Download Contextual Factors

Contextual Factors
Contextual Factors
Methodology and definitions
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i.e.
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Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
22 324 000
986.7
No
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
8
Not applicable
565
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
8
Number of coalition governments
1
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
18
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
18
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
6
Size – number of seats
76
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Single - Preferential
3
150
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
8 423 635
353.5
Yes
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
9
Not applicable
2 354
Parliamentary
Head of state
President
Head of government
Chancellor
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
12
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
9
Number of coalition governments
9
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
5
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
13
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
15
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
4 to 6
61
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
5
183
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
11 047 740
426.1
Yes
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
6
Provincial
10
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
589
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
10
Number of coalition governments
10
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
7
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
12
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
12
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
4
71+3
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
150
Limited judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
34 483 980
1 394.6
No
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
Not applicable
13
3 700
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
9
Number of coalition governments
0
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
5
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
38
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
33
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Not elected
105
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Single - First Past the Post
4
308
Limited judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
17 248 450
363.5
No
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
15
Provincial
54
Local
System of executive power
345
Presidential
Head of state
President
Head of government
President
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
4
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
Number of coalition governments
5
Not applicable
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
5
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
21
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
22
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
No
Frequency of elections (in years)
8
Size – number of seats
38
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Single - First Past the Post
4
120
Limited judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
10 496 670
275.1
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
14
Not applicable
2 005
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
11
Number of coalition governments
9
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
9
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
14
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
14
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
No
Frequency of elections (in years)
6
Size – number of seats
81
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
200
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
5 570 572
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
228
Member of the EU
Yes
State structure
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
5
Not applicable
98
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
10
Number of coalition governments
10
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
21
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
19
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
179
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
1 339 928
30
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
15
Not applicable
226
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
13
Number of coalition governments
11
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
10
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
12
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
11
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Single - First Past the Post
4
101
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
5 388 272
201.1
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
19
Not applicable
320
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
12
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
8
Number of coalition governments
8
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
6
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
18
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
11
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
200
No judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
63 249 090
2 311.9
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
27
Provincial
96
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
36 681
Dual executive
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
15
Number of coalition governments
2
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
9
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
20
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
20
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
No
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
6
348
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Single - two rounds
5
577
Limited judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
81 797 670
3 249
Yes
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
16
Provincial
429
Local
System of executive power
12 141
Parliamentary
Head of state
President
Head of government
Chancellor
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
6
Number of coalition governments
6
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
3
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
14
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
14
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Not elected
69
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
631
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
11 299 980
292.2
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
13
Not applicable
325
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Yes
Term limit (years)
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
11
Number of coalition governments
2
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
8
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
18
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
16
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member - SemiProportional
4
300
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
9 971 726
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
212
Member of the EU
Yes
State structure
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
20
Not applicable
3 176
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
10
Number of coalition governments
7
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
8
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
8
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
8
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
386
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
319 014
11.7
No
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
8
Not applicable
74
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
No term limit
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
9
Number of coalition governments
9
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
8
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
7
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
63
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
4 576 748
194.4
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
8
Not applicable
114
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
14
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
9
Number of coalition governments
9
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
6
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
14
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
15
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
No
Frequency of elections (in years)
5
Size – number of seats
60
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
5
166
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
7 753 912
224.4
No
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
6
Not applicable
265
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
7
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
10
Number of coalition governments
10
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
8
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
29
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2012)
13
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
120
No judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
60 723 570
1 984.9
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
20
Provincial
110
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
8 100
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
No term limit
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
14
Number of coalition governments
12
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
12
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
21
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
13
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
5
315 + 6
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member - SemiProportional
5
630
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
127 799 000
4 325.1
No
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
47
Not applicable
1 719
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
19
Number of coalition governments
18
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
15
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
18
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
11
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
No
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
6
242
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member - SemiProportional
4
480
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
49 779 440
1 482.7
No
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
16
Provincial
Not applicable
Local
Not applicable
System of executive power
Parliamentary
Head of state
Head of government
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Yes
Term limit (years)
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
Number of coalition governments
24
Not applicable
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
20
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
16
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2012)
20
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member - SemiProportional
4
300
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
518 346
45.1
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
3
Not applicable
106
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
8
Number of coalition governments
8
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
2
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
15
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
18
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
5
60
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
109 219 900
1 905.4
No
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
32
Not applicable
2 438
Presidential
Head of state
President
Head of government
President
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
6
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
Number of coalition governments
5
Not applicable
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
5
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
18
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
17
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
No
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
6
128
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member - SemiProportional
3
500
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
16 693 070
710.6
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
12
Not applicable
408
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
9
Number of coalition governments
9
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
15
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2012)
12
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
4
Size – number of seats
75
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
150
No judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
4 405 000
139.4
No
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
16
Not applicable
67
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
9
Number of coalition governments
9
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
20
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2012)
23
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member - SemiProportional
3
120
No judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
4 953 000
302.4
No
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
19
Not applicable
428
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
6
Number of coalition governments
3
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
6
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
17
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
17
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
169
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
38 525 670
814.3
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
16
Provincial
379
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
2 459
Dual executive
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
14
Number of coalition governments
13
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
12
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
19
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2012)
18
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
4
100
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
460
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
10 557 560
270.2
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
20
Not applicable
308
Dual executive
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
8
Number of coalition governments
3
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
6
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
13
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
15
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
230
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
5 398 384
129.9
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
8
Not applicable
2 891
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
8
Number of coalition governments
8
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
7
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
14
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
13
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
150
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
2 052 496
56.1
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Not applicable
Provincial
Not applicable
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
212
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
9
Number of coalition governments
9
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
8
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
13
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
12
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Not directly elected
40
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
90
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
46 174 600
1 457.9
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
19
Provincial
50
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
8 112
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
7
Number of coalition governments
0
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
12
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
12
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
4
266
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
350
Limited judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
9 449 000
389.5
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
21
Not applicable
290
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
6
Number of coalition governments
3
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
23
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
11
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
349
Limited judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
7 912 398
404.2
No
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
26
Not applicable
2485
Parliamentary
Head of state
President
Head of government
President
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
Not applicable
Number of coalition governments
Not applicable
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
Not applicable
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
7
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
7
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
4
Size – number of seats
46
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member - SemiProportional
4
200
Limited judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
74 224 000
1 259.6
No
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
81
Not applicable
957
Parliamentary
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
10
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
14
Number of coalition governments
7
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
9
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
21
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
21
Upper House (central government)
Existence
No
Membership based on regional considerations?
Not applicable
Frequency of elections (in years)
Not applicable
Size – number of seats
Not applicable
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
550
Limited judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
63 285 100
2 264.2
Yes
Unitary
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
Head of state
Head of government
4
Not applicable
273
Parliamentary
Monarch
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
No
Not applicable
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
7
Number of coalition governments
1
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
23
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
16
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
No
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Not elected
830
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Single - First Past the Post
5
650
No judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
311 587 800
15 533.8
No
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
56
3144.0
16519
Presidential
Head of state
President
Head of government
President
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
8
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
Number of coalition governments
7
Not applicable
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
4
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
15
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
15
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
6
100
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Single - First Past the Post
2
435
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
194 932 700
2 294
No
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
Local
System of executive power
27
Not applicable
5564
Presidential
Head of state
President
Head of government
President
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Yes
Term limit (years)
8.0
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
Number of coalition governments
7
Not applicable
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
5
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
24
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
24
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
8
Size – number of seats
81
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
4
513
Judicial review
Population mid-2011 estimate (in millions)
GDP in 2011 (PPP in USD billion at current prices)
Member of the EU
State structure
142 961 000
3 203.5
No
Federal
Number of tiers of government
State/regional
Provincial
83
Not applicable
Local
Not applicable
System of executive power
Dual executive
Head of state
Head of government
President
Prime Minister
Existence of term limits for presidents
Is there a president?
Term limit (years)
Yes
12
Governments at the central level between 1992 and 2012
Total number of governments
Number of coalition governments
15
Not applicable
Number of executives serving non-consecutive terms
15
Number of Ministers at the central level of government (2013)
21
Number of Ministries or Departments at the central level of government (2013)
21
Upper House (central government)
Existence
Yes
Membership based on regional considerations?
Yes
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Not elected
166
Lower House (central government)
Electoral system
Frequency of elections (in years)
Size – number of seats
Existence of system of judicial review of the constitutionality of laws and actions
Multi Member Proportional
5
450
Judicial review