroxide solution
by using phenolphthalein as indicator till pink color appeared. Volume was made up to 100
ml. For the determination of total sugar 50 ml of this solution was taken and the remaining
procedure is same as that of reducing sugar. Percentage of total sugar was calculated from
Hammond table.
d. Determination of non-reducing sugar
The non-reducing sugar content was obtained by subtracting reducing sugar from total sugar
60
Analytical Study
i.e. Non reducing sugar = Total sugar – Reducing sugar
Table 4 – Physico-chemical parameters of Ashwagandha granules
Sr. No.
Parameters
Sample -Ashwagandha Granules
1.
Loss on drying
0.105 % w/w
2.
Water soluble Extract
69.6 % w/w
3.
Alcohol soluble Extract
21 % w/w
4.
Total Ash
6.19 % w/w
5.
PH
5.16(Acidic)
6.
Value
Sugar Estimation
Total Sugar
– 50.86%w/w
Reducing Sugar
– 10.76%w/w
Non - Reducing Sugar – 38.2% w/w
Physico-chemical parameters
The Common parameters mentioned for Ashwagandha in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India
are total ash, pH Value, water and alcohol soluble extractives
[2].
On its basis the parameters
like total ash content, water and methanol soluble extractives etc., were selected. Presence of
more moisture content may create problems in preservation of the sample. Hence loss on
drying was also selected as one of parameters and it was found 0.105%w/w. Total ash value
was 6.19 % w/w. The water-soluble extractive and methanol soluble extractive values were
found to be 69.6 % and 21 % respectively; indicating considerable amount of polar
compounds in the sample.The obtained pH value (5.16) was acidic in nature. Sugar
estimation was considered as another parameter as the sample was in form of granules hence
there is a possibility of significant sugar content. Total sugar was found to be 50.86 % w/w
suggesting presence of considerable amount of sugar in the sample. Reducing and Non –
reducing sugar was found to be 10.76%w/w and 38.2% w/w respectively. The details are
mentioned in Table no.4.
1. Qualitative Test of Ashwagandha Granules: [4]
The methanol extract of the sample was analyzed qualitatively for different functional
groups. Details are placed at table no.5
1. Tests for Carbohydrate
Molish’s test: 2ml of drug was taken in test tube. To it, 2 drops of fresh 10% alpha - naphthol
solution in alcohol was added. Then 2ml of conc. H2SO4 was added slowly from the side of
61
Analytical Study
the test tube so as to form a layer below the mixture. A violet ring at the juncture of two
solutions indicates the presence of carbohydrate.
2. Tests for Steroids
Libermann – Burchard reaction: The aqueous extract of test sample was taken in test tubes,
by adding 2 ml chloroform. Then added 2 ml of acetic anhydride and 2 drops of conc. H 2SO4
from the sides of the test tube, the color changes to red, then blue and finally green was
observed.
3. Tests for Alkaloids
a. Dragendorff’s test: The methanolic extract of the sample was evaporated. On addition of a
few drops of dilute 6N HCl and Dragendorff’s reagent alkaloids gave orange precipitates.
4. Tests for Flavonoids
a. Shinoda test: The aqueous extract of test sample was taken in test tube, by adding 5 ml 95
% ethanol, few drops conc. HCl and 0.5 gm magnesium dust, pink color was observed.
b. In the small quantity of residue, few drops of Lead acetate solution added and yellow
colour precipitate was observed.
5. Tests for Saponin Glycosides
Foam Test: After taking the drug shake it vigorously with distilled water. Persistent foam was
observed.
6. Tests for Cardiac Glycosides
Keller killiani test: To an extract of the drug in glacial acetic acid, few drops of ferric chloride
and conc. H2SO4 were added. If a reddish brown colour is formed at the junction of two
layer and upper layer turns bluish green, confirms the presence of cardiac glycosides.
7. Tests for Starch
Iodine test: A test for the presence of starch in which the sample turns blue-black in colour
when a few drops of potassium iodide solution is placed on the sample.
62
Analytical Study
Table 5 – Qualitative tests for Ashwagandha granules
Sr.No
Test
Name of Reagents
Results
1
Carbohydrate
Molisch’s test
Positive
2
Steroid
Liebermann – Burchard
test
Negative
3
Saponin Glycosides
Foam Test
Negative
4
Cardiac glycosides
Keller killiani test
Positive
5
Flavonoids
Shinoda test
Positive
6
Alkaloids
Dragandroff’s test
Positive
7
Starch
Iodine test
Positive
Qualitative tests
The methanol extract of the sample was tested qualitative for having an idea about the type of
compound present in it. The result of the qualitative test indicates the presence of
Carbohydrate, flavonoids, starch and alkaloids in the sample. Steroids and Saponin
glycosides were absent in the sample. The results of the tests are shown in Table no.5
Thin Layer Chromatography [5], [6]
Thin-layer chromatography is a technique, widely used for separation of an individual
compound from a mixture. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is extensively used due to its
simplicity, rapidity, versatility and reproducibility. It can be used for determining the nature
and amount of active substance present in a drug regardless of its origin. Even without
knowing the exact chemical composition of a compound, TLC pattern can be utilized as a
simple, inexpensive standard fingerprint for evaluating the quality of the sample with
different solvent. TLC is mentioned as a primary tool for identification as part of monographs
on all medicinal plants. [7]
Sample preparation
Sample was extracted for obtaining the alkaloid fraction by following the standard operating
procedure.
Methanol extract
Granules weighing 5 gm are taken with 100 ml of methanol kept for twenty-four hours.
Filtrate was prepared and evaporated till it gets dried in a flat- bottomed shallow dish and
concentrated on water bath to volume of requirement.
63
Analytical Study
This alkaloid fraction was used for the spotting of the TLC plate. Then the spotted TLC was
run with the solvent systems separately. And the resulting TLC pattern was viewed under the
daylight or under long wave ultra violet light at 366 nm or Short wave ultra violet light at 254
nm, after spraying with the reagents and drying in a hot air oven. The number of spots was
recorded with their lengths and the respective retardation factor (Rf) values were calculated
accordingly.
Formula for the calculation of Rf value:
Retardation factor (Rf) value = Distance travelled by a solute
---------------------------------Distance travelled by the solvent
The Rf value is unique to each chemical entity, thus serving as a fingerprint for identifying a
particular chemical substance in a given compound.

Mobile phase: Chloroform (9 ml): Methanol (1 ml)

Stationary phase - Silica gel - G Precoated plates

Detection: a. Exposure to U.V. (254nm and 366 nm)
b. Spraying with Dragandroff’s reagent
Table 6: TLC of Methanol Extract of Ashwagandha Granules
Extract
Methanol
extract
Solvent
system
Wavelengt
h
Number of
spots
hRf
value
Observatio
n
366 nm
2
28
60
Blue spot
Blue spot
254 nm
No spots
-
-
CHCl3:
MeOH (9:1)
TLC of Methanol Extract of Ashwagandha Granules
TLC of alcoholic extract of drug on silica get "G" plate using Chloroform (9 ml): Methanol
(1 ml) shows two spots Under 366 nm U.V. at hRf 28 and 60. Where as in 254 nm no spots
64
Analytical Study
were seen. On running mobile phase over stationary phase, well distributed, distinct, clear
spots were observed without clumping. (Table no.6)
Table 7: After spraying with Dragandroff’s reagent
Extract
Methanol extract
Solvent
system
Spray
Number
of spots
hRf
value
Observation
CHCl3:
MeOH
(9:1)
Dragandroff’s
reagent
2
44
84
Pink spot
Pink spot
TLC of Methanol Extract of Ashwagandha Granules (after spraying with Dragandroff’s
reagent)
Thin Layer Chromatography of alcoholic extract of Ashwagandha Granules after spraying
Dragandroff’s reagent followed by heating and then visualized in day light shows 2
prominent pink colour spots at hRf 44 and 84. (Table no.7)
High Performance Thin layer chromatography: [8], [9]
Detection and identification of a compound from the group of the compounds efficiently in
the presence of pure reference compounds, otherwise, efficient separation and establishing
the marker compounds is the hall mark of High performance thin layer chromatography.
In these the plates are coated with high performance silica gels, which are of very small and
uniform in size (about 5 μm). The high performance silica gel gives more efficient and
reproducible separation than conventional grades of silica gel. Small volumes of samples are
applied over it, the spots are compact and the spots can be used quantified with the help of
the scanner using photo densitometry. The term HPTLC is used for the technique in which
substances are accurately assayed using high performance grades of silica gel.This has been
utilized on Methanolic extract of the sample Ashwagandha granules for establishing the
fingerprints and to study for the presence of identical chemical constituents
65
Analytical Study
Chromatographic conditions

Preparation of samples- 2.5gm of powder was extracted with 50 ml methanol and kept
overnight then it was filtered and 20 ml filtrate was concentrated to 10ml. This solution
was used for spotting.

Adsorbent Layer: Aluminum- backed Silica gel GF 60254 HPTLC plates (Merck).

Sample Application: By Auto-sampler CAMAG Linomat V

Mobile Phase: Chloroform (9 ml): Methanol (1 ml)

Detection:
1. Viewing the TLC chromatogram at 254 nm under UV
2. Viewing the TLC chromatogram at 366 nm under UV
Procedure
Chromatography were performed on aluminium-backed silica gel GF 60254 plates (Merck) of
0.5 mm thickness. Before use the plates were prewashed with methanol, dried, and activated
at 1100C for one hour between two glass plates of larger dimensions to prevent deformation
of the plates.
Sample (5μL) was applied to the plate, as 5mm bands, 5mm apart and 1cm from the edge of
the plates, by means of a Camag Linomate V sample applicator fitted with a 100 μL
Hamilton syringe. The data pair technique was used for application of samples to the plate.
After drying of the spot, plates were placed in one of the trough of a Camag twin-trough
chamber and the mobile phase Chloroform (9 ml) and Methanol (1 ml), was placed in another
trough plates were left to equilibrate for 30 min. at 25 ± 20C and then placed in mobile phase.
After that, plate were developed with Chloroform (9 ml) and Methanol (1 ml) as mobile
phase in a Camag twin – trough chamber previously saturated with mobile phase vapor for 30
min.
The development distance was 5.8 cm (development time 30 min.). After development, plates
were dried in a current of hot air and then scanned at λ = 254 nm and λ = 366 using a
deuterium lamp, with a Camag Scanner III under control of Win CATS software version
1.2.1 for both data acquisition and processing. The scanning wavelength was 254 nm, the
scanning speed was 20 mm s-1, the offset 10%, and the sensitivity (SPAN) was optimized to
19. Peak height and peak area were integrated for the entire track (Table no. 7).
Densitometric Evaluation of TLC Plate: Densitometric scanning was performed with a
Camag T.L.C. scanner III in reflectance absorbance mode at 254 nm and 366 nm under
66
Analytical Study
control of win CATS software (V 1.2.1 Camag). The slit dimensions were 6 mm x 0.45 mm
and the scanning speed was 20 mm s-1.
Table No.8: HPTLC of Methanol Extract of Ashwagandha Granules
Extract
Methanol
extract
Solvent system
Wavelength
Number
of spots
hRf value
366 nm
2
6
92
4
6
10
24
92
CHCl3: MeOH
(9:1)
254 nm
HPTLC of Methanol Extract of Ashwagandha Granules
HPTLC of alcoholic extract of drug on aluminium-backed silica gel GF 60254 plates using
Chloroform (9 ml): Methanol (1 ml) shows two spots Under 366 nm U.V. at hRf 6 and 92.
Where as in 254 nm 4 spots were seen at hRf 6, 10, 24 and 92. (Table no.8)
Table no.9: HPTLC - After spraying with Dragandroff’s reagent
Extract
Methanol
extract
Solvent system
CHCl3: MeOH
(9:1)
Spray
Dragandroff’s
reagent
No.
of
spots
hRf
value
Observation
2
6
90
Pink spot
Pink spot
67
Analytical Study
HPTLC of Methanol Extract of Ashwagandha Granules (after spraying with
Dragandroff’s reagent)
HPTLC of alcoholic extract of Ashwagandha Granules after spraying Dragandroff’s reagent
followed by heating and then visualized in day light shows 2 prominent pink colour spots at
hRf 6 and 90. (Table no.9)
References
1) Agarwal, A., Critical issues in Quality Control of Herbal Products, Pharma Times, 37(6),
09-11. 2005
2) Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part- I, Vol I, 19, 1st Edition, 2001,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of AYUSH (Government of India)
3) Khandelwal K R, Practical Pharmacognosy, 19th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, Pune, 2008, pp
149 – 159.
4) Khandelwal K R, Practical Pharmacognosy, 19th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, Pune, 2008, pp
149 – 159.
5) Stahl E, Thin layer Chromatography- A Laboratory Handbook, 2nd edition. CBS, New
Delhi, India, 1969, pg. - 60-86.
6) Touchstone J and J Sharma, Techniques and Application of Thin Layer Chromatography,
3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, USA, 1982, p 140.
7) Eike Reich et al, TLC for the Analysis of Herbal Drugs - A Critical Review of the Status
and Proposal for Improvement of Monographs, Scientific Note, Pharmeuropa 15.3, July
2003, 424-430.
8) Sethi PD, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, Quantitive Analysis of
pharmaceutical Formulations, CBS, New Delhi, India, 1996, pp.10-18.
9) Sharma J and Fried B, Handbook of thin layer Chromatography, 2nd edition. Marcel
Dekker, 1996, pp 16-17.
68