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9/3/14
Ch 27: The Prokaryotes
Bacteria & Archaea
(Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)
Some phyla
2nd largest bacterium known
Paramecium
Epulopiscium
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Largest known
bacterium:
Thiomargarita
namibiense
Bacterial cell structure
coccus/cocci bacillus/bacilli
spiral
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PHA inclusions
Bacterial
cell walls
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slime layer
conjugation pilus (pili pl.)
Motility
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Motility
Axial filaments
(spirochaetes only)
Grappling
hooks
Bacteria:
Type IV pilus/
pili
Archaea:
hamus/hami
Slime jets
DNA
Nutritional Modes
Energy source
phototroph
vs.
chemotroph
for phototrophs (lots of variation):
group
1) purple S
2) purple non-S
3) green S
4) green non-S
5) Halobacterium
6) cyanobacteria
7) PS-protists
8) almost all land plants
PS pigments(s)
bacteriochlorophylls a or b
bacteriochlorophylls a or b
bacteriochlorophylls a + c, d, or e
bacteriochlorophylls a + c
bacteriorhodopsin*
chlorophyll a + phycobilins
chlorophyll a + various
chlorophyll a + b
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Nutritional Modes (cont.)
C source:
autotroph
vs.
heterotroph
Combinations
chemoheterotroph
chemoautotroph
photoheterotroph
photoautotroph
Oxygen (O2) use
aerobe
Modifiers
facultative
vs.
anaerobe
vs.
obligate
Ecologically - very important; 2 examples
recycling
symbioses (mutualism, parasitism, commensalism)
Human
Microbiota:
new
perspective
“No tissue in the human body is sterile, including reproductive
tissues and, for that matter, the unborn child,” Seth Bordenstein, a biologist
at Vanderbilt University, says in an e-mail to The Scientist. 8/14 6
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proteins
lipopolysaccharides
DNAbased
Aquifex
Old lineage?
thermophiles &
hyperthermophiles
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Deinococcus radiodurans
TEM
Thermus aquaticus = Taq
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Cyanobacteria =
blue-green bacteria
(chl a & phycobilins:
phycoerythrin &
phycocyanin)
Gloeocapsa
Spirulina
Azolla (fern) & Anabaena
(cyanobacterium) symbiosis
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Alpha Proteobacteria
also:
Rhodobacter
(purple non-S)
Agrobacterium
Rickettsia rickettsia
mitochondria
Most numerous bacteria on
earth: Wolbachia spp.
insect egg
(affect their host s reproduction)
mitochondria
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Beta Proteobacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Rubrivivax
Gamma
Proteobacteria
Vibrio cholerae
also
Shigella
Salmonella typhi
Legionella
Escherichia coli
Delta
Proteobacteria
Myxobacteria
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Epsilon Proteobacteria
Nobel Prize Med. 2005
Campylobacter
P: Chlamydiae
Chlamydia
trachomatis
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Spirochaetes
Borrelia
burdorferi
Treponema
denticola
Bacteroides thetaiotamicron
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Firmicutes
Firmicutes: Clostridium
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringens
Bacilli
Clostridium difficile
Lactobacilli
Lactobacillus
Bacillus
Streptococcus
Staphylococcu
s
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P: Tenericutes = mycoplasmas
(recently separated from Firmicutes)
Mycoplasma
pneumoniae
Actinobacteria
Actinobacteria = actinomycetes (aka High G+C Gram + s)
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
M. leprae
And
Bifidobacterium
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Archaea
Geogemma (strain 121)
Sulfolobus
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Methanobacterium
Halobacterium
Picrophilus
Owens Lake
Known only from
environmental
samples
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New Phylum: Nanoarchaeota: some of smallest cells known
( nano = 1/billionth -> implies very small
From the report in Nature (5/2/02):
Found on the surface of an
Archaean called Ignicoccus (green),
whose cells are about 2 millionths of
a metre (2 µm) across. Each cell
sported 30 to 50 Nanoarcheum
equitans cells (red).
The organisms are about 400
billionths of a metre (0.4 µm) across more than six million would fit on the
head of a pin.
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