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Chapter 3
Meat and Bones
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
The Musculoskeletal System
• The musculoskeletal system consists of two
systems that work together to support the
body and allow for movement of the
animal:
– the skeletal system = bones, joints, cartilage, and
various connective tissues
– the muscular system = muscles and various connective
tissues
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The Skeletal System
• The skeletal system consists of bones,
joints, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.
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The Skeletal System
• Bones
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–
–
form the framework that supports and protects the body
aid in body movement
function to form blood cells
store and release minerals such as calcium
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The Skeletal System
• Joints
– aid in movement of the body
• Cartilage
– protects the ends of bones where they contact each
other
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Bones
• Bone is one of the hardest tissues in the
body.
• Combining forms for bone:
– oste/o
– oss/e
– oss/i
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Bones
• Bones start as cartilage and fibrous
membranes that harden into bone before
birth.
– The formation of bone from fibrous tissue is known as
ossification.
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Types of Bones
• Cortical bone is the hard, dense, strong bone
that forms the outer layer of bone.
– Cortex means bark or shell in Latin.
– Cortical bone also is known as compact bone.
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Types of Bones
• Cancellous bone is the lighter, less strong
bone that is found in the ends and inner
portions of long bone.
– cancellous = latticework in Latin
– also known as spongy bone
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Long Bone Terms
• Long bones consist of a shaft, two ends, and
a marrow cavity.
• Examples of long bones are the femur,
humerus, tibia, and radius.
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Long Bone Terms
• Bone word parts:
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–
–
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–
–
epi- = above
physis = growth
dia- = between
peri- = surrounding
-um = structure
endo- = within or inner
meta- = beyond
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Cartilage
• Cartilage is a form of connective tissue that
is more elastic than bone.
• The combining form for cartilage is
chondr/o.
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Cartilage
• Articular cartilage is a type of cartilage that
covers the joint surfaces of bone.
• The meniscus is a curved fibrous cartilage
found in some joints.
– provides additional cushioning
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Joints
• Joints are connections between bones.
• Joints also are known as articulations.
• The combining form for joint is arthr/o.
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Joints
• Joints are classified based on their degree of
movement:
– synarthroses
• immovable
– amphiarthroses
• slightly movable
– diathroses
• freely movable
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Ligaments
• Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective
tissue that connect one bone to another.
– Ligament/o is the combining form for ligament.
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Tendons
• Tendons are bands of fibrous connective
tissue that connect muscle to bone.
– Ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o are combining forms for
tendon.
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The Skeleton
• The skeleton is divided into two parts:
– The axial skeleton protects the major organs of the
nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems.
• The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bones, vertebral
column, ribs, and sternum.
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The Skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton is the framework that
consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle.
– Appen means to add or hang.
– The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the front and
hind limbs.
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The Axial Skeleton
• The cranium is the portion of the skull that
encloses the brain.
• The combining form for skull is crani/o.
• The skull also has air- or fluid-filled spaces
called sinuses.
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The Axial Skeleton
• The vertebral column supports the head and body
and provides protection for the spinal cord.
• The vertebral column is comprised of individual
bones called vertebra.
– The combining forms for vertebra are spondyl/o and vertebr/o.
– Vertebrae is the plural form.
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Parts of a Vertebra
• Vertebrae are divided
into parts:
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–
–
–
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body
arch
lamina
vertebral foramen
processes
• spinous process
• transverse process
• articular process
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Other Axial Skeleton Parts
• Ribs
– Combining form is
cost/o.
• Sternum
– manubrium
– body
– xiphoid process
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Front limb
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scapula
clavicle
humerus
radius
ulna
carpal bones
metacarpal bones
• cannon bone in livestock
– phalanges
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Phalanx names:
– P1 = long pastern bone in
livestock
– P2 = short pastern bone in
livestock
– P3 = coffin bone in
livestock
– P3 in small animals may
be called the claw or nail.
• Combining form
for claw or nail
is onych/o.
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Hind limb
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pelvis
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
• cannon bone in livestock
– phalanges
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Pelvic Bones
• The bones of the
pelvis:
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ilium
ischium
pubis
acetabulum—
bony part
of the socket
joint
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The Muscular System
• Muscles are organs that contract to produce
movement.
• Muscles are responsible for the following:
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ambulation
control of organs and tissues
pumping of blood
generation of heat
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Muscles
• Muscles are made up of long, slender cells
called muscle fibers.
• Each muscle consists of a group of muscle
fibers in a fibrous sheath.
– My/o is the combining form for muscle.
– Fibr/o and fibros/o are combining forms for fibrous
tissue.
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Types of Muscle Tissue
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Types of Muscle Tissue
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Structures Associated
with Muscles
• Fascia is a sheet of fibrous connective
tissue that covers, supports, and
separates muscles.
– Fasci/o and fasc/i are combining forms for fascia.
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Structures Associated
with Muscles
• Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that
connect muscle to bone.
– Tend/o, tendin/o, and ten/o are combining forms for
tendon.
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Structures Associated
with Muscles
• Aponeurosis is a fibrous sheet that gives
attachment to muscular fibers and serves
as a means of origin and insertion of a
flat muscle.
– Aponeur/o is the combining form for aponeurosis.
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Muscle Terms
• Kinesio/o and -kinesis mean movement.
– Kinesiology is the study of movement.
• anti- = against
• agon = struggle
– Antagonistic muscles work against or opposite other
muscles.
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Muscle Terms
• syn = together
• erg = work
– Synergist muscles work with other muscles to produce
movement.
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Naming Muscles
• Muscle movement terms:
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abductor
adductor
flexor
extensor
levator
depressor
rotator
supinator
pronator
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Naming Muscles
• Muscle location terms:
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pectoral
epaxial
intercostal
infraspinatus
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Naming Muscles
• Muscle fiber directional terms:
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rectus
oblique
transverse
sphincter
• Number of muscle division terms:
– biceps
– triceps
– quadriceps
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Naming Muscles
• Muscle size terms:
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minimus
maximus
major
minor
latissimus
longissimus
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Naming Muscles
• Muscle shape terms:
– deltoid
– quadratus
– rhomboideus
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Medical Terms for the
Musculoskeletal System
• Additional terms for musculoskeletal
system tests, pathology, and procedures can
be found in the text.
• Review StudyWARE to make sure you
understand these terms.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning