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APEC in Charts 2015 Policy Support Unit Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989. The 21 Member Economies are Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Peru; the Philippines; Russia; Singapore; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; United States; and Viet Nam. The APEC Policy Support Unit (PSU) was established in 2008 as the policy research and analysis arm for APEC. It supports APEC members and fora in improving the quality of their deliberations and decisions and promoting policies that support the achievement of APEC’s goals by providing objective and high quality research, analytical capacity and policy support capability. APEC in Charts was launched by the APEC Policy Support Unit in 2013 to provide a graphical overview of the APEC region’s economic, trade, investment and policy-related performance. If you have any feedback, please write to us at email: [email protected]. 1 Table of Contents APEC in the Global Economy, 2014 3 APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 3.1 MFN Applied Tariff Rates in APEC (simple average), 2006 - 2013 17 3.2 MFN Applied Tariff Rates above 10% and Duty-free (percent share), 2006 - 2013 18 6 3.3 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in APEC (cumulative number), pre-1994-2014 19 1.4 Consumer Price Index (year-on-year percent change), 2013-2014 7 3.4 Share of Trade by Value Covered by FTA Partners (percent), 2014 20 1.5 Labor Force Participation Rate (percent), 2014 8 3.5 Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) (year-end number), 2008 - 201321 1.1 GDP Per Capita (current USD), 2014 4 1.2 Real GDP Growth (year-on-year percent change), 2014 5 1.3 Real GDP Per Capita Growth (year-on-year percent change), 2000 - 2014 1.6 GDP Per Person Employed (in 2011 PPP), 2014 1.7 Stock Market Performance in APEC (index points, 1 January 2014 = 100), 1 January 2014 - 30 September 2015 9 10 APEC Trade Indicators 2.1 Value of APEC Trade (USD trillion), 2000 - 2014 11 2.2 Nominal Trade Growth in APEC (annual percent change), 2000 - 2014 12 APEC Investment Indicators 4.1 FDI Inflows and Outflows in APEC (value in USD billion, share in percent), 2000 - 2014 22 4.2 Top 5 APEC FDI Hosts and Sources (percent share), 2014 23 4.3 Policy Rates (percent), 2014 - 201524 APEC Structural Indicators 5.1 Doing Business in APEC (average), 2010 - 2014 25 13 5.2 Logistics Performance Index (overall score), 2014 26 2.4 Top 10 Exports from APEC to the World by Value (percent share), 2014 14 5.3 Women’s Educational Attainment Relative to Men’s (scale 0 - 100), 2008 - 2014 27 2.5 Top 10 Imports from the World to APEC by Value (percent share), 2014 15 5.4 Number of People Undernourished (million), 2005 - 2014 28 29 2.6 Top 10 Most Traded Products in APEC by Value (percent share), 2014 16 5.5 Disaster Risk Exposure and Preparedness (index), 2015 2.3 Share of Intra-regional Trade in APEC (percent share), 2014 2 APEC Trade Liberalization Data Notes 30 APEC in the Global Economy, 2014 Share of Global Population Rest of APEC 9% USA 4% INA 3% Rest of World 51% Rest of World 42% Rest of World 61% Share of Global GDP PRC 19% JPN 2% Rest of APEC 15% USA 23% PRC 14% JPN 6% RUS 2% An estimated 2.8 billion people lived in the APEC region in 2014, accounting for 39% of the world’s population. Rest of APEC 17% ROK 3% Nominal GDP of the APEC region stood at USD 44 trillion in 2014, accounting for 57% of global GDP. Share of Total World Trade PRC 11% USA 11% JPN 4% HKC 3% In 2014, the value of APEC members’ total exports and imports reached USD 18.5 trillion, equivalent to 49% of total world trade. 3 APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 1.1 GDP Per Capita (current USD), 2014 below USD 4,999 USD 5,000 - USD 9,999 USD 10,000 - USD 29,999 USD 30,000 - USD 49,999 above USD 50,000 There is a wide variation in the nominal GDP per capita in the region, which ranged from USD 2,000 to USD 62,000 in 2014, indicating the diversity of APEC economies in terms of economic development. 4 APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 1.2 Real GDP Growth (year-on-year percent change), 2014 World APEC The APEC region posted a real GDP growth of 3.2% in 2014, higher than the world GDP growth of 2.5% during the year. Uncertainties surrounding the path of oil prices, moderation of growth in China, and the timing of monetary normalization in the United States combined with domestic factors such as lower household spending resulted in diverging growth paths among members. 5 APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 1.3 Real GDP Per Capita Growth (year-on-year percent change), 2000 - 2014 APEC Rest of World % 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 In 2014, the real GDP (in 2005 USD) per person in the APEC region grew by 4.3%, compared with 3.4% growth in the rest of the world. The APEC region has consistently outpaced the rest of the world in terms of real GDP per capita growth in 2000-2014. 6 APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 1.4 Consumer Price Index (year-on-year percent change), 2013 - 2014 % 2013 2014 2013 APEC average 2014 APEC average 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 Inflation rates across the APEC region increased from an average of 2.8% in 2013 to 3.1% in 2014. Accommodative financial conditions from relatively low policy interest rates and quantitative easing combined with strong credit growth contributed to higher inflation levels in 2014. 7 APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 1.5 Labor Force Participation Rate (percent), 2014 % Male Female Total 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 The total labor force participation rate in the APEC region in 2014 averaged 66%, lower than the 69% recorded a year ago. The decline may be attributed to the structural shifts in the labor market, particularly an aging workforce as well as slack demand as global economic activity proceeds at a slower pace. The female labor force participation rate averaged 56%, at par with the world rate of 55%, while the male participation rate at 75% is lower than the world rate of 81%. 8 APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 1.6 GDP Per Person Employed (in 2011 PPP), 2014 GDP per person employed (in 2014 EKS dollars) APEC average 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% GDP per person employed, an indicator of labor productivity, averaged $39,578 across the APEC region in 2014, which represented a 3.3% increase from 2013. Based on this indicator, productivity increased in all APEC economies in 2014. 9 APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 1.7 Stock Market Performance in APEC (index points, 1 January 2014 = 100), 1 January 2014 - 30 September 2015 300 250 AUS CDA CHL PRC HKC 200 INA JPN 150 ROK MAS MEX 100 NZ PE 50 PH RUS 0 SIN USA VN Stock markets in APEC economies experienced more volatility in 2015 compared with 2014. In 2015, the average coefficient of variation—which measures an index’s standard deviation relative to the mean—for APEC stock markets reached 6.1% from 5.1% in 2014. Moreover, stock market performance has diverged since 2014. As of 30 September 2015, three stock markets posted indices that were at least 10% higher than their 1 January 2014 levels, while six stock markets registered indices that were at least 10% lower during the same comparable period. 10 APEC Trade Indicators 2.1 Value of APEC Trade (USD trillion), 2000 - 2014 Total APEC exports Intra-regional exports Total APEC imports 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Intra-regional imports The value of APEC members’ aggregate trade increased three-folds to USD 18.5 trillion in 2014 from USD 6.4 trillion in 2000, growing at an average annual rate of 10.4% during the period. Intra-regional trade also kept pace, expanding by around 2.7 times during the same period from USD 4.5 trillion to USD 12.1 trillion. Total exports of goods in the APEC region climbed to USD 9.1 trillion in 2014, of which 65.3% were intra-regional exports. APEC imports were higher at USD 9.4 trillion, of which 65.4% were sourced from other APEC economies. 11 APEC Trade Indicators 2.2 Nominal Trade Growth in APEC (annual percent change), 2000 - 2014 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 2001 2000 2009 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 0% -10% -10% -20% -20% -30% -30% Total exports Intra-regional exports APEC exports to rest of the world 2001 2000 2009 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total imports 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Intra-regional imports APEC imports from rest of the world Trade growth in the region has been slowing down in recent years, reflecting the uneven economic recovery in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. The value of APEC’s total exports grew by 1.9% in 2014 while total imports grew 0.3%, with intra-regional trade outperforming trade with the rest of the world during the year. 12 APEC Trade Indicators 2.3 Share of Intra-regional Trade in APEC (percent share), 2014 USA 35% Rest of APEC 16% PRC 34% HKC 8% ROK 8% JPN 10% Exports USA 24% Rest of APEC 7% ROK 8% Imports HKC 9% PRC 29% JPN 12% In 2014, at least 84% of intra-APEC trade-in-goods was accounted for by the top 5 APEC exporters and importers. China was the largest exporter of goods while the US was the largest importer. 13 APEC Trade Indicators 2.4 Top 10 Exports from APEC to the World by Value (percent share), 2014 (HS8703) Cars (incl station wagon) 3.2% (HS8471) Automatic data processing machines; optical reader, etc 3.1% (HS2709) Crude petroleum oils 3.7% All other products: 67.3% Top 10 products 32.7% (HS8708) Parts & access of motor vehicles 2.0% (HS9999) Commodities not elsewhere specified 3.6% (HS2710) Petroleum oils, not crude 5.0% (HS8473) Parts & acces of computers & office machines 1.2% (HS7108) Gold unwrought or in semi-manuf forms 1.4% (HS8517) Electric app for line telephony, incl curr line system 4.4% (HS8542) Electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies 5.1% The top 10 product exports accounted for 33% of the total value of APEC’s exports to the world in 2014 (using the Harmonized System 4-digit headings). Electronics and petroleum oils were the top export products at 5.1% and 5.0% of total value, respectively. 14 APEC Trade Indicators 2.5 Top 10 Imports from the World to APEC by Value (percent share), 2014 (HS2710) Petroleum oils, not crude 4.3% All other products: 63.2% Top 10 products: 36.8% (HS8542) Electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies 6.1% (HS8517) Electric app for line telephony, incl curr line system 3.5% (HS8703) Cars (incl. station wagon) 3.5% (HS2711) Petroleum gases 2.3% (HS9999) Commodities not elsewhere specified 2.3% (HS2709) Crude petroleum oils 9.5% (HS8471) Automatic data processing machines; optical reader, etc 2.2% (HS8708) Parts & access of motor vehicles 1.9% (HS3004) Medicament mixtures (not 3002, 3005, 3006), put in dosage 1.3% The top 10 products imported by APEC economies accounted for 36.8% of the total value of imports in 2014 (using the Harmonized System 4-digit headings). Petroleum products, electronics and cars were the leading imports, with crude petroleum oils being the largest at 9.5% of total import value. 15 APEC Trade Indicators 2.6 Top 10 Most Traded Products in APEC by Value (percent share), 2014 All other products 67.0% (HS8542) Electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies 7.0% (HS7108) Gold unwrought or in semi-manuf forms 1.5% (HS8517) Electric app for line telephony, incl curr line system 4.6% (HS8708) (HS8473) (HS2710) (HS8703) Parts & access of Parts & acces of Petroleum oils, Cars (incl. station motor vehicles computers & office not crude wagon) 2.3% machines 4.1% 3.2% 1.5% (HS9999) (HS8471) (HS2709) Automatic data Crude petroleum oils Commodities not 3.3% elsewhere specified processing machines; 2.3% optical reader, etc 3.2% 16 The top 10 most traded product groupings within the APEC region accounted for 33% of total exports from APEC members to other APEC members in 2014 (using the Harmonized System 4-digit subheadings). Electronic and petroleum products are among the most traded within the region, with electronic integrated circuits and micro-assemblies getting the biggest share at 7.0% of total intra-APEC export value. APEC Trade Liberalization 3.1 MFN Applied Tariff Rates in APEC (simple average), 2006 - 2013 All products Agricultural products Non-agricultural products 16 14 13.8 13.4 13.1 12.0 12 12.3 11.8 12.2 11.7 10 8 6 7.1 6.1 7.0 6.0 6.6 5.7 6.2 5.3 5.7 5.8 4.9 5.7 4.7 5.8 4.8 4.7 4 2 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 The average MFN applied tariff rate for all products in the APEC region declined from 7.1% in 2006 to 5.8% in 2013. A similar downward trend is seen in the MFN applied rates of agricultural products (from 13.4% in 2006 to 12.2% in 2013) and non-agricultural products (from 6.1% in 2006 to 4.7% in 2013). 17 APEC Trade Liberalization 3.2 MFN Applied Tariff Rates above 10% and Duty-free (percent share), 2006 - 2013 MFN applied tariff rates, share of duty-free products MFN applied tariff rates, share of products subject to MFN rates above 10% 50% 45.5% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 14.4% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Among APEC member economies, the share of products (based on 6-digit subheadings) that are duty-free steadily increased from 39% in 2006 to 46% in 2013. Meanwhile, the percentage of products (based on 8-digit tariff lines) subject to MFN applied rates above 10% declined from 20% in 2006 to around 14% in 2013. 18 APEC Trade Liberalization 3.3 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in APEC (cumulative number), pre-1994 - 2014 FTAs signed by APEC members Intra- APEC FTAs signed FTAs in force by APEC members Intra- APEC FTAs in force 150 Cumulative number 120 90 Doha Round launched 60 30 0 The number of free trade agreements (FTAs) signed by APEC members expanded 12-fold over the past 20 years. As of 2014, APEC members have signed a total of 157 FTAs, 58 of which are with at least one other APEC member. Of the FTAs signed, 149 are still in force, 54 of which are with at least another APEC member. 19 APEC Trade Liberalization 3.4 Share of Trade by Value Covered by FTA Partners (percent), 2014 Exports APEC 2014 100% 80% 60% APEC 1996 1996 2014 40% 20% Un Ne w ite dS Ze ala ta nd te s 0% Imports 100% 80% 60% APEC 2014 1996 2014 APEC 1996 40% 20% ta ite dS Un Ne w Ze ala nd te s 0% In 2014, around 44% of APEC’s total exports were covered by FTA partners, while 39% of the region’s imports were under FTAs. These levels were significantly higher than in 1996, when only around 22% of exports and 9% of imports were covered by FTAs. 20 APEC Trade Liberalization 3.5 Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) (year-end number), 2008 - 2013 Affecting an APEC member(s) 1,200 Imposed by an APEC member(s) 120 1033 97 1,000 100 87 22 800 618 80 62 600 60 38 400 200 40 20 22 0 Anti-dumping (left axis) 0 Countervailing (right axis) Safeguard (right axis) In general, APEC members were more affected by anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures. Year-end 2013 numbers show increases in both the number of APEC members that imposed and are affected by these measures. 21 APEC Investment Indicators 4.1 FDI Inflows and Outflows in APEC (value in USD billion, share in percent), 2000 - 2014 Outflows 30% 600 20% 400 10% 200 10% 13 14 0% 20 12 20 20 10 11 20 20 08 09 20 07 20 06 0 20 13 14 20 20 11 12 20 20 09 10 20 20 07 08 20 20 05 06 20 04 20 03 20 02 20 20 20 20 22 01 0% 00 0 20% 20 100 30% 04 200 40% 05 300 70% 50% 20 400 80% 60% 800 00 500 959.5 20 40% 600 1,000 02 651.8 03 50% 700 APEC as share of the world 71% 20 53.1% 800 APEC 1,200 20 60% 01 APEC as share of the world 20 APEC 900 20 Inflows In 2014, the APEC region experienced more outflows of foreign direct investments (FDI) at USD 960 billion compared to inflows of USD 652 billion. As a share of world FDI, APEC’s inflows were also lower at 53% compared to 57% in 2013 while outflows increased minimally. The movement of FDI flows in 2014 was influenced by uncertainties on the timing and magnitude of the US monetary policy rate normalization as well as the uneven global economic recovery. APEC Investment Indicators 4.2 Top 5 APEC FDI Hosts and Sources (percent share), 2014 Inflows Rest of APEC 32% Outflows China 20% Rest of APEC 21% Hong Kong, China 16% Canada 8% Singapore 10% United States 14% Canada 5% Japan 12% China 12% United States 35% Hong Kong, China 15% In 2014, about 68% of the inflows to the APEC region went to five member economies, equivalent to USD 446 billion, while 79% of the FDI outflows worth USD 761 billion came from five APEC members. 23 APEC Investment Indicators 4.3 Policy Rates (percent), 2014 - 2015 End-2014 as of August 2015 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Monetary policy rates impact on investments by influencing the level and direction of interest rates. Low levels of interest rates via accommodative monetary policy settings, therefore, encourage investment spending. Economies that use benchmark overnight interest rates as their main monetary policy levers have either maintained or reduced their policy rates as of August 2015 compared to end-2014 levels. Among the APEC members, nine economies opted to reduce their respective monetary policy rates while the rest kept their key interest rates steady. Interest rates were kept relatively low to support economies’ growth requirements amid the uneven pace of global economic activity. 24 APEC Structural Indicators 5.1 Doing Business in APEC (average), 2010 - 2014 Number of Procedures to Start a Business Number of Days to Start a Business 40 10 8 30 6 20 4 10 2 0 2010 2011 Industrialized 2012 Developing 2013 2014 APEC On average, it takes 6 procedures to start a business in APEC economies in 2014. In industrialized APEC economies this average is 4 procedures, while it takes 7 procedures in developing economies. 0 2010 2011 Industrialized 2012 Developing 2013 2014 APEC The average number of days to start a business in APEC went down from 28 days to 21 days between 2010 and 2014. It takes three times longer to start a business in developing economies than in industrialized economies: in 2014, it took 26 days to start a business in developing economies, compared with 7 days in industrialized economies. 25 APEC Structural Indicators 5.2 Logistics Performance Index (overall score), 2014 Singapore United States Japan Canada Hong Kong, China Australia Korea New Zealand Malaysia China Thailand APEC Chile Viet Nam Mexico Indonesia The Philippines Peru Russia Papua New Guinea 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 On average, APEC economies scored 3.4 (out of a best score of 5) on the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) in 2014. The LPI tracks economies’ performance on customs, infrastructure, international shipments, logistics quality and competence, tracking and tracing, and timeliness. 26 APEC Structural Indicators 5.3 Women’s Educational Attainment Relative to Men’s (scale 0 - 100), 2008 - 2014 99.2 99 98.8 98.6 98.4 98.2 98 97.8 97.6 97.4 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Women’s educational attainment measures (on a scale of 0-100, with 100 as the highest) how close women are to achieving parity with men in terms of literacy; net primary school enrollment; net secondary school enrollment; and gross tertiary enrollment. The educational attainment of women in the APEC region has improved from 98.1 in 2008 to 99.0 in 2014, which is almost at par with the educational attainment of males in the region. 27 APEC Structural Indicators 5.4 Number of People Undernourished (million), 2005 - 2014 350 300 308.2 250 202.9 200 150 100 50 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 In less than a decade, the number of undernourished people in APEC decreased by more than 100 million, from 308.2 million in 2005 to 202.9 million in 2014. 28 APEC Structural Indicators 5.5 Disaster Risk Exposure and Preparedness (index), 2015 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Hazard and exposure Vulnerability Industrialized Lack of coping capacity Developing Overall risk APEC While there is just a small gap between industrialized and developing economies in terms of hazard and exposure to disaster risk, there are larger gaps in terms of the population’s vulnerabilities and capacity to cope with disasters. Although exposure to natural disasters is an accident of geography, policies can reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities and increase the capacity to cope with disasters. 29 Data Notes APEC in the Global Economy, 2014 Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators; Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (Chinese Taipei); and World Trade Organization, Time Series on International Trade (accessed 22 September 2015). APEC Macroeconomic Indicators 1.1 GDP Per Capita (current USD), 2014 Note: GDP per capita is calculated as GDP divided by the estimated midyear population. Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators; and Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (Chinese Taipei) (accessed 10 September 2015). 1.2 Real GDP Growth (year-on-year percent change), 2014 Note: The real GDP growth of the APEC region reflects weighted growth. Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators; and Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (Chinese Taipei) (accessed 10 September 2015). 1.3 Real GDP Per Capita Growth (year-on-year percent change), 2000-2014 Note: Real GDP based on 2005 USD. Average real GDP per capita growth rates for APEC and Rest of World are weighted by population. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (accessed 10 September 2015). 30 1.4 Consumer Price Index (year-on-year percent change), 2013-2014 Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (April 2015) Database; and Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (Chinese Taipei) (accessed 10 September 2015). 1.5 Labor Force Participation Rate (percent), 2014 Sources: International Labor Organization, Economically Active Population Estimates and Projections (EAPAP), 1990-2020 Database (accessed 17 September 2015); and Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (Chinese Taipei) (accessed 10 September 2015). 1.6 GDP Per Person Employed (in 2011 PPP), 2014 Note: GDP per person employed, computed as GDP divided by total employment, is shown in 2014 EKS dollars, in which GDP has been converted to the 2014 price level using updated 2011 Elteto-Köves-Szulc (EKS) purchasing power parities (PPP). Source: The Conference Board Total Economy Database™, May 2015 (accessed 21 September 2015). 1.7 Stock Market Performance in APEC (index points, 1 January 2014 = 100), 1 January 2014-30 September 2015 Sources: S&P/ASX200 (Australia); S&P/TSX Composite (Canada); Santiago Stock Exchange IPSA (Chile); Shanghai Composite (China); Hang Seng (Hong Kong, China); IDX Composite (Indonesia); Nikkei 225 (Japan); KOSPI (Korea); FTSE KLCI (Malaysia); Mexican Bolsa IPC (Mexico); NZX 50 (New Zealand); ISBVL (Peru); PSEi (The Philippines); RTS (Russia); Straits Times (Singapore); TAIEX (Chinese Taipei); Dow Jones (United States); and Ho Chi Minh VSE (Viet Nam). Data were gathered from Thomson Reuters (accessed 1 October 2015). Data Notes APEC Trade Indicators APEC Trade Liberalization 2.2 Nominal Trade Growth in APEC (annual percent change), 2000-2014 Source: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics (accessed 10 September 2015). 3.2 MFN Applied Tariff Rates above 10% and Duty-free (percent share), 20062013 Source: World Trade Organization, World Tariff Profiles (accessed 17 September 2015). 2.1 Value of APEC Trade (USD trillion), 2000-2014 Source: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics (accessed 10 September 2015). 2.3 Share of Intra-regional Trade in APEC (percent share), 2014 Source: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics (accessed 10 September 2015). 2.4 Top 10 Exports from APEC to the World by Value (percent share), 2014 Source: International Trade Centre, Trade Map (accessed 17 September 2015). 2.5 Top 10 Imports from the World to APEC by Value (percent share), 2014 Source: International Trade Centre, Trade Map (accessed 17 September 2015). 2.6 Top 10 Most Traded Products in APEC by Value (percent share), 2014 Source: International Trade Centre, Trade Map (accessed 17 September 2015). 3.1 MFN Applied Tariff Rates in APEC (simple average), 2006-2013 Source: World Trade Organization, World Tariff Profiles (accessed 17 September 2015). 3.3 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in APEC (cumulative number), pre-1994-2014 Source: Compiled from publicly available information by the APEC Policy Support Unit. 3.4 Share of Trade by Value Covered by FTA Partners (percent), 2014 Source: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics (accessed 3 July 2015). 3.5 Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) (year-end number), 2008-2013 Source: World Trade Organization, Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP) (accessed 21 September 2015). 31 Data Notes APEC Investment Indicators APEC Structural Indicators 4.2 Top 5 APEC FDI Hosts and Sources (percent share), 2014 Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (accessed 23 September 2015). 5.2 Logistics Performance Index (overall score), 2014 Note: The index score ranges from 1 to 5, with a higher score representing better performance (1=low; 5=high). Source: World Bank, Logistics Performance Index (accessed 17 September 2015). 4.1 FDI Inflows and Outflows in APEC (value in USD billion, share in percent), 2000-2014 Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (accessed 23 September 2015). 4.3 Policy Rates (percent), 2014-2015 Sources: Reserve Bank of Australia (Australia); Bank of Canada (Canada); Central Bank of Chile (Chile); People’s Bank of China (China); Bank Indonesia (Indonesia); Bank of Korea (Korea); Bank Negara Malaysia (Malaysia); Banco de Mexico (Mexico); Reserve Bank of New Zealand (New Zealand); Bank of Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea); Central Reserve Bank of Peru (Peru); Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (The Philippines); Bank of Russia (Russia); Central Bank of the Republic of China (Chinese Taipei); Bank of Thailand (Thailand); US Federal Reserve Bank (United States); and State Bank of Viet Nam (Viet Nam) (accessed 7 September 2015). Abbreviations for APEC Member Economies 5.1 Doing Business in APEC (average), 2010-2014 Source: World Bank and International Finance Corporation, Doing Business (accessed 17 September 2015). 5.3 Women’s Educational Attainment Relative to Men’s (scale 0-100), 2008-2014 Source: World Economic Forum (accessed 17 September 2015). 5.4 Number of People Undernourished (million), 2005-2014 Note: Data only cover China; Indonesia; Mexico; Peru; the Philippines; Thailand; and Viet Nam. Sources: FAO Statistics; and APEC Policy Support Unit calculations. 5.5 Disaster Risk Exposure and Preparedness (index), 2015 Note: The risk index is taken from the Index For Risk Management (INFORM) developed by the IASC Task Team for Preparedness and Resilience and the European Commission. The disaster risk index incorporates data for 21 indicators covering (1) hazard and exposure to natural and man-made risks, (2) socioeconomic vulnerability and vulnerable groups, and (3) lack of coping capacity. Scores range from 0 (no risk) to 10 (high risk). No INFORM scores for Hong Kong, China and Chinese Taipei. Sources: Index for Risk Management (INFORM), http://www.inform-index.org; and APEC Policy Support Unit calculations. Australia (AUS); Brunei Darussalam (BD); Canada (CDA); Chile (CHL); China (PRC); Hong Kong, China (HKC); Indonesia (INA); Japan (JPN); Korea (ROK); Malaysia (MAS); Mexico (MEX); New Zealand (NZ); Papua New Guinea (PNG); Peru (PE); The Philippines (PHL); Russia (RUS); Singapore (SIN); Chinese Taipei (CT); Thailand (THA); United States (USA); and Viet Nam (VN). 32 StatsAPEC StatsAPEC is APEC’s statistics portal with data dating back to APEC’s inception in 1989. It consists of the Key Indicators Database and the Bilateral Linkages Database. The Key Indicators Database includes over 120 GDP, trade, financial and socio-economic indicators, allowing for an analysis of trends across a number of topics. The Bilateral Linkages Database facilitates detailed analysis of trade and investment flows between APEC economies and within APEC. APEC aggregates are available for most indicators in StatsAPEC, making it easy to examine the region as a whole. StatsAPEC is available at statistics.apec.org and is optimized for use on mobile devices. 33 Policy Support Unit • APEC Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119616 Telephone Number: (65) 6891-9600 • Facsimile Number: (65) 6891 9419 Website: www.apec.org/About-Us/Policy-Support-Unit Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2015 APEC Secretariat APEC#215-SE-01.22 ISBN978-981-09-7291-2