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The London Conference
1.
1933, London Conference, 66 nations came together to try to
develop a worldwide solution to the Great Depression.
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Unit 10: Ch. 3434-36
FDR at first agreed to send Sec. of State Hull, but withdrew from
agreement & scolded other nations for trying to stabilize
currencies.
Result: conference accomplished nothing, & strengthened US
isolationism & FDR free to try inflating US currency.
Freedom for/from Filipinos and Recognition for the
Russians
World War II – Beginnings of Cold
War
1.
2.
3.
US eager to do away w/ their liabilities in Philippines.
US sugar producers wanted to get rid of Filipino competition.
1934, TydingsTydings-McDuffie Act, Philippines independence after
12 yrs of economic & political tutelage, in 1946 – naval bases
kept.
While US crept further into isolationism, militarists in Japan
saw opportunity to take Pacific w/o U.S. interference or
4.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Storm--Cellar Isolationism
Storm
1.
1.
U.S. wanted to be a “good neighbor” to Latin America,
showing US was content as a regional power, not a world
one.
1933, FDR renounced armed intervention in Latin America at
the
Seventh PanPan-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay.
U.S. removed troops from Haiti & Panama, but when Mexican
forces
seized US oil properties, FDR was urged to take drastic
action.
2.
3.
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1.
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2.
3.
FDR resisted, worked out peaceful deal & improved U.S. image in L.
America.
IV. Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreement
Sec. of State Hull believed trade was a 22-way street, & he
had a part in the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, 1934,
which activated lowlow-tariff policies while aiming at relief &
recovery by boosting US trade.
After WWI, many dictatorships sprang up; Stalin of the USSR,
Mussolini of Italy, & Hitler of Germany.
4.
5.
Hitler most dangerous; he was a great orator & persuader who led
German people to believe his “big lie,” making them think that he could
lead the country back to greatness & out of this time of poverty and
depression.
1936, Hitler & Mussolini allied themselves in the RomeRome-Berlin
Axis.
Japan slowly gained strength, refusing to cooperate w/ the
world & ended the Washington Naval Treaty in 1934 &
walked out of the London Conference & quickly began arming
itself.
1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia, conquered it, & League of
Nations failed to take effective action against the aggressors.
US continued isolationism, believing that everything would
stay good if the U.S. wasn’t drawn into any international
embroilments.
1
Congress Legislates Neutrality
1.
1. Who is the woman?
2. What does the
artist mean by
“civilization”?
3. Calls them for
what?
4. What is the
message in this
poster?
1934, Nye Committee investigated whether or not munitions
manufacturers existed for purpose of money & profits off of
wars, press blamed them for dragging US into WWI.
Congress passed Neutrality Acts, 19351935-37; president
proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, restrictions would
automatically go into effect: no American could legally sail on
a belligerent ship or sell or transport munitions to a
belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.
2.
–
The flaw with these acts was World War II would prove to be different.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
1.
Spanish Civil War (1936(1936-39), rebels led by fascist Gen.
Franco rose up against the leftistleftist-leaning republican gov’t.
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–
U.S. put an embargo on both the loyalist gov’t, supported by USSR, &
the rebels, which were aided by Hitler & Mussolini.
U.S. just stood by while Franco smothered the democratic gov’t. US
also failed to build up its fleet, most believed that huge fleets led to
huge wars.
Appeasing Japan and Germany
1. 1937, Japan invaded China, but FDR didn’t call it “a war,”
thus China could still get arms from U.S., & in Chicago, FDR
chastised Japan, calling for an economic “quarantine.”
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–
2.
Dec. 1937, Japanese bombed & sank US gunboat, the
Panay, but made the necessary apologies, “saving” US from
entering war.
Hitler grew bolder after being allowed to introduce mandatory
military service, take over the Rhineland, persecute &
exterminate about six million Jews, & occupy Austria—
Austria—all
because the European powers were appeasing him.
3.
–
4.
Quarantine Speech asked US to stay neutral but morally side against
fascist.
However, this speech angered many isolationists, and FDR backed
down.
They naively hoped that each conquest of Germany would be the last.
Hitler didn’t stop, at the September 1938 Munich Conference,
the Allies agreed to let Hitler have the Sudentenland of
Czechoslovakia, but 6 mo. later, in 1939, Hitler took over all
Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
1.
On August 23, 1939, the U.S.S.R. shocked the world by
signing a nonaggression treaty with Germany.
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2.
Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, so France & Britain
declared war against Germany, but America refused to enter
the war, its citizens not wanting to be “suckers” again.
–
3.
Germany could now engulf Europe in war, w/o having to worry about
fighting a twotwo-front war.
The nonaggression pact opened the door to Poland.
Americans were anti
anti--Hitler and anti
anti--Nazi and wanted Britain and
France to win, but they would not permit themselves to be dragged into
fighting.
European powers needed US supplies, but Neutrality Acts
forbade sale of arms to nations in war, so new Neutrality Act
of 1939 allowed European nations to buy war materials, but
only on a “cash“cash-and
and--carry” basis, which meant Europeans
had to provide their own ships & pay in cash. British & French
controlled the seas, Germans couldn’t buy arms from US.
2
1. Who is the
lady?
2. What is the
story she is
reading about?
3. What are the
reactions of the
kids?
4. What is the
attitude of the
mother?
The Fall of France
1.
“The Phony War,”a lull in the war after Poland fell, while Hitler
positioned his forces to attack France (so that men could
move) except when USSR attacked & conquered Finland,
despite $30 million from the U.S. (for nonmilitary reasons).
2. 1940, the “phony war” ended when Hitler overran Denmark,
Norway, Netherlands and Belgium & then struck a paralyzing
blow toward France, which was forced to surrender by late
June 1940.
B. The fall of France was shocking, now, only Britain stood
between Hitler & the world: if England lost, Hitler would have
all of Europe in which to operate, and he might take over the
Americas as well.
1. Finally, FDR called for the nation to massively build up its
armed forces, with expenses totaling more than $37 m. FDR
had Congress pass the first peacetime draft in U.S. history on
September 6, 1940.
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Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
1.
With only Britain fighting Germany, FDR had to decide
whether to remain totally neutral or to help Britain.
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2.
3.
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FDR Shatters the TwoTwo-Term Tradition (1940)
1.
1940, Wendell L. Willkie, a colorful & magnetic newcomer
went from a nobody to a candidate in a matter of weeks to
Battle of Britain: August 1940, Hitler launched air attacks against
Britain &
prepared an invasion scheduled to start a month later, but the
tenacious defense of the British Royal Air Force stopped him.
Committee to Defend America were those who supported
helping Britain by Aiding the Allies, while isolationist
(including Charles A. Lindbergh) were in the America First
Committee, & both groups campaigned and advertised for
their respective positions.
Britain was in dire need of destroyers, & on Sept. 2, 1940,
FDR boldly moved to transfer 50 oldold-model, four
four--funnel
destroyers left over from WWI, & in return, the British
promised to give the U.S. eight valuable defensive base sites
stretching from Newfoundland to South America.
1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves would be trained.
become the Republican against Democrat FDR, who waited
until the last moment to challenge the twotwo-term tradition.
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Democrats felt FDR was the only man qualified to be president,
especially in so grave of a situation as was going on.
2.
Willkie & FDR weren’t really different in the realm of foreign
affairs, but Willkie hit hard with his attacks on the third term.
3.
Still, FDR won because voters felt that, should war come,
FDR was the best man to lead America.
These would stay in American ownership for 99 years.
Obviously, this caused controversy, but FDR felt US had to stop
3
Congress Passes the Landmark LendLend-Lease Law
1.
Hitler’s Assault on the USSR Spawns the Atlantic
Charter
Britain was running out of money, but FDR didn’t want the
hassles that came w/ calling back debts, so he came up w/
1.
June 22, 1941, Hitler attacked USSR, because neither Stalin
nor Hitler had trusted each other, & both had been plotting to
double--cross each other.
double
the lendlend-lease program, the arms & ships, etc. the U.S. lent to
nations would be returned when they were no longer needed.
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Senator Taft retorted that in this case the U.S. wouldn’t want them
back.
2.
The lendlend-lease bill was argued over heatedly in Congress,
2.
The Atlantic Conference was held in August 1941, and the
result was
the eighteight-point Atlantic Charter, which was suggestive of
Woodrow
Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Main points included…
but it
passed, & by war’s end, US sent about $50 billion worth of
arms & equipment.
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The lend
lend--lease act was the abandonment of the neutrality policy by the
US, and Hitler recognized this.
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Before, German submarines had avoided attacking U.S. ships, but
after the passage, they started to fire upon U.S. ships as well, such as
1. Who is the
Charter going
to effect?
2. How do you
know?
Hitler assumed his invincible troops would crush the inferior
Soviet soldiers, but the valor of the Red army, U.S. aid to the
U.S.S.R. (through lendlend-lease), and an early and bitter winter stranded
the German force at Moscow and shifted the tide against Germany.
There would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the
natives.
The charter also affirmed the right of self
self--determination.
It declared disarmament and a peace of security, as well as a new
League of Nations.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s UU-Boats Clash
1.
2.
3.
To ensure arms reached Britain, FDR finally agreed to a
convoy to escort them, but only to Iceland, Britain would take
over from there.
U.S. destroyers like the Greer, Kearny, & Reuben James
were attacked by the Germans.
By midmid-November 1941, Congress annulled Neutrality Act of
1939.
Surprise Assault at Pearl Harbor
1.
2.
3.
Japan was still at war w/ China, but when US suddenly
imposed embargoes on key supplies on Japan in 1940, the
imperialistic nation had no choice, either back off of China or
attack the U.S.
US broke Japanese code & knew war was imminent, but U.S.
could not attack, & most Americans thought Japanese would
attack British Malaya or Philippines.
Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese suddenly attacked the naval base
4
America’s Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
1.
Up until the day of the Pearl Harbor attack, most Americans
still
wanted to stay out of war, but afterwards the event sparked
such
passion that it completely infuriated Americans into wanting to
go to war.
This had been long in coming, as the U.S. had wanted to stay
out of
war, but had still supported Britain more and more, and the
U.S. had
been against the Japanese aggression but had failed to take
a firm
stand on either side.
Finally, people decided that appeasement didn’t work against
“iron wolves,” and that only full war was needed to keep the
world safe for democracy and against anarchy and
2.
3.
dictatorship.
Ch. 35: America in World War II
The Allies Trade Space for Time
1.
After Japan attacked at Pearl Harbor, millions of infuriated
The Shock of War
1.
After the attack at Pearl Harbor, national unity was
strong.
Most of America’s ethnic groups assimilated even faster
due
to WWII, since in the decades before the war, few
immigrants had been allowed into America.
2.
Americans instantly changed views from isolationist to
avenger.
2.
US, led by FDR, resisted such pressures, instead taking a
–
“get Germany first” approach to the war, for if Germany were
to defeat Britain before the Allies could beat Japan, there
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would be no stopping Hitler and his men.
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check.
3.
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But, just enough troops would be sent to fight Japan to keep it in
3.
US had hardship of preparing for war, due to the isolation of
the preceding decades, & the test would be whether or not it
could mobilize quickly enough to stop Germany & make the
4.
Pacific coast, 110k JapaneseJapanese-Americans were taken from their
homes & herded into internment camps where their properties &
freedoms were taken away.
1944 case of Korematsu v. U.S. affirmed the constitutionality of
these camps.
It took 40+ years before U.S. admitted fault & made $20k
reparation payments to camp survivors.
With the war, many New Deal programs were wiped out,
such as the
CCC, the WPA, and the NYA.
WWII was no idealistic crusade, as most Americans
didn’t even
5
Building the War Machine
Manpower and Womanpower
1.
1.
Massive military orders (over $100 billion in 1942 alone)
ended the Great Depression by creating demand for jobs and
production.
Shipbuilder Henry J. Kaiser was dubbed “Sir Launchalot”
because his methods of ship assembly churned out one ship
every 14 days!
War Production Board halted manufacture of nonessential
items
& when the Japanese seized rubber supplies in British
Malaya & the Dutch East Indies, U.S. imposed a national
speed limit & gasoline rationing to save tires and many
essential goods were rationed.
Farmers grew more food, but prices soared—
soared— problem finally
solved by the regulation of prices by the Office of Price
Administration.
Labor unions pledged not to strike during the war, but some
did.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Wartime Migrations
1.
2.
2.
3.
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4.
The war forced many people to move to new places.
FDR used the war as an excuse to pump money into the
stagnant South to revitalize it, helping to start the “Sunbelt.”
–
3.
Still, some 1.6 million blacks left the South, & explosive tensions
developed over black housing, employment, and segregation facilities.
Philip Randolph, leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
Porters,
threatened a “Negro March to Washington” in 1941 to get
better rights & treatment.
FDR established the Fair Employment Practices Commission
to discourage racism & oppression in the workplace, & while
Blacks in the army still suffered discrimination, they still used
the war as a rallying cry against dictators abroad & racism at
home—
home
—overall gaining power & strength.
4.
–
The armed forces had nearly 15 million men and 216,000
women, & some of these “women in arms” included the
WAACS (Army), the WAVES (Navy), and SPARS (Coast
Guard).
Because of the national draft there weren’t enough
workers, so the Bracero Program brought Mexican
workers to America as resident workers.
With the men in the military, women took up jobs in the
workplace, symbolized by “Rosie the Riveter,” and upon
war’s
end, many did not return to their homes as in World War
I.
1944, mechanical cotton picker made the need for
muscle
nonexistent, so blacks could leave since they lost their
jobs.
–
5.
They left the South and took up residence in urban areas.
Native Americans also left their reservations during the
war, finding work in the cities or joining the army.
–
6.
The female revolution into the work force was not as great as
commonly believed. At the end of war, 2/3 of women did return
home; the servicemen who came home to them helped produce
a baby boom that is still being felt today.
Some 25,000 Native Americans were in the army, and the
Navajo and Comanches were “code talkers,” relaying military
orders in the own language—
language—a “code” that was never broken by
the Axis Powers.
Such sudden “rubbing of the races” did spark riots and
cause tension, such as the 1943 attack on some
Mexican--American navy men in Los Angeles and the
Mexican
Detroit race riot (occurring in the same year) that killed
25 blacks and 9 whites.
Membership to the NAACP passed the half
half--million mark, & a new
organization, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), was founded in
1942.
6
Holding the Home Front
1.
US only country to emerge after the war relatively unscathed,
and in fact, it was much better off after the war than before.
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2.
The gross national product more than doubled, as did corporate
profits.
In fact, when the war ended and price controls were lifted, inflation
shot up.
Despite all of the New Deal programs, it was the plethora of
spending during WWII that lifted America from its Great
Depression.
–
–
The wartime bill amounted to more than $330 billion
billion—
—more than
the combined costs of all the previous American wars together.
While income tax was expanded to make four times as many people
pay
as before, most of the payments were borrowed, making the national
debt
soar from $49 billion to $259 billion (the war had cost as much as $10
million per hour at one point).
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
1.
Japan conquered over 1 million sq. miles of the Pacific Rim;
conquering Guam, Wake, the Philippines, Hong Kong, British
Malaya, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, and even pushing into
China.
U.S. General Douglas MacArthur had to sneak out of the
Philippines, & vowed to return to liberate the islands; he went
to Australia.
After the fighters in the Philippines surrendered, they were
forced to make the infamous 8585-mile Bataan death march.
2.
3.
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Japan’s High Tide at Midway
Japan stopped in Coral Sea by US & Australia. World’s 1st
naval battle where ships never saw one another. And,
Japanese at Midway Island, were forced back by US Adm.
Nimitz from 6/36/3-6, 1942.
1.
–
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
US won at Guadalcanal in Aug. 1942 & New Guinea by
August 1944.
By island hopping, U.S. retook the Aleutian Islands in August
of 1943, & in November 1943, “bloody Tarawa” and Makin,
members of the Gilbert Islands, fell to the Allies.
US sailors shelled the beachheads, U.S. Marines stormed
ashore, & US bombers attacked the Japanese, such as Lt.
Robert J. Albert who piloted a BB-24 “Liberator” on 36 missions
including his final run before returning home. That mission
was a record 18 hr & 25 min. strike that he piloted, even
though his tour of duty was complete, just so his men would
not fly behind a rookie pilot.
In January and February of 1944, the Marshall Islands fell to
the U.S.
The assault on the Marianas (including Guam) began on
June 19,
1944, & with superior planes such as the “Hellcat” fighter and
May 6, 1942, the island fortress of Corregidor, in Manila Harbor,
surrendered.
Midway proved to be the turning point that stopped Japanese
The Allied Halting of Hitler
US at 1st had trouble against Germany, UU-boats proved very
effective, but breaking the Germans’ “enigma” code helped
pinpoint those subs better.
1.
–
2.
May 1942, British launched a massive raid on Cologne,
France, and in August, the U.S. air corps joined them.
–
3.
After war’s end the true threat of the German submarines was known,
Hitler had been about to unleash a new UU-boat that could remain
underwater indefinitely and cruise at 17 knots underwater.
Germans, led by the “Desert Fox” Marshall Edwin Rommel, drove to
Egypt, dangerously close to the Suez Canal, but late in October 1942,
British General Bernard Montgomery defeated him at El Alamein, west
of Cairo.
On the Soviet front, Russians launched a new, blistering
counteroffensive, regaining about 2/3 of the land they had lost
before a year later.
7
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
5.
The Allies finally took Rome on June 4, 1944, and it wasn’t
until May 2, 1945, that Axis troops in Italy finally surrendered.
Though long and tiring, the Italian invasion did open up
Europe, divert some of Hitler’s men from the Soviet front, and
helping cause Italy to fall.
2nd
1.
Soviets begged Allies to open a
front against Hitler, Soviet
forces fighting alone, & US was eager to comply, but the
British, remembering WWI, were reluctant.
–
2.
No frontal European assault, British devised invasion thru N. Africa, so
Allies could cut Hitler’s forces thru “soft underbelly” of the
Mediterranean Sea.
A secret attack was coordinated & executed by Eisenhower
but upon facing the German soldiers, US set back at
Kasserine Pass.
–
3.
This soft underbelly campaign wasn’t really successful, as the
underbelly wasn’t as soft as Churchill had guessed, but important
lessons were learned.
Casablanca Conference, FDR & Churchill agreed on
“unconditional surrender.”
Allies found bitter resistance in Italy, but Sicily finally fell Aug.
1943.
4.
–
6.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
1.
Tehran Conference, the Big Three (FDR, Churchill, & Stalin)
met & agreed that the Soviets & Allies would launch
simultaneous attacks.
Allies began plans for a gigantic crosscross-channel invasion, &
command of the whole operation was entrusted to Gen.
Eisenhower.
2.
–
3.
Meanwhile, MacArthur received a fake army to use as a ruse to
Germany.
Point of attack was French Normandy, and on June 6, 1944,
D-Day began
began—
—the amphibious assault on Normandy. After
heavy resistance, Allied troops, some led by General George
S. Patton, finally clawed their way onto land, across the
Italian dictator Mussolini was deposed, and a new government was set
up.
FDR: The FourthFourth-Termite of 1944
The Last Days of Hitler
1.
1.
Republicans nominated Dewey, a young, liberal governor of
NY, & paired him with isolationist John W. Bricker of Ohio.
FDR was Democratic lock, but because of his age, the vice
presidential candidate was carefully chosen to be Harry S.
Truman.
2.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
1.
Dewey went on a rampaging campaign offensive while FDR,
stuck with WWII problems, could not go out much.
–
2.
3.
The new Political Action Committee of the CIO contributed
considerable money. It was organized to get around the law banning
direct use of union funds for political purposes.
FDR stomped Dewey, 432 to 99, the 4th term issue wasn’t
even that big of a deal, since the precedent had already been
broken three years before.
FDR won because the war was going well, and because
people wanted to stick with him.
On the retreat and losing, Hitler concentrated his forces on
Dec. 16, 1944, starting the Battle of “the Bulge.” He nearly
succeeded, but the 1010-day penetration was finally stopped by
the 101st Airborne Division that had stood firm at the vital
bastion of Bastogne, which was commanded by Brigadier
General A.C. McAuliffe.
March 1945, US reached the Rhine River of Germany, & then
pushed toward the river Elbe, and from there, joining Soviet
troops, they marched toward Berlin.
Upon entering Germany, the Allies were horrified to find the
concentration camps where millions of Jews and other
“undesirables” had been slaughtered in attempted genocide.
2.
3.
–
4.
5.
Adolph Hitler, committed suicide in his bunker on April 30, 1945.
Meanwhile, in America, FDR had died from a massive
cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945.
May 7, 1945 was the date of the official German surrender,
and the
8
The Atomic Bombs
1.
At the Potsdam Conference, the Allies issued an ultimatum:
surrender or be destroyed.
1st atomic bomb had been tested on July 16, 1945, near
Alamogordo, New Mexico, & when Japan refused to
surrender, American dropped AA-bombs onto Hiroshima (on
August 6, 1945), killing 73k and Nagasaki (on August 9,
1945), killing 37.5k. 200k by end of year.
On August 8, 1945, Soviets declared war on Japan, just as
promised, & 2 days later, August 10, Japan sued for peace
on one condition: that the Emperor Hirohito be allowed to
remain on the Japanese throne.
2.
3.
–
4.
Despite the “unconditional surrender” clause, the Allies accepted.
The formal end came on September 2, 1945, on the
battleship U.S.S. Missouri where Hirohito surrendered to
General MacArthur.
Before
After
9
Enola Gay
•
Exploded 580 meters above a
hospital
•
Air temperature exceeded 1
million degrees Celsius
•
1 second after detonation the
diameter of the fire ball was 280
meters.
Little Man
1st Bomb
Fat Man
2nd Bomb
Before
Hiroshima
After
10
Nagasaki
Before
The Allies Triumphant
1.
2.
3.
After
4.
America suffered 1 million casualties, but the number killed
by
disease and infections was very low thanks to new miracle
drugs like penicillin. But otherwise the U.S. had suffered little
losses (two
Japanese attacks on California and Oregon that were rather
harmless).
This was America’s bestbest-fought war, despite the fact that the
U.S. began preparing later than usual.
The success was partly thanks to the excellent U.S. generals
and admirals, and the leaders.
Industry also rose to the challenge, putting out a phenomenal
amount of goods, proving wrong Hermann Goering, a Nazi
leader who had scorned America’s lack of manufacturing
skills.
11
Chapter 36 - The Cold War Begins
4.
To forestall an economic downturn, gov’t sold war factories &
other gov’t installations to private businesses cheaply.
Employment Act, 1946, gov’t policy to “promote maximum
employment, production, & purchasing power,” & created
Council of Economic Advisors to provide president w/ data to
make policy a reality.
Postwar Economic Anxieties
1.
US cheered the end of WWII in 1945, but many worried the
U.S. would sink back into another Great Depression.
–
2.
Inflation shot up w/ release of price controls while GNP sank, & labor
strikes swept the nation.
Congress passed TaftTaft-Hartley Act, outlawed “closed” shops
(closed to nonnon-union members), made unions liable for
damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among
themselves, & required union leaders take nonnon-communist
oaths. Opposite of Wagner Act.
Labor tried to organize in South & West w/ “Operation Dixie,”
but this proved frustrating & unsuccessful.
3.
–
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, 1944, the GI Bill of Rights, which
allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they
returned from the war.
The Long Economic Boom, 19501950-1970
1.
In late 40s & into 60s, economy began to boom, & folks who
had felt the sting of the G.D. now wanted to bathe in the new
prosperity.
–
2.
Middle class more than doubled while people now wanted two cars in
every garage; over 90% of American families owned a television.
Women also reaped the benefits of the postwar economy,
growing in US work force while giving up their former roles as
housewives.
Even though this new affluence did not touch everyone, it did
3.
The Roots of Postwar Prosperity
The Smiling Sunbelt
1.
1.
However, much of the prosperity of the 50s and 60s
rested on colossal military projects.
–
2.
3.
With so many people on the move, families were being
strained.
Combined with the baby boom, this explained the success of
Dr. Benjamin Spock’s The Common Sense Book of Baby and
Child Care.
Care.
Immigration also led to the growth of a 1515-state region in the
southern half of the U.S. known as the Sunbelt, which
dramatically
increased in population. 1950s, CA overtook NY as most
populous.
Immigrants came to the Sunbelt for more opportunities, such
as in
CA’s electronics industry & aerospace complexes of TX & FL.
Massive appropriations for Korean War, defense spending,
industries like aerospace, plastics, & electronics, & research &
development all were such projects.
Cheap energy paralleled popularity of automobiles, &
spidery grids of electrical cables carried power of oil,
gas, coal, & falling water into homes and factories alike.
Workers upped their productivity tremendously, as did
farmers, due
to new technology in fertilizers, etc. In fact, the farming
population
shrank while production soared.
2.
3.
–
–
Federal dollars poured into the Sunbelt (some $125 million), & political
power grew there as well, ever since 1964, every U.S. president has
come from that region.
Sunbelters were redrawing the political map, taking economic &
political power out of the North and Northeast.
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Rush to the Suburbs
Truman: the “Gutty” Man from Missouri
1.
1.
Whites in cities fled to suburbs, encouraged by federal
agencies such as the FHA & the VA, whose loan guarantees
made it cheaper to live in the suburbs than in cramped city
apartments
Innovators like Levitt brothers, w/ their monotonous but cheap
housing plans, built K’s of houses in projects like Levittown, &
“White flight” left cities full of the poor & the AfricanAfricanAmericans.
2.
–
Agencies aggravated this, often refusing to make loans to Blacks due
to the “risk factor” involved with this.
The Postwar Baby Boom
1.
2.
3.
After the war, many soldiers returned got married and had
babies, creating a “Baby Boom”, 50 million.
As the children grew up, they put strains on markets, such as
manufacturers of baby products, teenage clothing designers
in 60s, & job market in 70s & 80s.
Critics of FDR charged he’d soldout China’s Chiang Kai
Kai--shek,
while supporters claimed USSR could have taken more of
China but the Yalta agreements had actually limited the
Soviet Union.
Truman, came to power after FDR died.
–
–
–
2.
Even if he was small on the small things, he was big on the
big things, taking responsibility very seriously & working very
hard.
Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal?
1.
Final conference of Big 3 had taken place at Yalta in Feb.
1945, where Stalin pledged Poland should have a
representative gov’t w/ free elections, as would Bulgaria
& Romania. But, Stalin lied.
Yalta, USSR agreed to attack Japan 3 mo. after fall of
2.
Shaping the Postwar World
1.
US did manage to est. structures part of FDR’s open world.
–
The United States and the Soviet Union
1.
W/ US & USSR only world superpowers after WWII, trouble
seemed imminent;
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
US & Britain delayed opening up a 2nd front during WWII;
US & Britain had frozen USSR out of developing nuclear arms;
US had w/drawn lendlend-lease program from USSR, 1945, & spurned
Moscow’s plea for a $6 b reconstructive loan while approving a similar
loan to Berlin.
Stalin wanted a protective sphere around western Russian
from W. Europe, & that meant taking nations like Poland
under its control.
US & USSR were recent newcomers to world stage, but both
were very advanced & had been isolationist before 20th
century, now they are in a political starestare-down that turns into
1st president in a long time w/o a college education, at 1st approached
his position with humility, but he evolved into a confident, cocky
politician.
Cabinet made up of “Missouri gang,” Truman’s friends from time as
Senator.
Often, Truman would stick to a wrong decision just to prove his
decisiveness and power of command.
2.
The United Nations opened on April 25, 1945.
–
–
3.
4.
Meeting at Bretton Woods, NH, 1944, Western Allies est. International
Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulating currency
exchange rates.
Charter similar to League of Nations, formed a Security Council with
five permanent powers (China, U.S.S.R., Britain, France, and U.S.A.)
that had veto powers, and was headquartered in New York City.
Senate overwhelmingly approved the U.N. by a vote of 89 to 2.
UN kept peace in Kashmir & other trouble spots, created the
new Jewish state of Israel, formed such groups as U.N.
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Org., Food and
Agricultural Org., & World Health Org., bringing benefits to
people all over the globe.
U.S. delegate Baruch called in 1946 for a UN agency free
from the great power veto that could investigate all nuclear
facilities & weapons, USSR rejected the proposal, since it
didn’t want to give up its veto power & was opposed to
13
The Problem of Germany
The Cold War Congeals
1.
1.
Nuremberg Trials, 4545-46 punished 22 top culprits of
Holocaust.
US knew that an economically healthy Germany was
indispensable to the recovery of all of Europe, but
Russia, fearing another blitzkrieg, wanted huge
reparations from Germany.
Germany was divided into 4 occupational zones
controlled by the Allied Powers, but as the U.S. began
proposing the idea of a united Germany, & as Western
nations prevented Stalin from getting his reparations
from their parts of Germany, it became obvious that
Germany would remain indefinitely divided.
2.
3.
–
–
1946, Stalin used his troops to aid a rebel movement in Iran,
Truman protested, & Soviets backed down.
Containment policy, stop USSR expansion to halt Communist
power.
March 12, 1947, the Truman Doctrine, containment policy be
put into action: $400 m to help Greece & Turkey from falling
under communist power.
2.
3.
–
4.
Marshall Plan Sec. of State Marshall, implemented a recovery
effort to rebuild W. Europe & make prosperous in no time.
–
–
1948, Berlin Blockade, USSR thought this would starve the Allies
out, since Berlin itself was divided into four zones as well.
Allies organized the Berlin Airlift to feed Berlin, and in May 1949,
the Soviets stopped their blockade of Berlin.
–
5.
Truman recognized Israel, May 14, 1948, despite Arab
opposition and despite those same Arabs controlled oil
supplies in the Middle East.
4.
America Begins to Rearm
1.
2.
3.
1947 National Security Act created Dept. of Defense, housed
in Pentagon & headed by Sec. of Defense, under which
served civilian secretaries of army, navy, & air force.
National Security Act also formed the National Security
Council to advise the president on security matters & CIA to
coordinate the gov’t’s foreign factfact-gathering (spying).
“Voice of America,” radio broadcast, 1948, while Congress
resurrected military draft (Selective Service System), which
redefined many young people’s career choices & persuaded
them to go to college.
Doctrine said US would aid any power fighting Communist aggression,
an idea later criticized, US often gave money to dictators “fighting
communism.”
This helped in the forming of the European Community (EC).
Plan sent $12.5 b over 4 ys to 16 nations to aid in recovery, & at 1st,
Congress didn’t want to comply, especially on top of $2 b US already
giving to European relief as part of United Nations Relief &
Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA).
Soviet--sponsored coup toppled gov’t of Czech & awakened Congress.
Soviet
1948, US joined North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
w/ Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, & Luxembourg,
despite the U.S.’s policy of traditionally not involving itself in
entangling alliances.
–
–
In response, the U.S.S.R. formed the Warsaw Pact, its own alliance
system.
NATO’s membership grew to fourteen with the 1952 admissions of
Greece and Turkey, and then to 15 when West Germany joined in
1955.
Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
1.
Gen. MacArthur headed reconstruction in Japan and tried the
top Japanese war criminals. He dictated a constitution that
was adopted in 1946, and democratized Japan.
In China, the communist forces, led by Mao Zedong, defeated
the nationalist forces, led by Chiang KaiKai-shek, who fled to
island of Formosa (Taiwan) in 1949.
2.
–
–
1/4 of the world population (500m people) plunged under Communist
rule.
Critics of Truman criticized him for not supporting nationalists enough,
14
3.
Sept. of 1949, Truman announced that the Soviets had
bomb—3 years before experts
exploded their 1st atomic bomb—
thought it was possible, thus eliminating the U.S. monopoly
on nuclear weapons.
–
U.S. exploded hydrogen bomb in 1952, and Soviets did so a year later;
thus began the arms race of the Cold War.
Ferreting Out Alleged Communists
1.
Loyalty Review Board, which investigated more than 3 million
federal employees for communist loyalties.
–
2.
They were convicted, sent to prison, and their conviction was upheld
by the 1951 case Dennis v. United States.
The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950)
1.
When Russian and American forces withdrew from Korea,
they had left the place full of weapons and with rival regimes
(communist North and democratic South).
Then, on June 25, 1950, North Korean forces suddenly
invaded South Korean, taking the South Koreans by surprise
and pushing them dangerously south toward Pusan.
2.
–
3.
Truman sprang to action, remembering that the League of Nations had
failed from inactivity, and ordered U.S. military spending to be
quadrupled, as desired by the National Security Council Memorandum
Number 68, or NSCNSC-68.
Truman also used a Soviet absence from the U.N. to label
North
Korea as an aggressor and send U.N. troops to fight against
the
aggressors.
–
–
The attorney general said 90 organizations were potentially not loyal to
the U.S., and none was given the opportunity to defend itself.
In 1949, 11 communists were brought to a New York jury for
violating the Smith Act of 1940, which had been the first
peacetime antianti-sedition law since 1798.
–
3. House of Rep., 1938, established the Committee on
UnUn-American Activities (“HUAC”) to investigate
“subversion,” & in 1948, Richard M. Nixon
prosecuted Alger Hiss.
4. February 1950, Joseph R. McCarthy began charging
that there were unknown communists in the State
Department.
–
He couldn’t prove it, & Americans began to fear the red
chase was going too far; restricted 1st amend. Rights.
Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill, which
would’ve let the president arrest and detain suspicious
people during an “internal security emergency.”
5. Soviet success of developing nuclear bombs was
due to spies, and in 1951, Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg were tried, convicted, & executed of
selling nuclear secrets to the Russians.
The Military Seesaw in Korea
1.
General MacArthur landed a brilliant invasion behind enemy
forces
at Inchon on September 15, 1950, and drove the North
Koreans back
across the 38th parallel, towards China and the Yalu River.
–
2.
An overconfident MacArthur boasted that he’d “have the
boys home by Christmas,” but in November 1950, Chinese
“volunteers” flooded across the border and pushed the South
Koreans back to the 38th parallel.
MacArthur, humiliated, wanted to blockade China and bomb
Manchuria, but Truman didn’t want to enlarge the war beyond
necessity, but when the angry general began to publicly
criticize President Truman and spoke of using atomic
weapons, Harry had no choice but to remove him from
command on grounds of insubordination.
–
He also ordered General MacArthur’s Japan
Japan--based troops to Korea.
–
MacArthur returned to cheers while Truman was scorned as a “pig,” an
“imbecile,” an appeaser to communist Russia and China, and a
“Judas.”
In July 1951, truce discussions began but immediately snagged over
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