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UNIT I and II
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UNIT –I ENVIRONMENTAL, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
PART ‘B’
1) What are the main objectives of Environmental awareness?
Environmental awareness have a direct relation to the quality of life we live.
Environmental awareness develops a concern and respect for the environment.
Environmental awareness , people understand the concepts of need of development without destruction of
environment
2) Distinguish between Food Chain and Food Web?
But In food Webs, if one species gets affected ,it
In an linear food chains, if one species gets
does not affect tropic levels so seriously .There are
affected or become extinct, then the species in the
number of option available at each tropic level.
subsequent tropic levels also affected.
3) What is Bio diversity?
“the variety and variability among all groups of living organisms and the ecosystem in which they occur”
4) What is an (concept)Ecosystem?
A group of organisms interacting among themselves and with environment is known as ecosystems. Thus,
an ecosystems is a community of different species interacting with one another and with their non-living
environment exchanging energy and matter.
5) Define decomposer and give their significance?
The microscopic heterotrophic organism are commonly known as decomposer.
Significance: It is break down dead organism and release inorganic nutrients then make avail autotrophs.
6) Differentiate between In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of bio diversity?
In-Situ Conservation
Ex-Situ Conservation
Conserving the species in its own habitat
Protecting the fauna and flora outside the natural
habitat.
It is cheap and convenient method.
It is expensive method.
Eg: National park and Sanctuaries
Botanical garden, seed, banks, museums
7) what are producers, consumers and decomposers?
Producers synthesis their food themselves through photosynthesis.
Consumers are organisms which cannot prepare their own food and depends directly or indirectly on the
producers.
Decomposers are those organism which feed on dead organism, animal and plant and decompose them into
simpler compounds.
8) What are Hotspots of biodiversity? Mention criteria for hot spots.
The hot spots are the geographic areas which possess high endemic species and reduced less than 10% of
their original vegetation.
Criteria 1.The site is under threat
2.It should contain important gene pools of plants of potentially useful plants.
3.The hot spots should have a significant percentage of specialized species.
9) Define Genetic and Species diversity?
Genetic diversity is the diversity within species. Eg: variety rice
Species diversity is the diversity between different species. Eg: mango, apple
10) Define Environment and Ecosystems
Environment is defined as. ‘the sum of total of all the living and non living things around us influencing
one another’
Ecosystems : refer question number ‘4’
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UNIT I and II
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11) What is the major significance of biodiversity?
1.Biodiversity is very important for human life, as we depend on plants, micro-organism, earth’s animals for
our food, medicine and industrial products.
2.Loss of biodiversity has serious economic and social costs for any country.
12) What are the types of grassland Ecosystems?
Depending upon the climate condition grasslands can be classified into three types
1.Tropical grasslands 2.Temperature grasslands 3.Polar grasslands
13) What are food chain? Mention their types?
‘the sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem is known as food chain.
Types: 1.Grazing food chain
2.Detritus food chain
14) What are abiotic components of an ecosystems?
The abiotic components are physical components found in the soil and atmosphere.
Eg: air, mineral, water, inorganic and organic substances
15) Define ecological pyramids?
“Graphical representation of structure and function of tropic levels of an ecosystem, starting with producers
at the bottom and each successive tropic levels forming the apex is known as an ecological pyramids’
16) Name various ecosystems?
1.Forest ecosystems 2.Grassland ecosystems 3.Desert ecosystems
4.Pond ecosystems
17) Suggest three important features of forest ecosystems
1.The forest maintains climate and rainfall.
2.The forest support many wild animals and protect biodiversity.
3.The soil is rich in organic matter and nutrients, which support the growth of trees.
18) State the Significance and Scope of environmental education
Significance
1.Environmental studies inform the people about their effective role in protecting the environment by
demanding changes in laws
2.Environmental studies have a direct relation to the quality of life we alive.
Scope
1.To get an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its related problems.
2.To motivate the active participation in environmental protection and improvement.
19) India is a Mega diversity nation. Account
India is one among the 12 mega-diversity countries in the world.
It has 89,500 animal species accounting for 7.31% of the global faunal species.
It has 47,000 plant species accounting for 10.8% of the global flora species.
The loss of biodiversity of endemic is about 33%.
20) Distinguish between primary and secondary Succession
primary Succession
secondary Succession
It involves establishment of biotic communities on
lifeless ground
Initial development of an ecosystem.
Establishment of biotic communities on the ground,
where biotic community is already present.
Re- Establishment of an ecosystem.
21) What is meant by energy flow in the ecosystem?
Energy flow is the movement of energy through an ecosystems i.e., from the external environment through a
series of organisms and back to the external environment.
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UNIT I and II
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22) What are Endangered and endemic species?
A species is said to be endangered, when its number has been reduced to a critical level. Unless it is
protected and conserved, it is in immediate danger of extinction.
The species, which are found only in a particular region are known as endemic species.
23) Differentiate between a biome and an Ecosystem?
biome (small Ecosystem)
Ecosystem
On earth there are many sets of ecosystems which
A group of organisms interacting among themselves
are exposed to same climatic conditions and having
and with environment is known as ecosystems.
dominant species with similar life cycle, climatic
Thus, an ecosystems is a community of different
adoptions and physical structure. This set of eco
species interacting with one another and with their
system is called a Biome
non-living environment exchanging energy and
matter
The biome is a small ecosystem with in an
The biome is a large area ecosystem
ecosystem
24) What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Autotropic components
The member of autotropic components are
producers, which are autotrops. They derive energy
from sunlight and make organic compounds from
inorganic substances.
Example: Green plants, algae, bacteria etc
Heterotropic components
The member of Heterotropic components are
consumer and decomposer, which are Heterotrops.
They consume the autotrops.
Example: animals and micoorganism
UNIT –II ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
1) Define thermal pollution
It is defined as the addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that makes it harmful to man, animal and
aquatic life.
2) Mention the source of water pollution.
1.Pesticides 2.Heavy metals mercury 3. Industrial and agriculture 4. Thermal
3) Define soil, air, water pollution
Air
“the presence of one of more contaminants like dust, smoke, mist and odour in the atmosphere
which are injurious to human beings, plants and animals”
Water “the alteration in physical, chemical and biological characteristic of water which may cause
harmful effects on human and aquatic life”
Soil
“the contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause harmful effects on
living beings”.
4) What are common hazardous chemicals?
Pesticides and herbicides, gun powder, radioactive wastes, heavy metals, like Pb, Hg, As are some common
hazardous chemicals.
5) Define BOD5
The 5day BOD or BOD5 is the total amount of oxygen consumed by micro organism during the first 5days of
biodegradation at 20oC , thinking that the ultimate demand is considerably higher.
6) What is photochemical Smog?
Hydrocarbons + NOx + sunlight - Photochemical smog
It is chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, which
leaves airborne particles and ground-level zone which cause poor visibility, eyes and lungs irritations.
7) Define Recycling
Recycling is the reprocessing of the discarded material into new useful products.
Example: Old Aluminium cans and glass bottles are melted and recast into new cans and bottles.
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UNIT I and II
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8) What do you understand by soil pollution?
“the contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause harmful effects on living beings”.
9) What are the causes of noise pollution?
Various modes of transportations, industrial operations, celebrations, neighborhood noise,
10) Mention four causes of floods.
1.Heavy rain, rain fall during cyclone causes floods.
2.Sudden snow melt also raises the quantity of water in streams and causes flood.
3.Clearing of forest for agriculture has also increased severity of floods.
4.Sudden and excess release of impounded water behind dams.
11) What is acid rain? Explain
The presence of excessive acids in rain water is known as acid rain.
The acid fog, acid snow and SO2,NO2 gases in the atmosphere, decreases the pH of the water during rain
fall. This type of precipitation of water is called acid deposition.
12) Why are radioactive wastes disposed off in salt water?
Salt water would slowly carry the nuclear wastes downward into the earth’s mantle and also radioactive
rays would not reach the earth surface easily.
13) Suggest four important sources of air pollution? (or) What are general causes of air pollution?
Name of Pollutants
Sources
Carbon monoxide
Cigarette smoking, incomplete burning fuels.
Nitrogen dioxide
Burning of fossil fuels
Sulphur dioxide
Coal burning
Lead
Paint, smelters, leaded petrol
14) Give two effects of noise pollution on human being
1.Sudden noise acute damage our ear drum, in addition serious loss of hearing due to excessive noise.
2.It may cause damage to heart, brain, kidneys, liver and may also produce emotional disturbance.
3.It causes contraction of blood vessels, makes them skin pale, leads to excessive secretion of adrenalin
hormone into blood stream which is responsible for high blood pressure.
15) State the role and responsibility of an individual in the prevention of pollution.
1.Plant more trees
2.Reduce deforestation
3.Use CFC free refrigerators
4.Use recyclable environmental safe products
16) Mention the source of soil Wastes?
1.Domestic wastes
- cloth, waste papers
2.Commercial wastes -cans, bottle, polythene bags
3.Construction wastes -Wood, concrete
4.Industrial wastes
-Nuclear and thermal power plants
17) How do you measures the noise pollution?
The sound intensity is measured in decibel, which is one tenth of the longest unit Bel.
25) Write the effects due to nuclear hazard
Why nuclear hazards are so dangerous?
1.Exposure of the brain central nervous system to high doses of radiation causes delirium, convulsions and
death within hours or days.
2.Internal bleeding and blood vessel damage may show up as red spots on the skin.
18) Differentiate between primary and secondary Air pollution with examples?
primary Air pollution
secondary Air pollution
Primary pollutants are those emitted in the
Some of the primary pollutants may react with on
atmosphere in harmful form
another form new air pollutants
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Example: CO, NO, SO2 etc
UNIT I and II
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Example: NO/NO2--(HNO3/NO3) etc
19) Differentiate between pollution prevention and pollution control?
pollution prevention
pollution control
It is source reduction which eliminates the
It is the removal of pollutants from the polluted
creation of pollutions.
part.
Environment degradation is avoided.
Environment degradation is minimized.
20) Define disaster
Disaster (or) calamities is a geological –process and is defined as an event, concentrated in time and space,
in which a society, or sub-division of a society undergoes severe danger and causes loss of its member and
physical property.