Download Grade 6 - LEAD Southeast

Tennessee Science6
Chapter Practice Workbook
Grade 6
Worksheets from every chapter for:
• Reinforcement
• Directed Reading for Content Mastery
• Chapter Review
Glencoe Science
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to
reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only
for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used
solely in conjunction with the Middle School program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other
use, is expressly prohibited.
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ISBN: 978-0-07-892842-0
MHID: 0-07-892842-7
Printed in the United States of America.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 093 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
Table of Contents
Chapter 1–The Nature of Science and
Technology
Chapter 9–Views of Earth
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
1
5
9
Chapter 2–Interactions of Life
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
11
15
19
Chapter 3–The Nonliving Environment
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
21
25
29
Chapter 4–Ecosystems
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
31
35
39
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter 5–Exploring Space
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
41
45
49
Chapter 6–The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
51
55
59
Chapter 7–The Solar System
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
61
65
69
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
81
85
89
Chapter 10–Atmosphere
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
91
95
99
Chapter 11–Weather
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
101
105
109
Chapter 12–Climate
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
111
115
119
Chapter 13–Ocean Motion
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
121
125
129
Chapter 14–Energy and Energy Resources
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
131
135
139
Chapter 15–Electricity
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
141
145
149
Chapter 8–Stars and Galaxies
Reinforcement
Directed Reading
Chapter Review
71
75
79
Table of Contents
iii
To the Student
This chapter practice workbook contains resource materials for all chapters
within Tennessee Middle School Grade 6. Within you will find:
Reproducible pages for
• Reinforcement
• Directed Reading for Content Mastery
• Chapter Review
Meeting Individual Needs
Reinforcement: There is one worksheet for each section, or lesson, of the
chapter. The Reinforcement worksheets are designed to focus primarily on
science content and less on vocabulary, although knowledge of the section
vocabulary supports understanding of the content.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery: The Content Mastery worksheets
contain a variety of formats for vocabulary and major concept development.
iv To the Student
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Review: These worksheets are preparation for chapter
tests. The Chapter Review worksheets cover all major vocabulary, concepts,
and objectives of the chapter. The first part is a vocabulary review and the
second part is a concept review.
Name
Date
1
Reinforcement
Class
What is science?
Directions: In the sentences below (labeled 1 and 2), a code letter has been substituted for each letter of the
alphabet. To find out what the sentences say, use the following key to decode them. In the key, the code letters
are shown directly below the alphabet letter each stands for. Write the correct letter above each code letter, then
read the sentences aloud.
Key
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B
1. ____________________________
H X R V M X V
___
Z
______
R H
___________________________
K I L X V H H
____
Z
___________
D Z B
_______________
F H V W
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. __________________________
H X R V M X V
_____________
B L F I
_______
R H
_______________________
Z I L F M W
___
Z
______
L I
________
G L
____________________________________________________________
R M E V H G R T Z G V D S Z G
___________________________________
S Z K K V M R M T
Z
A
_____________
K Z I G
_______
R H
_______
F H
_______
L U
_______________
O R U V
Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.
3. List some examples of the types of information that could be found in a scientist’s journal.
4. Explain why observing using only your senses can be misleading.
The Nature of Science and Technology
1
Meeting Individual Needs
A
Z
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Doing Science
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the words below. Some of the words might not be used.
variable
models
trials
experiment
control
metric
bias
hypothesis
experimental research design
English
descriptive research
Meeting Individual Needs
1. A method of solving scientific problems based mostly on observations
is ________________________________________.
2. A(n) ________________________________________ is a method of answering scientific
questions by testing a hypothesis through the use of a series of carefully controlled steps.
3. Prior knowledge, new information, and previous observations are used to form
a(n) ________________________________________.
4. A(n) ________________________________________ is a sample treated like other
experimental groups except that the variable is not applied.
5. Computer ________________________________________ help modern scientists do
their work.
7. Multiple ________________________________________ of an experiment ensure
valid results.
8. Experiments are reliable only if one ________________________________________ at a
time is tested.
9. The International System of Units is based on the ____________________________ system.
10. A random sample is one way to reduce ________________________________________
when choosing people for an experiment.
Directions: Match the SI unit with what it measures by writing the correct letter in the space provided.
11. meter
a. mass
12. kilogram
b. volume
13. square meter
c. length
14. cubic meter
d. area
2 The Nature of Science and Technology
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. After a hypothesis is developed, a(n) _______________________________________ is often
designed to test the hypothesis.
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Science, Technology,
and Engineering
Directions: Use the words to complete the sentences below. Some of the words may not be used.
engineered
solutions
science
knowledge
tested
engineering
technology
discoveries
techniques
2. ____________________ and ____________________ are involved in applying scientific
discoveries to solve problems.
3. Technology includes products and tools, such as hardware, ____________________, or systems.
4. Scientific ____________________ are constantly incorporated into products that influence our
style of living.
5. The goal of science and technology is to find ____________________.
6. A model is ____________________ to find constraints in its design.
Directions: Answers the following questions on the lines provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. What does the term biotechnology mean? Give an example of a problem solved by application
of biotechnology.
8. Name three aspects of everyday life that have been greatly changed by new technologies.
The Nature of Science and Technology
3
Meeting Individual Needs
1. Scientific ____________________ often challenges old ways of thinking or doing things.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
The Nature of Science and Technology
Directions: Scientists go through several steps as they solve problems. Read the following stages in problem
solving. Then write the letter of each stage that is described below on the lines provided.
A. Recognize the problem.
Meeting Individual Needs
B. Form a hypothesis.
C. Test your hypothesis.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
D. Analyze your data.
E. Draw conclusions.
1. After taking measurements for 2 hours, Danita tried to make sense of
the numbers.
2. James added a fertilizer to half of the plants and plain water to the
other half.
3. Donna wondered why she could never grow flowers in her garden.
4. Luis thought the plants would grow with the addition of nutrients.
5. The students looked at the data and realized that the plants needed
a lot of fertilizer.
The Nature of Science and Technology
5
Name
Date
Section 1
Section 2
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
■
■
Class
What is science?
Doing Science
Directions: Use the following terms to complete the crossword puzzle.
bias
observe
meter
variable
trials
hypothesis
data
experiment
1
2
3
Meeting Individual Needs
4
5
6
7
8
5. A statement or prediction that can be tested
6. Factor that can change in an experiment
7. Unit of length in the SI system
8. The different times an experiment is done
Down
1. An important step scientists must do
2. A way of testing an idea
3. Information gathered during an experiment
4. The slanting of information
6 The Nature of Science and Technology
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Across
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 3
■
Class
Science, Technology,
and Engineering
Directions: Identify an example of each of the following types of technology.
1. Hardware
2. Technique
3. Social-Technical System
engineering
science
problem
solutions
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: Use the terms from the list to complete the following sentences.
pilot plant
technology
testing
4. ________________________________________ is the field that devises ways to make
products from a new technology.
5. The first step in finding a scientific solution is to define a
_________________________________.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. New discoveries in _________________________________________ provide the basic
knowledge to make new products.
7. Engineers use ________________________________________ techniques to discover
design flaws.
8. The application of knowledge to new products or methods is called
________________________________________.
9. A ________________________________________ is used to test a manufacturing process
on a small scale.
10. The goal of scientists and engineers is finding
______________________________ to problems.
The Nature of Science and Technology
7
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
The Nature of Science and Technology
Directions: Use the following terms to complete the sentences below.
constant
independent variable
control
model
constraint
dependent
science
hypothesis
technology
scientific methods
descriptive research
biotechnology
experimental research design
Meeting Individual Needs
1. A(n) ________________________________________ represents something that is too big,
too small, too fast, or too slow to observe directly.
2. A variable that stays the same in an experiment is a(n) _____________________.
3. The variable that is changed in an experiment is the _____________________.
4. A(n) ________________________________________ is a sample that is treated like other
experimental groups except the independent variable is not applied to it.
5. A prediction that can be tested is a(n)_________________________________.
6. _________________________________________ is a way to investigate what is happening
around us.
8. When your research is based mostly on observations, it is called
________________________________________.
9. When your research tests a hypothesis by the observation of a series of carefully
controlled steps, it is called ________________________________________.
10. ______________________________ are ways, or steps to follow, to try to
solve problems.
11. The factor being measured in an experiment is the ________________ variable.
12. Applying technology to living organisms is called ________________.
13. A ________________ is a limiting factor in a design.
8 The Nature of Science and Technology
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. ________________________________________ is the application of science to make
products or tools people use.
Name
Date
Class
The Nature of Science and Technology
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Write the correct term in the spaces beside each definition. The boxed letters should spell the words
that describe the most important scientific tool.
1. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
2. ___ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
3. ____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
4. ____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____
5. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
6. ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____
7. ____ ____ ____ ____
8.
____ ____ ____
____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____
9. ____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____
1. use of knowledge to make products or tools
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
2. a prediction or statement that can be tested
3. SI is used for this purpose
4. sample treated like other experimental groups except no variable is used
5. sample taken without bias
6. a factor in an experiment that can change
7. a way or a process to investigate what is happening around us
8. way to organize and record results and observations
9. The boxed letters spell:
Part B. Concept Review
1. Number these steps for doing an experiment in the correct order in the blanks provided.
a. Test your hypothesis.
d. Form a hypothesis.
b. Analyze your data.
e. Communicate your results.
c. Recognize the problem.
f. Draw conclusions.
The Nature of Science and Technology
9
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.
2. Scientists use (observations, experiments, observations and experiments) to find answers to
questions.
3. In today’s society, there is/are usually (only one, a pair of, several) scientist[s] working on a
problem at one time.
4. (Making a detailed plan, Making a model, Identifying the problem) is the first step a scientist
would take to solve a problem.
5. New artifacts, new techniques, and new social-technical systems are types of (scientific
discovery, technology, engineering advances).
6. The first step in finding a scientific solution to a problem or human need is (make a
discovery, define a problem, test a model).
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
7. How do new scientific discoveries affect our everyday life? Give examples.
8. What are some ways that data can be recorded in a science journal?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
10 The Nature of Science and Technology
Name
Date
1
Reinforcement
Class
Living Earth
Directions: Classify the features in the picture as either living organisms or nonliving factors.
Sun
Trees
Wind
Meeting Individual Needs
Deer
Dragonfly
Swan
Fish
Water
Soil
Rocks
1. Living Organisms
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Nonliving Factors
Directions: Place the letter of each term below within the circles. The term that includes all of the others should
be in the outermost circle. Place the others in order until the smallest group is in the center circle.
a. population
b. ecosystem
c. community
d. organism
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____
6. _____
Interactions of Life
11
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Populations
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. How can competition limit a population’s growth?
2. How can a limiting factor affect a population’s growth?
Meeting Individual Needs
3. Which has a higher biotic potential, a pumpkin or a peach?
4. If two squirrels live in one square m of a 50 square m park, what is the park’s estimated squirrel
population?
5. What are some factors that might stop a population’s exponential growth?
7. Give an example of how migration affects population size.
8. Is it possible for a population with a high birth rate to decrease in size? Explain.
9. Describe how scientists measure wildlife populations such as rabbits.
12 Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. What is carrying capacity?
Name
Date
Reinforcement
3
Class
Interactions Within
Communities
Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the definitions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in
the blank at the left.
1. plant eaters
a. carnivores
2. consume wastes and dead organisms
b. consumers
3. a consumer captured and eaten by another consumer
c. omnivores
4. use the Sun to make energy-rich molecules
d. herbivores
5. animals that eat other animals
e. predators
6. eat plants and other animals
f. producers
7. consumers that capture and eat other consumers
g. decomposers
8. cannot make their own energy-rich molecules
h. prey
Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each example.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
commensalism
mutualism
parasitism
9. A clown fish is protected by an anemone’s tentacles.
10. cyanobacteria, or alga, living in the tissues of a fungus
11. a roundworm that lives in a puppy
Directions: Label the examples below either habitat or niche.
12. A chameleon changes its colors to blend in with its surroundings.
13. Ducks and amphibians live in or near a pond.
14. Birds nest in trees.
15. A male lion’s mane attracts a mate.
16. Your cat’s sense of smell helps it find its way home.
17. Monarch butterflies eat milkweed, making them poisonous to other
species.
18. Woodpeckers use their beaks to pry insects from trees.
Interactions of Life
13
Meeting Individual Needs
Column II
Column I
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Interactions of Life
Directions: Complete the two concept maps using the words listed below.
population
producers
consumers
community
decomposers
carnivores
biosphere
omnivores
herbivores
ecosystem
Meeting Individual Needs
The 4. _____________ includes the top portion of Earth’s crust, all the waters that cover
Earth’s surface, and the surrounding atmosphere.
An 3. _____________ consists of all the communities that live in an area and the
nonliving features of their environment.
A 2. _____________ consists of all the populations that live in an area.
A 1. _____________ consists of all the organisms of one species that live in an area.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All living organisms on Earth are either producers or consumers.
Green plants and
other
There are four categories of 6. ____________, none
of which can make their own energy-rich compounds.
5. ____________
use an outside energy
source to make
energy-rich
compounds.
7. ____________ eat producers.
8. ____________ eat consumers.
9. ____________ eat producers and consumers.
10. ____________ consume dead organisms.
Interactions of Life
15
Name
Date
Section 1
Section 2
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
■
■
Class
Living Earth
Populations
Directions: Circle the word listed below in the puzzle. Then complete the sentences by writing the words in the
appropriate spaces.
habitat
community
carrying
limiting
biosphere
size
ecologists
A H R X
population
biotic
Z A R Y F W P
Meeting Individual Needs
C A R R Y
I
N G Y G A
D B
I
O S P H E R E C
L
I
M
I
H
T W C S D E
Y
A S M G F R E R R O
J
T S N H J
T
I
F
B
Y D S
I
N G
T
I
Y T
I
F
T
P O P U
L A T
O N
I
U H X E
L K S H D F
C
C O M M U N
I
Y W F R P C Z
T Y E C
H U
I
D
U U L O T Y E H U G H
I
S T S
E
1. The part of Earth that supports life is called the ____________________.
2. ____________________ are scientists who study the interactions of organisms and their
environments.
3. All the people living in one area make up that area’s ____________________.
4. All the animals and plants living in an area make up a ____________________.
5. The desert is a tarantula’s ____________________.
6. Competition limits a population’s ____________________.
7. Anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population is a ____________________
factor.
8. ____________________ capacity is the largest number of individuals of one species that an
ecosystem can support over time.
9. The highest rate of reproduction for a population is its ____________________ potential.
16 Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
E C O L O G
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 3
■
Class
Interactions Within
Communities
Directions: Write the word that completes each sentence in the correct space in the puzzle. The answers are
listed below. The letters in the dark, vertical box spell the answer to question 7.
commensalism
symbiosis
consumer
mutualism
niche
producer
Meeting Individual Needs
1
2
3
4
5
G
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6
1. A ______ refers to how an organism survives, including its habitat, how it obtains food and
shelter, and how it avoids danger.
2. A ______ is an organism that cannot make its own energy-rich molecules.
3. A ______ is an organism that uses an outside energy source to make energy-rich molecules.
4. A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is called ______.
5. ______ is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits and the other is not affected.
6. ______ is any close relationship between species.
7. ______ is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment.
Interactions of Life
17
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Interactions of Life
Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each description.
biosphere
ecology
mutualism
carrying capacity
ecosystem
parasitism
commensalism
habitat
population
community
limiting factor
producer
consumer
niche
symbiosis
1. how an organism survives, including its habitat, how it obtains
food and shelter, and how it avoids danger
Meeting Individual Needs
2. the place in which an organism lives
3. all the organisms in an ecosystem that belong to the same species
4. all the populations in an ecosystem
5. all the organisms living in an area and the nonliving features of
their environment
6. the part of Earth that supports life, including the top portion of
Earth’s crust, all the waters that cover Earth’s surface, and the
surrounding atmosphere
7. anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population
9. the study of interactions that occur among organisms and their
environment
10. organisms that use an outside energy source, such as the Sun, to
make energy-rich molecules
11. organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules
12. any close relationship between species
13. a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
14. a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the
other is not affected
15. a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the
other is harmed
18 Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. the largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem
can support over time
Name
Date
Class
Interactions of Life
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
1. iglimnti cotraf
anything that restricts the number of
individuals in a population
2. chein
the ways an organism meets its survival needs
3. drouscerp
organisms that use any outside energy
source, such as the Sun, to produce
energy-rich molecules
4. omyntcium
all the populations in an ecosystem
5. cloogey
the study of interactions that occur among
organisms and their environment
6. smuncores
organisms that cannot make their own
energy-rich molecules
7. rhibosepe
the part of Earth that supports life
8. loonpuapti
all the organisms in an ecosystem that
belong to the same species
9. grycairn acyacipt
the largest number of individuals of one species
that an ecosystem can support over time
10. emyescost
all the organisms living in an area and the
nonliving features of their environment
11. ibatath
the place in which an organism lives
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Unscramble the letters to form the correct term for each definition.
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. Some terms will not be used.
symbiosis
parasitism
mutualism
ecosystem
commensalism
competition
12. ______________________________ refers to any close relationship between species.
13. When one organism benefits and the other organism is not affected, the symbiotic relationship
is called ______________________________.
14. ______________________________ is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism
benefits but the other is harmed.
15. A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is
called ______________________________.
Interactions of Life
19
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
1. List the three things that make up the biosphere.
a.
b.
c.
2. Briefly compare a termite’s habitat and its niche in a forest.
3. Give an example of each of the following types of relationships.
a. Predator/prey:
b. Mutualistic:
c. Parasitic:
d. Commensalistic:
4. Briefly describe the difference between a limiting factor and an ecosystem’s carrying capacity.
a.
b.
c.
d.
6. Explain the difference between a population and a community.
7. Using leaves and other vegetation, giraffes, and lions as examples, explain how energy is
transferred through a food chain.
20 Interactions of Life
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
5. List four types of consumers.
Name
1
Date
Class
Abiotic Factors
Reinforcement
Directions: Classify the factors in the picture as either biotic factors or abiotic factors by listing them under
the correct heading. A factor might fall into both categories.
Sun
Wind
Deer
Tree
Duck
Meeting Individual Needs
Butterfly
Water
Soil
Fish
Rock
1. Abiotic Factors
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Biotic Factors
Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. Rewrite false statements to make them true.
3. Air contains 78 percent hydrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 0.03 percent carbon dioxide.
4. Organisms that are capable of photosynthesis are called consumers.
5. Temperature and precipitation are the two most important elements of climate for the majority
of living things.
6. A mountain with forests on one side and desert on the other, is exhibiting evidence of the rain
shadow effect.
7. Ecosystems with a lot of water support fewer organisms than ecosystems with little water.
The Nonliving Environment
21
Name
Date
Reinforcement
2
Class
Cycles in Nature
Directions: Match the term in Column II with the description in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in
the blank at the left. All terms may not be used.
Column I
Column II
Meeting Individual Needs
1. photosynthesis is part of this continuous movement
a. nitrogen cycle
2. gas removed from the air during photosynthesis
b. evaporation
3. element that helps plants grow
c. carbon dioxide
4. process that changes nitrogen gas into compound
plants can use
d. water cycle
e. respiration
5. process of water changing from a gas to a liquid
f. nitrogen
6. transfer of nitrogen from air to soil to organism,
and back to air or soil
g. condensation
h. carbon cycle
7. process of water changing from a liquid to a gas
i. transpiration
8. continuous movement of water from Earth’s surface to
the air, and back to Earth’s surface
j. nitrogen fixation
9. water vapor condenses
a. soil infertility
10. fossil fuels burn
b. precipitation
11. forests are cut down
c. increase of carbon dioxide
in the air
12. clouds become large and heavy
13. nitrogen removed when harvesting crops
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
14. What are the three primary steps of the water cycle?
15. Explain the importance of nitrogen to living things.
22 The Nonliving Environment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Match the cause in the first column with the effect in the second column. Write the letter of the
correct effect in the blank at the left. An effect may have more than one cause.
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Energy Flow
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.
chemosynthesis
producers
consumers
photosynthesis
energy pyramid
food web
1. The production of energy-rich food molecules from chemicals is called ____________________.
2. A diagram that shows all the possible feeding, or energy transfer, relationships in a
Meeting Individual Needs
community is called a(n) ____________________.
3. A food chain begins with ____________________.
4. ____________________ make up the second and higher steps in a food chain.
5. A diagram that shows the comparative amount of energy at each feeding level is called
a(n) ____________________.
6. The production of energy-rich sugar molecules using light energy is called ____________________.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: The steps in the following food chains are out of order. Put them in the correct order by numbering
them using 1 as the producer level. Place the number of the step in the blank at the left.
7. ______ a. hawk
8. ______ a. tiger
______ b. grain
______ b. grass
______ b. hawk
______ b. grass
______ c. mouse
______ c. deer
______ c. grouse
______ c. bear
______ d. snake
9. ______ a. grasses
10. ______ a. marmot
______ d. insects
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. In the above food chains, what do all the first-step organisms have in common?
Second-step organisms?
12. Explain why an energy pyramid is in the shape of a pyramid.
The Nonliving Environment
23
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
The Nonliving Environment
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
temperature
soil
water
food chains
biotic factors
abiotic factors
Meeting Individual Needs
Environmental
factors
2.
1.
sunlight
are living organisms
which are part of
are nonliving
factors including
5.
3.
4.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
air
which is
essential for
cell fluids
6.
climate
which is the top
layer of Earth’s crust
which
depends on
sunlight
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
7. What is the name of the process that involves water vapor in the atmosphere becoming
liquid water?
8. What are the two methods producers use to make their own energy-rich molecules?
The Nonliving Environment
25
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Class
■
Abiotic Factors
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
2
1
3
Meeting Individual Needs
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
Across
13. Topmost layer of Earth’s crust
2. Organisms that use photosynthesis
3. Location on Earth relative to equator;
helps determine the amount of sunlight
an area receives
6. Depends on sunlight and altitude
8. Energy source for most life on Earth
9. Composed of about 78% nitrogen
11. Air currents caused by temperature
differences
12. Term that means “living”
Down
26 The Nonliving Environment
1. Made up of biotic and abiotic
features
4. The major ingredient of the fluid
inside cells
5. Decaying organic matter in soil
7. As this gets higher, trees get shorter,
and the atmosphere gets thinner
10. Average weather over time
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
12
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 2
Section 3
Class
■
■
Cycles in Nature
Energy Flow
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
1. Cool temperatures cause ndceotinsaon of water vapor.
2. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make
grasu molecules.
3. Nitrogen fixation is performed by cerbatia.
Meeting Individual Needs
4. Energy is stored in fats, bcaryhodtarse, and proteins in the
body.
5. Production of food from chemicals is called escmhoeshntiys.
6. In a food chain, herbivores eat desrpocur.
7. Energy decreases moving from level to level in an energy
ymiprad.
Directions: Identify each set of steps as the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle, or the water cycle.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. condensation, precipitation, surface water evaporation, transpiration
9. a gas from the atmosphere is changed into usable compounds by lightning or by bacteria,
decomposing organic matter and animal waste release those compounds into the soil, plants
use the compounds to build cells
10. a gas given off by plants is used by people and animals, a different gas exhaled by people and
animals is used by plants
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms from the text.
11. While most organisms get energy from sunlight, bacteria that use chemosynthesis
to produce food get energy from ____________________.
12. A ____________________ is made up of food chain(s) and shows all the possible feeding relationships in a community.
13. Carnivores and ____________________ eat other consumers in a food chain.
14. The process of liquid water changing into water vapor and entering the atmosphere is called
____________________.
The Nonliving Environment
27
Name
Date
Class
Key Terms
The Nonliving Environment
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Directions: Circle the terms in the puzzle. Then write the terms in the blanks at the left of their definitions.
I
S C
O H W F O O D W E B
A M B
E R
P R O T O N
Z H U
V
C H E M O S Y N T H E S
N E A P
D P
T
I
Meeting Individual Needs
B
A T
I
D
P
E R
L
O C
M O E
R A
G C
A L
H M B S L N C Y
E N E R G Y P Y R A M
N C R O P N T
S S C L
I
M A
I
M B
T E
I
A O Y H S D R D N O
T R C T
I
T
L O
I
I
I
T O
I
S C T
S E H
T T
I
I
O T
I
C N A
I
B
O C E M C A T
I
I
M C R Y M O V
I
B
N
G L
N Q E N E U T R O E
E
H T
G E
I
T E R
P Y
N E U U
L A
L
L G O
G E R C O U N
L
I
2. mixture of mineral and rock particles, remains of
organisms, water, and air
3. process in which liquid water changes into water vapor
4. shows the comparative amount of energy available at each feeding
level in an ecosystem
5. average weather conditions over time
6. shows how water moves through the environment
7. process in which water vapor changes into liquid water
8. Living environmental features are _____________ .
9. model of possible feeding or energy transfer, relationships among
multiple organisms in a community
10. production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals
28 The Nonliving Environment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Nonliving environmental features are _____________ .
Name
Date
Chapter
Review
Class
The Nonliving Environment
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Write the correct term in the spaces beside each definition. Unscramble the boxed letters to find a
word that describes a biological process discussed in the chapter.
1. average weather conditions over time ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2. environmental factors that include
soil, sunlight, and air
___ ___ ___
3. organisms that are not
capable of photosynthesis
___
4. made of overlapping food chains
___ ___ ___ ___
5. gas used during photosynthesis
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. decaying matter found in soil
___ ___ ___
___
___
___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. bacteria in hydrothermal vent communities use this process to produce food
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9. a model that shows comparative energy
levels for different feeding levels
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. place where humus is found
11. An important biological process:
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
______________________________________________
Part B. Concept Review
1. Number these food chain steps in the correct order using the blanks provided.
a. omnivores and carnivores
b. producers
c. herbivores
2. Number these gases in order from the one with the greatest amount in the atmosphere to the
one with the least amount in the atmosphere.
a. oxygen
b. nitrogen
c. other gases
d. carbon dioxide
The Nonliving Environment
29
Assessment
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. the air that surrounds Earth
___
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the three choices in parentheses.
3. Plants, algae, animals, and bacteria use oxygen for (transpiration, respiration, condensation).
4. Temperature depends on (sunlight, rainfall, wind), which depends on latitude.
5. (Chemosynthesis, Photosynthesis, Humus) is the production of food without light energy.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
6. List the three main components of the water cycle and provide a brief description of each.
a.
b.
c.
7. If nitrogen in the atmosphere is not in a form plants can use, how do they get nitrogen? What
is this process called?
Assessment
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
9. What types of organisms are found in soil?
10. Explain how soil can be both biotic and abiotic.
11. Using the carbon cycle as an example, explain how Earth’s biosphere recycles materials over
and over.
30 The Nonliving Environment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Why are the numbers of organisms smaller at high levels of an energy pyramid?
Name
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
How Ecosystems Change
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: What kind of ecological succession occurs after each of the following events? Write either primary
succession or secondary succession under each diagram.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
5. What is ecological succession?
6. What is the general name for the first species to grow after a volcanic eruption covers an area
with lava?
7. How does soil form from bare rock?
8. How does succession occur after a forest fire?
9. Which takes longer, primary succession or secondary succession? Explain.
10. What is a community that has reached a stable stage of ecological succession called?
Ecosystems
31
Name
Date
2
Reinforcement
Class
Biomes
Directions: Complete the table below using information in your textbook.
Biome
Climate
Dominant Plants
Characteristic
Animals
Meeting Individual Needs
1. Tundra
2. Taiga
3. Temperate
deciduous
forest
5. Tropical
rain forest
6. Desert
7. Grassland
32 Ecosystems
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Temperate
rain forest
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Aquatic Ecosystems
Directions: Describe two life zones in the ocean and how organisms are affected by the conditions in each zone.
1.
Meeting Individual Needs
2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
3. The illustrations above show two types of freshwater ecosystems. Which supports more
species and why?
4. What is an estuary and why is it important to marine organisms?
5. Why are wetlands protected in most areas?
6. How do coral reefs form? What makes them vulnerable to environmental stress?
Ecosystems
33
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Ecosystems
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below.
cold forest region
tundra
deserts
grassland
Major
biomes
include
1.
include
include
2.
3.
that is a
that are
such as the
4.
the driest
biomes on
Earth
prairies of
North America
taiga
that is a
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
cold, dry,
treeless region
Directions: In the spaces provided, indicate whether each ecosystem is saltwater, freshwater, or both.
5. coral reefs
6. estuaries
7. rivers and streams
8. open oceans
9. lakes and ponds
10. wetlands
Ecosystems
35
Meeting Individual Needs
include
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Class
■
How Ecosystems
Change
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. Some terms may be used more than once.
primary
secondary
succession
pioneer
climax
1. The gradual change from one community of organisms to another is
ecological ____________________.
2. Succession that takes place in a forest that has been destroyed by fire is an
Meeting Individual Needs
example of ____________________ succession.
3. The first organisms to move into a disturbed environment are the
____________________ species.
4. A community that tends to remain the same and is in the final stage of
succession is a ____________________ community.
5. Ecological succession that takes place in a location that does not have
soil is ____________________ succession.
6. A beech-maple forest is an example of a ____________________ community.
8. Physical disturbances such as fires disturb the stability of a ____________________
community.
9. ____________________ succession can take hundreds or even thousands of years to
develop into a climax community.
10. Number the following sentences describing primary succession so that they are
in the correct order.
a. Mosses and ferns grow in soil formed by decaying lichens.
b. Thicker, richer soil supports the growth of shrubs and trees. Insects,
small birds, and mammals move in.
c. Eventually, the soil layer thickens and grasses, wildflowers, and other
plants begin to take over.
d. Life on a bare rock begins as lichens and the forces of weather and
erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces to form soil.
36 Ecosystems
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. When no life exists at all in an area, ____________________ succession begins.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 2
Section 3
Class
■
■
Biomes
Aquatic Ecosystems
Directions: Use the following terms to identify the biome in which you would expect to find each animal listed below.
tundra
grassland
temperate rain forest
taiga
temperate deciduous forest
desert
1. salamanders
3. oak tree
4. zebra
5. moose
6. kangaroo rat
Directions: Match the words and phrases in Column II with the descriptions in Column I. Write the letter of the
correct word or phrase in the blank at the left.
Column I
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. organisms that float near the surface
of freshwater lakes and ponds
8. extremely fertile, productive
environments that serve as
important nurseries for many
ocean fish
9. home to organisms adapted to
dramatic changes in temperature,
moisture, and salinity
10. flowing freshwater environments
Column II
a. intertidal zones
b. temperate rain forests
c. rivers and streams
d. biomes
e. algae, plants, and plankton
f. estuaries
g. deserts
11. usually covered with a thin sandy, or gravelly
soil that contains little organic matter
12. located in New Zealand, southern Chile, and
the Pacific Northwest of the United States
13. large geographic areas that have similar
climates and ecosystems
Ecosystems
37
Meeting Individual Needs
2. caribou
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Ecosystems
Directions: Use the clues to complete the crossword puzzle.
1
2
3
4
Meeting Individual Needs
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Down
1. The first living things in a disturbed
environment, such as lichens
3. Forests with warm temperatures, wet
weather, and lush plant growth
5. Region that is wet for all or most of a year
9. A community that has reached a stable
stage of ecological succession
11. Climax communities dominated by grasses
12. A cold, dry, treeless region, sometimes
called a cold desert
13. Water ecosystem formed from the calcium
carbonate shells secreted by a particular
animal
2. The portion of the shoreline that is
covered with water at high tide and
exposed to the air during low tide
4. The normal, gradual changes that occur
in the types of species that live in an area
6. Forests dominated by trees with needlelike
leaves
7. Large geographic areas that have similar
climates and ecosystems
8. A cold forest region dominated by conebearing evergreen trees.
10. The area where a river meets an ocean and
contains a mixture of freshwater and
saltwater
38 Ecosystems
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Across
Name
Date
Chapter
Review
Class
Ecosystems
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Write the correct term in the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed letters to spell the term that
answers question 14.
2. the normal, gradual changes that
occur in the types of species that live
in an area
3 the portion of the shoreline that is
covered with water at high tide and
exposed to the air during low tide
4. temperate and tropical regions that
receive between 25 cm and 75 cm of
precipitation a year and and have climax
communities of grasses
1. ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2. ___ ___ ___ ___
3. ___ ___ ___
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
4. ___ ___ ___ ___
5. ___ ___ ___
5. forest with warm temperatures, wet
weather, and lush plant growth
6. forest dominated by climax
communities of trees that lose their
leaves every autumn
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
6. ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. large geographic areas that have similar
climates and ecosystems
8. a cold, dry, treeless region, sometimes
called a cold desert
7. ___ ___
___ ___ ___
9. a cold forest region dominated by
cone-bearing evergreen trees
8. ___ ___
___ ___ ___
9. ___ ___
___ ___
10. the driest biome, often covered with a
thin, sandy, or gravelly soil, contains
little organic matter
10. ___ ___ ___
Assessment
1. a community that has reached a stable
stage of ecological succession
___ ___
11. the area where a river meets an ocean
contains both freshwater and salt water
11. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. regions that are wet for all or most of
a year
12. ___
13. ecosystems formed from the calcium
carbonate shells secreted by animals
13.
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
14. The first living things to arrive at a primary succession:
Ecosystems
39
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: For each of the following, write either P for pioneer species or C for climax community in the lines provided.
1. beech-maple forest
2. lichens
3. mosses and ferns
Directions: For each of the following, write either P for primary succession or S for secondary succession in the
lines provided.
4. erupting volcano
5. abandoned paved parking lot
6. wilderness after a forest fire
Directions: Match the location and wildlife with the correct biomes. Biomes may be used more than once.
7. Douglas fir; spruce; black bear; cougar
a. taiga
8. eastern United States; Europe
b. temperate deciduous
forest
9. kangaroos; wildebeests; cattle
10. just south of the tundra biome; cone-bearing
evergreen trees; elk
12. white-tailed deer; brightly colored leaves in autumn
13. cactus; scorpions; kangaroo rats
d. grassland
e. tropical rain forest
f. tundra
g. temperate rain forest
14. snowy owls; reindeer; lichens
15. more biological species than anywhere else in the world
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
16. In water environments, what are the most important factors that determine which species
can survive?
17. Name three standing freshwater ecosystems.
18. Why are wetlands important?
19. What causes tides to rise and fall each day?
40 Ecosystems
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
11. near the equator, including in South America
c. desert
Name
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Radiation from Space
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. A refracting telescope is a type of ______ telescope.
2. Radio waves and gamma rays are two types of ______ waves.
3. Sound waves are examples of ______.
4. A ______ uses mirrors to focus light from the object being viewed.
Meeting Individual Needs
5. Because radio waves can pass freely through Earth’s atmosphere,
______ are useful under most weather conditions.
6. A ______ is a motor that burns fuel without air.
7. In a ______, a convex lens focuses light to form an image at the
focal point.
8. To hear astronauts in space, the sound waves are converted to
______ and then back to sound waves.
9. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same ______.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. ______ travels at 300,000 km/s in a vacuum.
11. In a radio telescope, radio waves strike a large, concave ______.
12. Today the largest optical telescope has four 8.2-meter ______.
13. Because the Hubble Space Telescope uses mirrors, it is a ______ type
of optical telescope.
14. Optical telescopes allow scientists to study the ______ from objects
in space.
15. At the end of the reflecting telescope is a ______ mirror.
16. Most optical telescopes used by professional astronomers
are in ______.
17. The ______ is the arrangement of the forms of electromagnetic
radiation according to their wavelengths.
18. The ______ views stars from orbit
19. Earth’s ______ makes it difficult for astronomers to view the
universe clearly from the surface.
Exploring Space
41
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Early Space Missions
Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. The terms read
across or down.
S
A T E
P R O J
L
L
I
T E A R T
N
I
T
T R O N G
I
M
E C T G E M
A R M A R M S
H A
L
I
S G A O
T N E G E S
A
J
E O T E
L R D
I
U N T A
E S
P R O J
E C T
A P O L
L
O P
C
Meeting Individual Needs
J
P
I
M H
A C N R O C K E
T
L
A E
R B S A N U Y
S
I
O
I
B
T B V O Y A G E R D E R R
E
S P U
T N
I
K R R M O S E
1. The Moon is a natural ____________________ of Earth.
2. The first human to set foot on the Moon was Neil ____________________.
3. The path of one object circling another is an ____________________.
4. ____________________ was the program that first sent people to the Moon.
6. The first citizen of the United States to orbit Earth was John ____________________.
7. In ____________________, a team of American astronauts first met and connected with a
spacecraft in orbit.
8. A ____________________ travels far into the solar system, collecting information and
returning it to Earth.
9. Galileo dropped a smaller probe into Jupiter’s ____________________.
10. Cooperative missions between countries are being planned to send spacecraft to
____________________ and elsewhere.
11. Launched in 1989, ____________________ provided information about Jupiter.
12. Space exploration began when the Soviets launched ____________________, the first
artificial satellite.
13. The simplest _____________________ engine is made of a burning chamber and a nozzle.
14. Weather satellites provide information about the global weather systems on ______________.
15. Project ____________________ began the United States’ effort to reach the Moon.
42 Exploring Space
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. The ____________________ probes flew past Jupiter and other planets before heading
outward toward deep space.
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Current and Future
Space Missions
Directions: Identify Figure A and Figure B as a space station or a space shuttle. Before each statement at
the bottom of the page, write the name of the spacecraft that the item describes. If an item describes both types
of spacecraft, write both.
A. ______________________________
A.
Meeting Individual Needs
B. ______________________________
B.
A
________________________ 1. This spacecraft orbits Earth.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
________________________ 2. Astronauts were able to conduct experiments when working
in this.
________________________ 3. This glides back to Earth and lands like an airplane.
________________________ 4. The Americans launched Skylab in 1973.
________________________ 5. This reusable spacecraft transports astronauts and other
materials.
________________________ 6. A former Soviet cosmonaut spent a record 438 days aboard one
of these.
________________________ 7. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 by
one of these.
________________________ 8. This spacecraft provides living quarters and working space for
people living and working in space.
________________________ 9. Several countries may cooperatively build one of these in the
future.
________________________ 10. Its astronauts move mechanical arms to launch and
recover satellites.
________________________ 11. The Soviet craft is named Mir.
________________________ 12. Its solid-fuel booster rockets are reused.
________________________ 13. American astronauts spent up to 84 days working in this.
Exploring Space
43
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Exploring Space
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
radio telescopes
space probes
space shuttles
satellites
rockets
visible light
reflecting telescopes
refracting telescopes
Meeting Individual Needs
2.
using
1.
using
3.
with
4.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
using
People
explore
space
with
radio waves
6.
using
with
5.
7.
using
using
8.
Exploring Space
45
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Class
■
Radiation
from Space
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
speed of light
spectrum
optics
lens
convex
radio
stars
electromagnetic
telescope
1
Meeting Individual Needs
2
3
7
8
4
5
6
9
2. A piece of curved glass that magnifies objects
4. These waves carry energy through empty space.
6. Active __________ uses a computer to correct for changes.
8. This appears when white light passes through a prism.
9. 300,000 km/s
Down
1. An instrument that produces magnified images of distant objects
3. These can be seen in the night sky.
5. Refracting telescopes use _________ lenses.
7. Radio telescopes pick up these waves.
46 Exploring Space
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Across
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Section 2
■
Section 3
■
Early Space
Missions
Current and Future
Space Missions
Directions: Explain how each technological advancement listed below has improved or will improve space
exploration or our knowledge of the universe.
Meeting Individual Needs
1. Space probes such as Pioneer 10 and Voyager
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. International Space Station
3. Next Generation Space Telescope
Exploring Space
47
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Exploring Space
Directions: Complete the sentences using the terms listed below.
satellite
refracting
observatory
space station
space probe
reflecting
Mars
Project Apollo
Sputnik I
spectrum
rocket
orbit
space shuttle
Project Gemini
Meeting Individual Needs
1. Any object that revolves around another object is a(n) ____________________.
2. A(n) ____________________ telescope uses mirrors to focus light.
3. The curved path that a satellite follows is a(n) ____________________.
4. ____________________ was the last stage in the American effort to land
people on the Moon.
5. A(n) ____________________ telescope uses convex lenses to focus light.
6. The ____________________ is a reusable spacecraft that transports astronauts, satellites,
and other materials to and from space.
7. A(n) ____________________ is an instrument that gathers information and sends it back
to Earth.
9. A(n) ____________________ is a building that houses an optical telescope.
10. The different forms of radiation arranged according to their wavelengths is called the
electromagnetic ____________________.
11. A(n) _____________________ is an engine that burns fuel without requiring air.
12. Mir is an example of a ____________________.
13. The first artificial satellite was ____________________.
14. Viking I was the first spacecraft to land on ____________________.
48 Exploring Space
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. During ____________________ teams of astronauts orbited Earth to practice skills that
would be needed to land on the moon.
Name
Date
Class
Exploring Space
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below.
electromagnetic spectrum
reflecting telescopes
observatories
space probes
orbit
rockets
Project Gemini
space shuttle
refracting telescopes
Project Apollo
space station
satellite
Cassini
radio telescopes
Project Mercury
1. Most optical telescopes used by professional astronomers are housed
in ______.
2. The path of a satellite around Earth is called its ______.
3. ______ was the final stage of the space program to reach the Moon.
4. Any object that orbits Earth is a ______.
5. The space probe ______ was launched in October 1997 to study
Saturn.
7. As part of ______, John Glenn became the first American to orbit
Earth.
8. A cosmonaut spent 438 days living and working in the ______ Mir.
9. Optical telescopes that use concave mirrors to focus light from
objects are ______.
10. The Voyagers were ______ that traveled beyond our solar system.
11. Scientists use ______ to study radio waves traveling through space.
12. A goal of ______ was to have two spacecraft hook up together while
in orbit.
13. The ______ is a reusable spacecraft that glides back to Earth after it
leaves orbit.
14. Reflecting telescopes and ______ are two types of optical telescopes.
15. ______ are motors that don’t require air to burn fuel.
Exploring Space
49
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. The ______ is the arrangement of electromagnetic waves according
to wavelengths.
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Directions: Identify each of the following as a natural satellite (N) or an artificial satellite (A).
16. the Moon
19. _______ Earth
17. the space shuttle Discovery
20. _______ Sputnik
18. Skylab
Part B. Concept Review
1. Number the early space travel events below in the sequence that they occurred, beginning with 1.
a. John Glenn is the first American to orbit Earth.
b. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin land on the Moon.
c. Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel in space.
d. President John F. Kennedy calls for the United States to place people on the Moon.
Directions: Use the figure to help you complete each statement. Write the term that completes each statement
on the blank provided.
Red
Violet
Wavelength (in meters)
104
102
Visible light
1
10-2
10-4
10-6
Radio waves
Microwaves
10-10
10-12
10-14
Ultraviolet
X rays
Gamma rays
2. Only X rays and gamma rays are shorter than ___________________ waves.
3. The electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelengths is ___________________.
4. ___________________ waves are shorter than microwaves and longer than visible light.
5. The electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelengths is ___________________.
6. The wavelengths of visible light are ___________________ than those of X rays.
Directions: Answer the following question in complete sentences.
7. What are some benefits that the space shuttle provides that earlier spacecraft didn’t provide?
50 Exploring Space
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
Infrared
10-8
Name
Date
1
Class
Earth
Reinforcement
M S P H E R E
T R L
E S
R E V O
L U T
I
O N
L D
E Q U A
T O R
L
T
L
O A
T A
I
S Y
S U M M E R Z
E
I
A N E R W P T E
L
I
P
I
Y
S E
A N X L
E E
L
S O L S
T
I
C E O M O A
S M
I
W
A X
I
I
N T
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. The terms read across or down. Then write the term
on the line.
E R
1. occurs when the Sun is directly over the equator
2. Earth’s spinning that causes night and day
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. solstice that occurs in December in the southern hemisphere
4. round, three-dimensional object whose surface at all points is
the same distance from its center
5. a complete orbit made by Earth around the Sun
6. imaginary line around which Earth spins
7. property of Earth that causes seasons
8. shape of Earth’s orbit
9. solstice that occurs in December in the northern hemisphere
10. time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis
11. time it takes Earth to revolve around the Sun
12. two times during the year, the Sun is directly over this imaginary
line that circles Earth halfway between the poles.
13. occurs when the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south
of the equator
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
51
Name
Date
2
Reinforcement
Class
The Moon—Earth’s Satellite
Directions: Identify each phase of the Moon in Figure 1 by writing its name on the line beneath the phase
shown. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided.
Figure 1
Meeting Individual Needs
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
5. What phase occurs between the full moon and the third quarter?
6. What phase occurs between the third quarter and the new moon?
7. What phase occurs between the new moon and the first quarter?
8. What phase occurs between the first quarter and the full moon?
Directions: Identify Figures 2 and 3 as either a total lunar eclipse or total solar eclipse. Then on the lines
below, explain why each type of eclipse happens and who would be able to see the eclipse.
Figure 2
Shadow
Light
Earth
Moon
9.
Figure 3
Shadow
Sun
Light rays
Moon
10.
11. Figure 2:
12. Figure 3:
52 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sun
Name
Date
3
Reinforcement
Class
Exploring Earth’s Moon
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.
crust
basin
lunar
minerals
ice
shadow
water
thinner
surface
core
1. Information from Clementine helped scientists measure the thickness of the Moon’s
Meeting Individual Needs
____________________.
2. Lunar Prospector enabled scientists to confirm that the moon has an iron-rich
____________________
3. Hydrogen is one of the elements that make up ____________________.
4. The South Pole-Aitken Basin is an impact crater, or impact ____________________, on the
surface of the Moon.
5. The Clementine spacecraft was placed in ____________________ orbit.
6. Throughout the Moon’s rotation, most of the South Pole-Aitken Basin stays in
____________________.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Clementine also took photographs for use in making a map of the Moon’s _______________.
8. Some scientists theorize that ____________________ may exist in the floors of the craters at
the Moon’s poles.
9. Data show that the Moon’s crust is ____________________ on the side of the Moon facing Earth.
10. Another kind of information collected by Clementine indicates what kinds of
____________________ make up Moon rocks.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Why might the South Pole-Aitken Basin be a good place for a solar-powered Moon colony?
12. Where did the spacecraft Clementine get its name?
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
53
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Directions: Use the following terms to complete the concept map below.
the passage of a year
about 365 days
orbit
axis
day and night
24 hours
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
rotates on an
revolves in an
1.
2.
completing one trip in
completing one trip in
3.
4.
causing
causing
5.
6.
Meeting Individual Needs
Earth
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
7. What phase comes after the new moon? ____________________ What phase comes after the
full moon? ____________________
8. Why do scientists believe there might be water on the Moon?
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
55
Name
Date
Section 1
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
■
Earth
Directions: Circle the following terms in the word search below. Words read across or down. Unscramble the
circled letters and fill in the blanks below to spell the topic of the puzzle.
Sun
summer
hemisphere
fall
sphere
ellipse
spring
Earth
radiation
solstice
tilt
winter
Meeting Individual Needs
M C S R Y H R A M M A G
Y
S U M M E R U D C H A
P
T N
L P M R O T O N S
E N P R
I
S U O A A
M B
S L N P
S H F
C Y U H
I
I
S C D O P T A
B
P S
J
R O A T
W
I
I
S H U L
E L
L
M C E
L
R
P S
E
E E
I
N T E R R U T C U B
G N T
I
M E A R
L
L A
W E E N S
E A E
G L
N S O L
S
T H S
I
M C R
L G O
T
T
I
L
C E
Topic: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___
Directions: Use the words from above to fill in the blanks and complete the following sentences.
1. A round three-dimensional object is called a ____________________.
2. Earth’s orbit is an ____________________ –an elongated enclosed circle.
3. It is the ____________________ of Earth that causes seasons.
4. After the summer ____________________, days begin to get shorter.
5. In the northern hemisphere, the Sun reaches the ____________________
equinox on March 20 or 21.
6. Earth’s tilt causes the Sun’s ____________________ to strike the hemisphere at
different angles.
56 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
O G C O U
L
I
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Section 2 The Moon—
Earth’s Satellite
Section 3 Exploring Earth’s Moon
■
■
Directions: Two eclipses are shown below. Explain what is happening during each eclipse and what you would
see from Earth.
Shadow
Light
Earth
Meeting Individual Needs
Sun
Moon
Shadow
Sun
Light rays
Moon
Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Lunar eclipse:
2. Solar eclipse:
Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided.
3. How did Clementine increase our knowledge of the Moon?
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
57
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Directions: Write the letter of the term that correctly completes each sentence in the space at the left.
1. Earth moves in a(n) ______ around the Sun.
a. circle
b. ellipse
2. Earth’s ______ takes place on an imaginary line called its axis.
a. rotation
b. revolution
Meeting Individual Needs
3. The point at which the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the
equator is the ______.
a. equinox
b. solstice
4. Earth’s yearly orbit around the Sun is one ______.
a. revolution
b. rotation
5. During a ______ the dark side of the Moon faces Earth.
a. full Moon
b. new Moon
6. There are equal hours of daylight and nighttime during a(n) ______.
a. solstice
b. equinox
a. phases
b. maria
8. After a new moon, when more of the Moon’s lighted side becomes
visible, the phases are ______.
a. waxing
b. waning
9. When objects hit the Moon, they created craters, or ______.
a. impact basins
b. magnetic fields
10. Dark, flat regions on the Moon are called ______.
a. umbra
b. maria
11. During a ______, the moon blocks the Sun’s rays.
a. lunar eclipse
b. solar eclipse
12. Because it bulges slightly at the equator, Earth is not a perfect ______.
a. sphere
58 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
b. ellipse
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. The changing appearances of the Moon as seen from Earth are its ______.
Name
Date
Chapter
Review
Class
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Write the letter of the term or phrase that completes the sentence.
1. Earth is a(n) ______, which is a round, three-dimensional object.
a. ellipse
b. sphere
c. cone
d. cylinder
2. Earth rotates on its axis about every ______.
a. year
b. month
c. week
d. day
3. In the northern hemisphere, the ______ occurs on June 21 or 22.
a. spring equinox b. fall equinox
c. summer solstice d. summer equinox
4. When all of the Moon’s surface that faces Earth is lit up, there is a ______.
a. first quarter moon
c. full moon
b. third quarter moon
d. new moon
5. ______ are dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon’s surface formed when
interior lava filled large basins.
a. Craters
b. Maria
c. Volcanoes
d. Eclipses
7. A ______ occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth and
casts a shadow on Earth.
a. lunar eclipse
b. waning gibbous c. waxing gibbous d. solar eclipse
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. In 1998 NASA launched the ______ to continue photographing the Moon and
collecting data.
a. Lunar Prospector
c. Hubble Space Telescope
b. Clementine
d. Ranger
8. The imaginary line around which Earth spins is called its ______.
a. axis
c. International Date Line
b. equator
d. prime meridian
9. The yearly orbit of Earth around the Sun is called its ______.
a. rotation
b. ellipse
c. tilt
d. revolution
10. When meteorites or other objects strike the Moon, they create ______.
a. maria
b. eclipses
c. magnetic fields d. impact basins
11. The phase of the Moon that immediately precedes the new moon is the ______.
a. waxing crescent
c. waning crescent
b. first quarter
d. third quarter
12. If you followed a compass needle pointing north, you would end up at the ______.
a. geographic north pole
c. geographic south pole
b. magnetic north pole
d. rotational north pole
13. More of the lighted surface of the Moon is facing Earth at ______.
a. waning gibbous
c. new moon
b. third quarter
d. waxing crescent
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
59
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Identify the type of eclipse shown in Figures 1 and 2. Then use the illustrations to answer the
following questions.
Figure 1
Shadow
Sun
Light
Earth
Moon
Figure 2
Shadow
Sun
Light rays
Moon
1. Figure 1: ________________________
Earth
2. Figure 2: ________________________
3. What is the light-colored outer shadow on Earth’s surface cast by the Moon during a solar eclipse?
Assessment
solar eclipse?
5. What causes a lunar eclipse?
6. What causes a solar eclipse?
7. Is the umbra larger during a solar eclipse or during a lunar eclipse? Why?
Directions: Answer the following question using complete sentences on the lines provided.
8. Describe how Earth’s tilt leads to seasonal changes.
60 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. If you were in the area of Earth that is within the penumbra, would you see a total or partial
Name
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
The Solar System
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
Meeting Individual Needs
1. Name the two models of the solar system and explain the difference between them.
2. State what scientists hypothesize regarding the formation of the Sun and the planets.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Name the inner and outer planets and contrast the two groups of planets.
Directions: In the chart below, list the discoveries about the solar system made by each scientist.
4. Copernicus
5. Galileo
6. Kepler
The Solar System
61
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
The Inner Planets
Directions: Write the names of the inner planets as headings in the chart in the order of their position from the
Sun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
Meeting Individual Needs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Size and
composition
Atmosphere
Surface
features
Moons
(number/
names)
23.
Space
probes
62 The Solar System
24.
25.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Temperatures
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
The Outer Planets
Directions: List the outer planets across the top of the chart in the order of their usual position from the Sun.
Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
2.
3.
4.
from
from )
) (Eighth
(SixthSunfrom ) (Seventh
Sun
Sun
( FifthSunfrom)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Meeting Individual Needs
1.
Size and
composition
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Atmosphere
Below the
atmosphere
Notable
features
Moons
(number/
names)
Space
probes
The Solar System
63
Name
Date
4
Reinforcement
Class
Other Objects in the Solar
System
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is the Oort Cloud, and where is it located?
2. What is an asteroid, and where are most asteroids located?
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: Identify Figure 1 and its parts, then answer the question that follows.
Figure 1
3. Figure 1:
A.
C
B.
B
C.
A
4. How does a comet begin and end?
5. A.
B.
Earth's
atmosphere
Figure 2
A
Earth's
atmosphere
C.
Earth's
atmosphere
B
C
Earth
6. What two space objects produce meteorites?
64 The Solar System
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Identify the parts of Figure 2, then answer the question that follows.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
The Solar System
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
Neptune
Saturn
Comets
Mercury
Meteoroids
orbit the
1.
2.
Earth
orbit the
Meeting Individual Needs
Asteroids
Mars
Sun
orbit the
orbit the
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
orbit the
Inner planets
Outer planets
include
include
3.
Jupiter
6.
Venus
4.
Uranus
5.
7.
The Solar System
65
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Section 2
Class
■
■
The Solar System
The Inner Planets
Directions: Study the following diagram. Then identify each inner planet by filling in the blanks.
2.
4.
Meeting Individual Needs
Sun
1.
3.
Directions: List the inner planets in order below. Then write two facts about each of them on the lines provided.
5. Planet:
Planet Facts:
Planet Facts:
7. Planet:
Planet Facts:
8. Planet:
Planet Facts:
66 The Solar System
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Planet:
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Section 3 The Outer Planets
Section 4 Other Objects in the
Solar System
■
■
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
Saturn
Pluto
1
Oort
Neptune
2
rings
Uranus
meteors
Great Red Spot
3
5
4
6
Meeting Individual Needs
comets
asteroid
7
8
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9
10
Across
1. Large storm on Jupiter
4. Its axis of rotation is tilted on its side.
6. Sixth planet from the Sun with a complex ring system
8. The ______ Cloud contains many comets.
9. Large dirty snowballs that orbit the Sun
10. Shooting stars
Down
2. Found around Saturn
3. Dwarf planet
5. A piece of rock similar to the material that formed into the planets
7. Its orbit sometimes makes this the farthest planet from the Sun.
The Solar System
67
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
The Solar System
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.
solar system
Neptune
meteor
Saturn
Venus
Earth
Mercury
Pluto
Jupiter
comet
Great Red Spot
Mars
meteorite
asteroid
Uranus
1. After it hits Earth, a meteoroid is called a(n) ____________________.
Meeting Individual Needs
2. The planet ____________________ is sometimes called Earth’s twin.
3. The dwarf planet ____________________ has a moon named Charon.
4. The ____________________ is a giant storm on Jupiter.
5. A(n) ____________________ is made of dust and rock particles mixed with frozen water,
methane, and ammonia.
6. The planet ____________________ apparently shrank in diameter.
7. The ____________________ belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
8. The ____________________ has nine planets.
9. Methane gives ____________________ its distinctive blue-green color.
11. The planet ____________________ is one astronomical unit from the Sun.
12. Io, Europa, Callisto, and Ganymede are all moons of ____________________.
13. The planet ____________________ is fourth from the Sun.
14. A meteoroid that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere is called
a(n) ____________________.
15. The axis of rotation of ____________________ is tilted on its side.
68 The Solar System
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. Because its density is so low, the planet ____________________ would float in water.
Name
Date
Class
The Solar System
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: If a statement is true, write true in the blank. If a statement is false, change the italicized term to
make the statement true, and write the new term in the blank.
1. A meteor is a meteoroid that burns up in Earth’s atmosphere.
2. A meteoroid is composed of dust, rock particles, and frozen gases
and has a nucleus, coma, and tail.
3. The heavily cratered planet closest to the Sun is Neptune.
4. On the third planet from the Sun, Mars, water exists as a solid, liquid,
and gas.
5. The Martian atmosphere is much thinner than Earth’s.
6. The largest gaseous planet, Saturn, has 61 moons.
7. A belt of meteoroids (small, planetlike fragments) lies between the
inner planets and outer planets.
8. A gaseous planet with thin, dark rings and 21 satellites is Neptune.
10. The Sun and all objects orbiting it make up the solar system.
11. A large, gaseous planet with the lowest density and 31 moons is Saturn.
12. The second planet from the Sun, which has moonlike phases and a
surface heat of over 450°C caused by the greenhouse effect, is Mercury.
13. An astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth and
the Sun.
14. A comet is a meteoroid that strikes Earth.
15. The reddish-yellow planet that has polar ice caps and is the fourth
planet from the Sun is Jupiter.
16. A large, blue-green, gaseous planet similar to Uranus is Neptune.
17. A large, swirling gas storm on Jupiter is the Io.
18. The outer planets are Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury.
19. Usually the outermost planet of the solar system is Neptune.
20. The inner planets are Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, and Jupiter.
The Solar System
69
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. Meteorites are small pieces of dust and rock moving in space.
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Answer the questions on the lines provided.
1. Compare and contrast Venus and Earth.
2. Compare and contrast Pluto with the outer planets.
3. State the hypothesis about how the solar system was formed.
4. Describe the origin and structure of a comet.
6. What is unique about Uranus?
7. List three discoveries made by the Voyager space probes.
70 The Solar System
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
5. List evidence that large amounts of water were once present on Mars.
Name
1
Date
Class
Stars
Reinforcement
Directions: Use the clues provided to solve the crossword puzzle.
1
3
2
4
5
7
Meeting Individual Needs
6
9
8
10
11
12
13
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
14
Across
3. The Big Dipper is part of this
constellation. (2 words)
4. Relatively cool stars look either orange or
this color.
5. This is the amount of starlight received on
Earth. (2 words)
6. This is the brightest star in the sky.
7. Our Sun is a star of this color.
10. This the actual amount of light that a star
gives off. (2 words)
13. This is another name for the North Star.
14. These are groups of stars that
form patterns.
Down
1. The North Star is in this constellation.
(2 words)
8. This is the distance of about 9.5 trillion
kilometers that light travels in one year.
(2 words)
9. Astronomers study these to learn about
the properties of stars.
11. This constellation, named after a mythical
hunter, includes the star Betelgeuse.
12. Even though this star has an absolute
magnitude greater than that of Sirius, it
looks dimmer from Earth since it’s 100
times farther away.
2. This is the apparent shift in position
of an object when viewed from two
different places.
Stars and Galaxies
71
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
The Sun
Directions: The diagram shows interior and outer features of the Sun. Write the name of each feature on the
lines provided in the diagram.
5.
1.
6.
2.
Meeting Individual Needs
3.
4.
Directions: Answer the questions in complete sentences.
7. How can the Sun be classified?
9. How does our Sun differ from most other main sequence stars?
10. How do CMEs (coronal mass ejections) affect Earth?
11. How are sunspots related to prominences and solar flares?
72 Stars and Galaxies
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. How is the energy of the Sun produced?
Name
Date
3
Reinforcement
Class
Evolution of Stars
Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. In the puzzle, the
terms read across or down.
B L
A C K H O L
E N S
H N E U
T R O N S T
A R
I
T
R M A
I
N S E Q U E N C E
D C E
I
E N P R P O P O G
T H
I
S R S C A
A
I
O S E B L U E E D
A
L A T U M A
G O Y E
L
L O W G N B E N
R
T E
T
T E D W A R
F D
I
R R C O A N V
A W H
I
Meeting Individual Needs
E
E
I
M N T S U P E R N O V A O
E N F U S
I
O N T E R G Y
1. A ____________________ is a large cloud of dust and gas that becomes a star.
2. A graph that shows the relationship between a star’s absolute magnitude and temperature
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
is an ____________________.
3. A star that is a ____________________ has exhausted its supply of hydrogen.
4. The ____________________ of atoms powers the Sun and other stars.
5. The temperature and brightness of stars are indicated by their ____________________.
6. About 90 percent of the stars, including our Sun, are ____________________ stars.
7. A ____________________ is produced when the outer core of a star explodes after the
core collapses.
8. The hottest, brightest stars are ____________________ and white.
9. Medium hot and bright stars like our Sun are ____________________ in color.
10. When a star has no fuel left and its outer layers escape into space, it is a ____________________.
11. As heavier elements are formed by fusion, a massive star expands into a ____________________.
12. When a collapsed core becomes so dense only neutrons can exist there, a
____________________ is formed.
13. A ____________________ is so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field.
14. Write the remaining letters in the puzzle in the order in which they appear to reveal a famous
scientist’s theory.
Stars and Galaxies
73
Name
Date
4
Reinforcement
Class
Galaxies and the Universe
Directions: Use the terms below to complete the following sentences.
Milky Way
one trillion
Local Group
Steady state theory
galaxy
Doppler shift
Big Bang theory
irregular
elliptical
Clouds of Magellan
Andromeda
cluster
spiral
Oscillating model
Meeting Individual Needs
1. The two types of ______________________________ galaxies are barred and normal.
2. A ______________________________ is a group of galaxies.
3. ______________________________ galaxies have many different shapes and are usually
smaller and less common than other types of galaxies.
4. An elliptical galaxy about 2.9 million light-years away is in the constellation
of ______________________________.
5. Galaxies shaped like footballs are ______________________________ galaxies.
6. Two irregular galaxies called the ______________________________ orbit the Milky Way.
8. The _______________________________ is an explanation for the formation of
the universe.
9. The solar system in which we live is in the ______________________________ Galaxy.
10. The Milky Way Galaxy may contain ______________________________.
11. The Andromeda Galaxy is a member of the ______________________________.
12. The ______________________________ causes changes in the light coming from distant
stars and galaxies.
13. One model of the origin of the universe is the ______________________________, which
proposes that the universe was always as it is now.
14. Another model of the origin of the universe is the ______________________________,
which believes that the universe expands and contracts in a regular pattern.
74 Stars and Galaxies
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. A ______________________________ is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held together
by gravity.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Stars and Galaxies
Directions: Unscramble each term to complete the concept map below.
salaxige
1. ____________
Meeting Individual Needs
are composed of
trass
2. ____________
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
that can be
thiwe frawds
nima quescnee
3. ___________________
4. ___________________
antigs
staruepings
5. ____________
6. ____________
Directions: Use the terms from the concept map to complete the sentences below.
7. Most stars are __________________________ stars.
8. In the late stages of their life cycle, stars can expand to become
__________________________ or __________________________.
9. A __________________________ is a star that has contracted after using its supply
of helium.
10. __________________________ are large groups of stars, gas, and dust held together
by gravity.
Stars and Galaxies
75
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Section 2
■
■
Class
Stars
The Sun
Directions: Circle the term that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Patterns of stars in the sky are called (galaxies/constellations).
2. Constellations that circle Polaris are (circumpolar/binary).
3. Scientists use (telescopes/spectroscopes) to break visible light from a star into its
component colors.
4. Distances in space are measured in (light-years/CMEs).
Meeting Individual Needs
5. The absolute (magnitude/brightness) of a star is a measure of the amount of
light it gives off.
6. A measure of the amount of light received on Earth is called the (absolute/apparent) magnitude.
Directions: Identify the following parts of the Sun in the spaces provided.
prominence
surface
sunspot
8.
7.
76 Stars and Galaxies
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Section 3
■
Section 4
■
Evolution
of Stars
Galaxies and
the Universe
Directions: Identify the stages in the life cycle of an average star. Use the words below to fill in the blanks.
white dwarf
nebula
giant
main sequence
1. Star begins in a clouds of gas and dust. ___________________
2. Star continues to use hydrogen for energy; heat from fusion causes pressure that
Meeting Individual Needs
balances the pull of gravity. ___________________
3. Star’s core is exhausted of hydrogen; its outer layers expand and cool. _________
4. Star’s core is exhausted of helium; its outer layers escape into space leaving only the core;
the core contracts, or gets smaller. ___________________
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Identify the type of galaxy shown in each illustration. Use the words to fill in the blanks below.
irregular
spiral
elliptical
5. ___________________
6. ____________________
7. ___________________
Directions: Answer the questions below on the lines provided.
8. In which galaxy is our solar system?
9. What is the name for the change in a star’s spectrum when it moves away
from Earth?
10. What is the theory that explains how the universe began with an enormous
explosion?
Stars and Galaxies
77
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Stars and Galaxies
Directions: Write the letter of the term that correctly completes each sentence in the space at the left.
1. ______ is a measure of the amount of light a star actually gives off.
a. Apparent magnitude
b. Absolute magnitude
2. A ______ is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity.
a. solar system
b. galaxy
Meeting Individual Needs
3. The largest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere is the ______.
a. chromosphere
b. corona
4. Distances between stars and galaxies are measured in ______.
a. light-years
b. millions of kilometers
5. An object so dense that nothing can escape its gravity field is a ______.
a. white dwarf
b. black hole
6. A ______ is a group of stars that form a pattern in the sky.
a. constellation
b. flare
7. A star beginning as a large cloud of gas and dust is called a ______.
a. nebula
b. neptune
a. spiral
b. elliptical
9. Areas of the Sun’s surface that appear dark because they are cooler
than surrounding areas are called ______.
a. CMEs
b. sunspots
10. The collapsed core of a supernova that contains only neutrons is
a ______.
a. neutron star
78 Stars and Galaxies
b. super giant
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. The Milky Way is a(n) ______ galaxy.
Name
Date
Chapter
Review
Class
Stars and Galaxies
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Match the terms in Column I with their descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct
description in the blank at the left.
Column I
1. white dwarf
a. explanation for the beginning of the universe
2. absolute magnitude
b. relatively cool star that has expanded to more than 700
times as large as our sun
4. parallax
5. constellations
6. main sequence
7. nebula
8. giant
9. light-year
10. supergiant
c. groups of stars whose positions in the sky seem to
change as Earth moves
d. distance that light travels in one year
e. lowest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere that gives off light
f. classification of about 90 percent of the stars
g. actual amount of light a star gives off
h. two or more stars revolving around one another
11. neutron star
i. produced from an explosion that occurs when a star’s
core collapses
12. black hole
j. star in which only neutrons can exist in its core
13. sunspots
k. earliest stage of a star’s formation
14. chromosphere
l. amount of a star’s light observed on Earth
15. corona
16. supernova
m. large, cool expanding star in which helium fuses to
form carbon
17. binary system
n. object so dense that nothing, including light, can
escape it
18. photosphere
o. layer of the sun’s atmosphere above the photosphere
19. galaxy
p. large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by
gravity
20. Big Bang theory
Assessment
3. apparent magnitude
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Column II
q. apparent shift in position of an object when viewed
from different places; used to determine distances
r. small, hot star consisting of a hot, dense core
contracting under the force of gravity
s. dark, cooler areas of the Sun’s surface
t. outer layer and largest part of the Sun’s atmosphere
Stars and Galaxies
79
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
1. Sequence the colors of stars by temperature,
labeling the hottest star number 1.
blue
2. Identify the sequence of the evolution of
stars by labeling the stages. Use 1 to label
nebula.
yellow
red
nebula
white dwarf
giant
main sequence star
Directions: Write the word yes in front of any characteristic of the Milky Way. Write the word no in front of
any characteristic that does not match the Milky Way.
3. spiral galaxy
4. member of the Local Group
5. 5.8 million light-years from the galaxy in Andromeda
6. more than 400 billion stars
7. elliptical galaxy
8. 100,000 light-years in diameter
Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
10. How is the Big Bang theory supported by the observed Doppler shift of galaxies?
11. How does the Sun produce energy?
12. Compare and contrast apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude.
13. How are sunspots, flares, and prominences related?
80 Stars and Galaxies
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
9. How is the Sun different from other stars? How is the Sun similar to other stars?
Name
Date
1
Reinforcement
Class
Landforms
Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the words listed below. Some words may be used more than once.
river
landforms
mountains
plains
Grand Canyon
Gulf
Atlantic
Colorado Plateau
flat
coastal
interior
Features that make up the shape of the land at Earth’s surface are called
1. ____________________. There are three basic types of landforms, 2. ____________________,
3. ____________________, and 4. ____________________. Plains are large, relatively
5. ____________________ areas. In the United States, plains cover about one-half of all the land
areas. 6. ____________________ plains are broad areas along coastlines. These plains are called
7. ____________________ because of their low elevation. The coastal plain along the East Coast
of the United States is called the 8. ____________________ Coastal Plain. The plain that
surrounds the Gulf of Mexico is the 9. ____________________ Coastal Plain.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. ____________________ plains extend across the center of the United States. The
11. ____________________ make up a large portion of the interior plains.
Relatively flat areas of land that rise steeply from the land around them are called
12. ____________________. They are areas of nearly horizontal rocks that have been
13. ____________________ by forces within Earth. An example of a plateau in the United States
is the 14. ____________________, which lies just west of the Rocky Mountains. Here the
Colorado 15. ____________________ has cut deep into the rock layers, forming the
16. ____________________.
Directions: Name the four kinds of mountains and give one example of each.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Views of Earth
81
Meeting Individual Needs
plateaus
uplifted
Great Plains
lowlands
Name
Date
Viewpoints
Reinforcement
2
Class
Directions: Study the map. Write the letter of each map feature or location on the line provided.
180ºF
150º 120º
West (W)
90º 60º
30º
0ºC
30º
60º
East (E)
90º 120º
150º 180ºF
90º
C
60º
D
Meeting Individual Needs
45º
E
L
H
J
M
F
A
B
O
G
N
W
I
E
N
K
30º
15º
0º
15º
30º
45º
60º
S
90º
_______ 6. 45°S latitude, 15°E longitude
_______ 2. prime meridian
_______ 7. 30°N latitude, 165°W longitude
_______ 3. International Date Line
_______ 8. 15°S latitude, 60°E longitude
_______ 4. 15°S latitude, 90°E longitude
_______ 9. 30°N latitude, 120°W longitude
_______ 5. 15°N latitude, 165°E longitude
_______ 10. 30°S latitude, 15°E longitude
Directions: The map shows longitude in 15-degree increments, which correspond to the time zones. Use the
lines of longitude to estimate the time for the following places.
11. You’re at point B on the map. It’s 7:00 A.M. What time is it at point E?
12. You’re at point H on the map. It’s 5:00 P.M. What time is it at point G?
13. You’re at point H on the map. It’s 7:00 P.M. What time is it at point D?
14. You’re at point J and you travel eastward to point L. Do you lose or
gain a day?
82 Views of Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
_______ 1. equator
Name
Date
Reinforcement
3
Class
Maps
Directions: Write the letter of the term that best completes or answers the sentence.
1. A ______ projection has parallel latitude lines and parallel longitude lines. The areas
of the continents are distorted, especially near the poles.
a. conic
b. Robinson
c. Mercator
3. A ______ projection is made from projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.
a. conic
b. Robinson
c. topographic
4. A ______ map shows changes in elevation of Earth’s surface.
a. conic
b. Robinson
c. topographic
5. The 1 on the map scale 1:24,000 represents 1 cm. What does the 24,000 represent?
a. 24,000 cm
b. 24 cm
c. 24,000 km
6. On a map scale, 1 cm equals 1 km. What distance is represented by 10 cm on the map?
a. 1,000 km
b. 1,000 cm
c. 10 km
Figure 3
40
19
m
B
kR
uc
r
ive
N
m
18
00
m
00
m
15
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Use Figures 1–3 to answer the following questions.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Scale 1 cm = 10,000 cm
Contour interval 500 cm
7. What is the contour interval for Figure 1?
8. What is the contour interval for Figure 2?
9. Which figure represents a hill, and how do you know?
10. In which direction does the Buck River flow, and how do you know?
Views of Earth
83
Meeting Individual Needs
2. On a ______ projection, latitude lines are parallel and longitude lines are curved.
The land areas are less distorted at the poles.
a. conic
b. Robinson
c. Mercator
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Views of Earth
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms listed below.
maps
mountains
contour lines
longitude and latitude
landforms
plains
plateaus
1.
which can show
location by using
2.
Meeting Individual Needs
Models of Earth’s surface are
which can show
elevation by using
3.
which can show features
of Earth’s surface called
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4.
that can be large,
flat areas called
that can be steep,
raised areas called
that can be raised,
flat areas called
5.
6.
7.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
8. Name two kinds of imaginary lines that cross each other, showing location.
9. Name two kinds of large, flat landforms.
10. Name a map feature that explains what symbols on the map mean.
Views of Earth
85
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
■
Class
Landforms
Directions: Using the terms below, identify the landforms shown at 1, 2, and 3.
mountain
plateau
plain
Meeting Individual Needs
2.
1.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
4. The broad, flat lowlands along coasts are called csoatla anslip.
6. The aaplchipAan Mountains are some of the oldest mountains
in North America.
7. Mount St. Helens and Mauna Loa are cainvolc
mountains that formed from molten materials that reached
Earth’s surface through cracks in the crust.
8. The Appalachian Mountains are leddof mountains.
9. Mountains formed when blocks of Earth’s crust are pushed up
by forces inside Earth are depprawu mountains.
10. The Atlantic Coastal Plain came into existence when the ase
veell dropped.
86 Views of Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. The tearG alinsP is a large, flat area between the
Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 2
Section 3
Class
■
■
Viewpoints
Maps
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Flat maps can show elevation with (contour lines/a map scale).
2. Distance above or below sea level is called (latitude/elevation).
3. Distance in degrees north or south of the equator is called (topographic/latitude).
4. Distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian is called (legend/longitude).
Meeting Individual Needs
5. The difference in elevation from one contour line to the next is the contour
(interval/projection).
Directions: Study the topographical map below. Then circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes
each sentence.
55
45
50
C
D
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B
E
A
40
F
Scale: 1 cm = 16 m
6. The contour interval of the map is (1 cm/5 m).
7. The distance on the map between points E and F is 1 cm. The actual distance on Earth between
these points is (1 cm/16 m).
8. The hike between points A and B is (steeper/less steep) than the hike between points C and D.
9. Explain your answer to question 8.
Views of Earth
87
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Views of Earth
Directions: Write the letter of the term that correctly completes each sentence in the space at the left.
1. The ______ is an imaginary line that circles Earth halfway between the north and
south poles.
a. latitude
b. equator
2. Lines that run north and south on a globe or map are called lines of ______.
a. longitude
b. latitude
Meeting Individual Needs
3. Lines that run parallel to the equator on a globe or map are called lines of ______.
a. longitude
b. latitude
4. The symbols used on a map are explained in the ______.
a. contour lines
b. map legend
5. The ______ is a ratio that tells how distances on a map compare to actual
differences on Earth.
a. map scale
b. contour line
6. The large, flat areas of land that make up much of the United States are
called ______.
a. plains
b. plateaus
a. contour
b. plateau
8. Steep, raised areas of land are called ______.
a. mountains
b. coastal plains
9. Mountains formed when tremendous forces cause horizontal rock
layers to buckle and fold are ______.
a. volcanic mountains
b. upwarped mountains
10. Mountains formed when one block of rocks is pushed up while the
adjacent block drops are ______.
a. fault-block mountains
88 Views of Earth
b. volcanic mountains
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. A large, flat, raised area of land is called a ______.
Name
Date
Chapter
Review
Class
Views of Earth
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that best completes each statement.
1. Imaginary lines used to determine distances north and south are called (meridians, latitude lines,
longitude lines).
2. On a (Robinson, Mercator, conic) projection, lines of latitude are parallel and lines of longitude
are curved, resulting in less distortion.
3. About one-half of the land area in the United States is made up of (plateaus, plains, mountains).
4. On a topographic map, (contour lines, distance scales, contour intervals) are used to connect
points of equal elevation.
5. On a road map, a (Robinson, Mercator, conic) projection would be used.
6. Maps show distance using (contour lines, map scales, map legends).
7. (Upwarped, Folded, Volcanic) mountains were formed when crust was pushed up by forces
inside Earth.
8. Lines of longitude can be used to determine the exact (north/south, east/west, north/east)
location of a place.
9. The 180° meridian is the (equator, prime meridian, International Date Line).
11. Mountains that begin when molten material reaches Earth’s surface through a weak area of
crust are (upwarped, fault-blocked, volcanic) mountains.
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. Relatively flat, raised areas of land are called (plateaus, plains, mountains).
12. A contour interval shows the difference in (projection, elevation, scale) between two
side-by-side contour lines.
13. A map projection showing correct shapes of continents with distorted areas is a (Robinson,
Mercator, conic) projection.
14. The exact location of a place on a map can be found using (latitude lines, longitude lines,
latitude and longitude lines).
15. Zero longitude is designated by the (equator, prime meridian, International Date Line).
16. The Appalachians, the oldest North American mountains, are an example of (volcanic, folded,
upwarped) mountains.
17. Sharp, jagged peaks are characteristic of (fault-blocked, folded, upwarped) mountains.
Views of Earth
89
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Fill in the table with the terms that best describe these landforms.
Plains and Plateaus
Type
Location
Elevation
Characteristics
How formed
1. Coastal
2. Interior
3. Plateau
Directions: Fill in the blanks of the following paragraphs to describe the types of mountains.
Folded mountains are formed when land is 4. ____________________. The land buckles and
folds, which can be seen in folded layers of rock. The 5. ____________________ Mountains are
very old folded mountains that have been worn down by 6. ____________________ and erosion.
Upwarped mountains are formed when the 7. ____________________ by forces within Earth.
The soil erodes away, exposing sharp 8. ____________________. The 9. ____________________
Assessment
Fault-block mountains are made of 10. ____________________ of rocks. Faults, or large
11. ____________________ along which there is 12. ____________________, separate the blocks.
Fault-block mountains have 13. ____________________ peaks. The Sierra
14. ____________________ are fault-block mountains. 15. ____________________ mountains
form when molten material reaches the surface through a 16. ____________________. The
materials pile up in 17. ____________________ and form a 18. ____________________ structure.
The 19. ____________________ Islands are volcanic mountains.
Directions: Below is a list of tasks. Which of these maps would be best to use for each task?
a. Mercator projection
b. conic projection
c. Robinson projection
d. topographic map
20. travel from one city to another
21. estimate the elevation of an ancient ruin in the mountains above a river
22. take part in a sailboat race from Bermuda to Cancun
23. contrast the size of Europe and Greenland
90 Views of Earth
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
of South Dakota are upwarped mountains.
Name
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Earth’s Atmosphere
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Which atmosphere layer contains electrically charged particles that reflect radio waves?
Meeting Individual Needs
2. In which atmosphere layer(s) does the temperature increase as altitude increases?
3. In which atmosphere layer(s) does the temperature decrease as altitude increases?
Directions: Use the chart to answer questions 4–7.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Gas
Percent by volume
Gas
Percent by volume
A
78.09
Helium
trace
B
20.95
Methane
trace
Argon
0.93
Krypton
trace
Carbon dioxide
0.03
Xeron
trace
Hydrogen
trace
Ozone
trace
C
Neon
0.0 to 4.0
trace
4. What information does the chart show?
5. A, B, and C represent three different gases. What is A?
How do you know?
6. What is B?
How do you know?
7. What is C?
How do you know?
Atmosphere
91
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Energy Transfer in the
Atmosphere
Directions: Answer the following questions on the
lines provided using information from the graph.
What happens to radiation coming
to Earth from the sun?
1. Why doesn’t all radiation directed at Earth
reach the surface?
Absorbed by
Earth’s surface
Reflected by Earth’s
surface
5%
Absorbed by clouds
and atmosphere
20%
Meeting Individual Needs
2. What percent of radiation is lost before
reaching Earth’s surface?
50%
25%
3. What percent of radiation is lost after
reaching Earth’s surface?
Scattered by clouds
and air
4. What factors in the atmosphere seem to have the greatest effect on the amount of radiation received
from the Sun?
Directions: Complete the chart using the correct terms and phrases from the chapter. Then answer the following
questions on the lines provided.
How they are produced
5. Radiation
produced by
6. Conduction
produced by
7. Convection
produced by
8. If you put a frying pan on a burner on a stove and turn the burner on, the bottom of the
frying pan gets hot. What type of heat transfer has occurred?
9. When you get in a closed car on a sunny day and the temperature inside is much warmer than
outside, what type of heat transfer has taken place?
10. In some home heating systems, warm air is blown by a furnace fan into one side of a room.
On the other side of the room cold air sinks to the floor. What type of heat transfer is this?
92 Atmosphere
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Types of heat transfer
Name
Date
Reinforcement
3
Class
Air Movement
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Unscramble the letters
in the boxes to write a phrase related to the lesson. Use your textbook as a reference.
1. Caused by the uneven heating of Earth and its atmosphere
___ ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. Windless zone at the equator which sailing vessels try to avoid
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
4. Winds generally responsible for the movement of weather across the United States and Canada
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. Winds that provide a dependable route for trade
___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. Cool breezes during the day caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. Narrow belts of strong winds at high altitudes which blow near the top of the troposphere
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
8. Cool breezes at night caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
9. Heat from the Sun
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
10. The deflection of air masses resulting from Earth’s eastward rotation
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. Winds that blow from the North and South Poles
___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. The phrase is:
Atmosphere
93
Meeting Individual Needs
2. Imaginary line around the middle of Earth
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Atmosphere
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
weather
exosphere
coldest air temperature
ionosphere
stratosphere
1.
space travel
Meeting Individual Needs
which is the
region of
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
The layers
of the
atmosphere
are
the
thermosphere
which also
contains the
mesosphere
which
has the
3.
4.
troposphere
which
contains the
ozone layer
in which
5. ____________
occurs
Atmosphere
95
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
■
Section 2
■
Class
Earth’s
Atmosphere
Energy
Transfer in
the Atmosphere
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
1. The layer of atmosphere that we live in is the oreeshroppt.
Meeting Individual Needs
2. The most common gas in our atmosphere is gnoetrin.
3. The layer of atmosphere that contains the ozone layer is the rattsoreephs.
4. Harmful energy that comes from the sun is travelutoil triadiona.
5. Chemical compounds that pollute the atmosphere are frochrabonlorolucos.
7. A cycle in which air is warmed, warm air rises, air is cooled, and cooled air sinks
is a nocitecnov centurr.
8. All the water on Earth’s surface is called the dropshyere.
9. The process of water vapor changing to a liquid is called cannedsitnoo.
10. When water changes from a liquid to a gas, it asprotavee.
96 Atmosphere
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Energy is transferred when molecules bump into one another in notonducci.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 3
Class
■
Air Movement
Directions: Identify the illustrations below as showing a sea breeze or land breeze.
Warm air
Warm air
Cool air
2.
1.
Directions: Match each cause with the correct effect. Write the letter of the effect in the blank before the cause.
Effect
Cause
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. The equator receives more of the
Sun’s energy.
a. Cold air sinks.
4. Warm air is less dense than cold air.
b. Air near the equator is
warmer.
5. The poles receive less of the Sun’s energy.
c. The Coriolis effect exists.
6. Cold air is more dense than warm air.
d. Warm air rises.
7. Warm air molecules are farther apart.
e. Warm air is less dense.
8. Earth rotates.
f. Air near the poles is colder.
Atmosphere
97
Meeting Individual Needs
Cool air
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Atmosphere
Directions: Use the terms to complete the puzzle below. The letters in the dark, vertical box will spell a familiar term.
Coriolis effect
ionosphere
land breeze
troposphere
ozone layer
jet stream
condensation
sea breeze
radiation
hydrosphere
1
Meeting Individual Needs
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
1. Part of atmosphere that protects Earth from harmful radiation
2. The transfer of energy that occurs when molecules bump into one another
3. Narrow belt of strong wind at high altitude
4. All the water on Earth’s surface
5. The process of water vapor changing to a liquid
6. Layer of atmosphere closest to Earth’s surface
7. A layer of charged particles above Earth
8. Constant movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.
9. Shifts the direction of free moving fluids such as air and water
10. A local wind system created during the day
98 Atmosphere
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8
Name
Date
Chapter
Review
Class
Atmosphere
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the ___________________________; it contains clouds
and smog.
2. An oxygen form present in the ___________________________ filters ultraviolet
radiation from the sun.
3. Heat transfer that occurs when molecules come in contact with one another
is ___________________________.
4. Winds blowing from the northeast to the southwest near the North Pole are known
as ___________________________.
5. Air masses moving in the northern hemisphere are turned westward from their original
paths in the ___________________________.
6. A windless zone at Earth’s equator where air rises almost straight up is called
the ___________________________.
7. The ___________________________ reflects radio waves at night.
sets up ___________________________.
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Cool, dense air near the sea moves inland toward warm, less dense areas during the day and
9. At 30° north or south of the equator, air descending to Earth’s surface creates
steady ___________________________.
10. The transfer of energy in the form of rays or waves is known
as ___________________________.
11. The ___________________________ blow from southwest to northeast at 30° to 60° latitude
in the northern hemisphere.
12. Cool, dense air moves during the night from the land toward water
as ___________________________.
13. Skin cancer can be caused by too much exposure to ___________________________.
14. Each hemisphere has two narrow belts of fast-moving winds
called ___________________________.
15. Some chemicals that are being blamed for the destruction of the ozone layer
are ____________________.
Atmosphere
99
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Describe each of the following concepts on the lines provided.
1. three things that can happen to the energy Earth receives from the Sun
2. the danger of ultraviolet radiation
3. the relationship of radiation, conduction, and convection
4. the destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons
5. the cause of the difference in temperature between the equator and the poles
7. the factors that affect air pressure
8. the Coriolis effect on wind patterns
9. sea breezes during the day and land breezes at night
100 Atmosphere
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
6. the two most abundant gases in our atmosphere
Name
Date
What is weather?
Reinforcement
1
Class
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. How does temperature affect humidity?
2. Why can’t cold air hold much water vapor?
Meeting Individual Needs
3. How do clouds form?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Complete the chart below about the types of clouds in Figures 1 through 4.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 1
Figure 3
Figure 2
Figure 4
Figure 3
Figure 4
Type
Description
Weather
Directions: Match the terms in Column I with their descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct
description in the blank at the left.
Column I
5. snow
6. rain
7. sleet
8. hail
Column II
a. water drops that fall when the temperature is above freezing
b. water drops that fall and become solid when the temperature
is below freezing
c. water drops that freeze in layers around small nuclei of ice
during thunderstorms
d. water drops that pass through a layer of freezing air near the
surface, forming ice pellets
Weather
101
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Weather Patterns
Figure 1
Figure 2
Cold air
Topeka, KS
W a r m ir
a
Kansas City, KS
W a r m a ir
Indianapolis, IN
Cold air
Columbus, OH
Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the following questions.
Meeting Individual Needs
1. What kinds of clouds form along the front in Figure 1?
2. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?
3. What kind of clouds form along the front in Figure 2?
4. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds?
5. Figure 1 represents a ____________________________________________.
6. Figure 2 represents a ____________________________________________.
7. What will happen to the temperature in Columbus, Ohio, when the front passes?
8. Compare the temperatures in Topeka and Kansas City, Kansas.
Element of
Thunderstorms
a. heavy rain
b. strong winds
c. lightning
d. thunder
e. tornado
102 Weather
Caused by
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. Fill in the chart about the elements of thunderstorms.
Name
3
Date
Class
Weather Forecasts
Reinforcement
H
10 163
2
D
A
L
17 109
16
C
20 103
17
21
B
127
Meeting Individual Needs
15
Directions: Use the weather map and Weather Map Symbols Reference Handbook to answer the following
questions.
1. Which station has the lowest pressure?
2. How would you describe the wind at Station B?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Which station is recording the highest wind speed?
4. Which station has the highest pressure?
5. What kind of front is south of Station A?
6. Which station has the most cloud cover?
7. How might the temperature change at station C over the next few hours? Why?
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
8. What is the difference between an isobar and an isotherm?
9. On a weather map for county A, the isobars are far apart. On a map for county B, about 100
miles away, the isobars are close together. Which map shows high winds? How can you tell?
Weather
103
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Weather
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
Sun
fronts
water
low pressure
high pressure
air masses
air
of
of
1.
Meeting Individual Needs
Weather is caused
by the interaction
of
2.
3.
which form
4.
which can form
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5.
where air moves from
6. ____________
areas
to
7. ____________
areas
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
8. Clouds form as moist air rises and ____________________.
9. When dense, cold air meets less dense warmer air, the warm air is pushed
____________________.
10. Winds form because air moves from an area of high pressure to an area
of ____________________ pressure.
Weather
105
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
■
Class
What is weather?
Directions: Write the letter of the correct question next to its answer below.
Questions
a. What is the dew point?
b. What is sleet?
c. What is fog?
d. What is humidity?
Meeting Individual Needs
e. What is wind?
f. What is relative humidity?
g. What is weather?
h. What is temperature?
i. What are clouds?
j. What are types of precipitation?
k. What is caused by the interaction of air, water, and Sun?
Answers
2. the amount of water vapor in the air
3. objects that form as warm air rises, expands, and then cools
4. the temperature at which condensation forms from saturated air
5. the measurement of the amount of water vapor in the air compared to
the amount needed for saturation at a specific temperature
6. rain, snow, sleet, and hail
7. a stratus cloud that forms near the ground
8. the weather
9. air moving in a specific direction
10. a measure of the average amount of motion of molecules
11. rain drops that pass through a layer of freezing air near Earth’s surface
forming pellets
106 Weather
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. a description of the current state of the atmosphere
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Section 2 Weather Patterns
Section 3 Weather Forecasts
■
■
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
1. A boundary between two different air masses is called a norft.
2. Atmospheric serpuser is determined by the temperature and
density of the air and the amount of water vapor in it.
4. Fronts usually bring a change in etertermaup.
5. Fronts always bring a change in wind iridotnec.
6. A(n) ria sams is a large body of air with the same properties as
Earth’s surface under it.
7. A line connecting points of equal temperature is
a(n) timsrohe.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. A(n) tiostan emdol shows the weather conditions at one specific
location.
Directions: Write the descriptive terms for air masses in their proper places on the map. Note that cool/moist
and warm/moist appear twice.
hot/dry
cool/moist
warm/moist
cold/dry
cool/moist
warm/moist
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Weather
107
Meeting Individual Needs
3. Storms and ipitrpitconea occur at fronts.
Name
Date
Class
Key Terms
Weather
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms. Then circle the terms in the word search puzzle.
1. ____________________ is the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the amount
of water vapor needed for saturation at a certain temperature.
2. The temperature at which air is saturated and condensation begins is
the ____________________.
3. When air is cooled to the dew point near the ground, it forms a stratus
Meeting Individual Needs
cloud called ____________________.
4. When you observe a change in the weather from one day to the next, it is
due to the movement of ____________________.
5. A ____________________ is a large swirling low-pressure system that forms over
tropical waters.
6. A ____________________ studies weather.
7. An ____________________ connects locations of equal temperature.
8. An ____________________ connects locations of equal pressure.
9. A ____________________ is a violent whirling wind that moves over land.
I
S T
A S
B
S O B A R Q U E X S
L O
I
F
J M E T
E O R O L O G
V
I
A
Z F R O N T
J U S
R R T N E D N U H T
R W A A
T H
I
S N H U R R
108 Weather
I
S O F R H D
S N A W M T
V
R N U O M N Y A M P
M S O D E W P O
M W F O G H T
I
T
I
N T T
A W M H A
Y P S M G
I
L
S D S
C A N E C A U E
I
U
S W E A
T H F O G E R A
I
N S T
K
R E L A
T
I
D
I
T Y
X
I
V
E H U M
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. The boundary between cold and warm air masses is a ____________________.
Name
Date
Class
Weather
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. Write one letter in each
space. Use the letters in the boxes to find the answer to question17.
1. ___ ___ ___
2.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3.
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. ___ ___ ___
5. ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___
6. ___ ___ ___
___ ___
7. ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9. ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
10. ___ ___ ___
11. ___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. ___ ___ ___
13. ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
14. ___
___ ___ ___
15. ___
___
16. ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
Assessment
8.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___
1. Violent, whirling wind associated with
thunderstorms
2. Line connecting points of equal temperature
3. Person who studies weather
4. Line connecting points of equal
atmospheric pressure
5. Boundary formed between two colliding
air masses
6. Large body of air with the same properties
as the surface over which it develops
7. Present state of the atmosphere
8. Amount of moisture in air compared to
amount needed for saturation at a given
temperature
9. Weather information collected by
meteorologists at specific locations
10. Temperature at which air is saturated and
condensation begins
11. Severe storm that forms over tropical oceans
12. Great masses of air molecules pushing
down from above
13. Includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail
14. Millions of drops of water suspended in
the sky
15. Stratus cloud that forms near the ground
16. Air holding all the moisture it can at a
particular temperature
17. What type of cloud brings long, steady
rain?
Weather
109
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: In the following table, write the description and weather associated with each type of cloud.
Cloud type
Description
Weather Associated
1. Cirrus
2. Cumulus
3. Stratus
4. Nimbus
5. What atmospheric conditions cause the following?
a. cold front:
b. thunderstorm:
c. tornado:
Assessment
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
6. What is the difference between isobars and isotherms?
7. Explain the relationship between fronts and low pressure systems.
8. List four forms of precipitation.
9. Describe how low pressure systems form at cold, warm, and stationary fronts.
110 Weather
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
d. hurricane:
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
What is climate?
Key
Mountains
City
Ocean
Directions: On the map above, note the factors that can affect the climate. Then, in the table below, enter the
names of these factors and describe the effects they cause.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Factors
Effects
1.
2.
3.
Climate
111
Meeting Individual Needs
Name
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Climate Types
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
1. The type of plants found in a region depends on the region’s ____________________.
2. The fur of mammals ____________________ them from the cold.
3. A(n) ____________________ is a characteristic that helps an organism survive.
4. Desert turtles and lizards obtain the moisture they need from their ____________________.
Meeting Individual Needs
5. Some mammals survive cold winters in a state of reduced activity called
____________________.
6. Lungfish survive intense heat in an inactive state called ____________________.
7. A body structure that helps an organism survive in its environment is
a(n) ____________________ adaptation.
8. In the Köppen System, climate groups are classified according to temperature and
____________________.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
9. What is an adaptation?
11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry climates?
12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants survive in dry climates?
13. Name the six groups of climates in the Köppen classification system.
112 Climate
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Climatic Changes
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. In the illustration, what season is it in the
northern hemispheres? In the southern
hemisphere?
To
Sun
Meeting Individual Needs
2. Where on Earth are the seasonal variations of
temperature and day length greatest? Least?
3. What are the effects of El Niño?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What is global warming?
5. How might global warming affect Earth?
6. What are some possible causes for climatic changes in the past?
7. What is the greenhouse effect?
8. How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth?
9. How do scientists know what Earth’s climate was like in earlier geologic eras?
Climate
113
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Climate
Climate
has three zones
determined by latitude
has six classifications
determined by precipitation
and temperature
can be changed by
1.
3.
8.
2.
4.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
El Niño
5.
9.
6.
10.
polar
11.
tropical
7.
12.
Climate
115
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: Use the following terms to complete the concept map below.
mild
solar output
large cities
tropical
volcanic eruptions
temperate
continental
seasons
polar
dry
meteorite collisions
high elevation
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Section 2
■
■
Class
What is climate?
Climate Types
Directions: Unscramble the following terms to complete the concept map below.
tudealti
isodbe fo tarew
gelar estici
dnalmsfor
oecan rrucenst
3.
isanotumn
4.
Meeting Individual Needs
2.
5.
6.
1.
affect(s)
climate
7. The fur of mammals is an example
of a _____.
8. Water heats up and cools
down _____.
9. As air rises, _____.
10. Climates can be classified based
on _____.
11. Hibernation and estivation are two
kinds of _____.
12. Deserts are common on the _____.
116 Climate
a. temperature, moisture, and
amount of sunlight.
b. it cools.
c. structural adaptation.
d. leeward side of mountains,
away from the wind.
e. more slowly than land.
f. behavioral adaptations.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Choose the phrase on the right that correctly completes each sentence. Write the letter of the phrase
in the space provided.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 3
■
Class
Climatic Changes
Directions: Circle the term that correctly completes each sentence.
1. (Earth’s rotation/Earth’s tilt) causes seasons.
2. El Niño occurs when (rain/wind) patterns change over the Pacific Ocean.
3. The amount of (carbon dioxide/volcanic ash) in the atmosphere helps create the
greenhouse effect.
Meeting Individual Needs
4. Great events such as meteorite collisions and (volcanic eruptions/glaciation) can
affect the amount of sunlight reaching Earth.
5. Because of fairly (low/constant) solar radiation near the equator, the tropics do
not have great seasonal temperature changes.
Directions: Place the sentences in the top oval in correct order in the flow chart that follows.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Carbon dioxide levels
in the atmosphere increase.
• Global warming occurs.
• People burn fossil fuels and
cut down forests.
6.
7.
8.
Climate
117
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Climate
Directions: Use the following terms to complete the puzzle below. The letters in the dark vertical box will spell a
familiar word.
adaptation
temperate zone
global warming
deforestation
tropics
hibernation
greenhouse effect
Meeting Individual Needs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2. Increase in global temperatures
3. An animal’s long period of inactivity during winter
4. Moderate temperature zone between the polar zone and the tropics
5. Any structure or behavior that helps an organism survive in its environment
6. Destroying and cutting down trees
7. Natural heating caused when gases in the atmosphere trap heat
8. The familiar word in the dark vertical box is ____________________.
118 Climate
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Regions of Earth that receive the most solar radiation
Name
Date
Chapter
Review
Class
Climate
Part A. Vocabulary Review
1. adaptation
2. climate
3. El Niño
4. temperate zones
5. seasons
6. hibernation
7. polar zones
8. greenhouse effect
9. global warming
10. tropics
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. deforestation
a. the pattern of weather in a region
b. the region that extends from the poles to 66 1/2° north
and south latitudes
c. any structure or behavioral feature that helps an
organism survive in its environment
d. short-term periods of climate change caused by variations
in daylight, temperature, and weather patterns
e. a climate event that starts in the tropical Pacific Ocean
and sets off changes in the atmosphere
f. the region that receives the most solar radiation
because the sun shines almost directly overhead
g. rise in the average global surface temperature
h. destroying and cutting down of trees
i. natural heating process of Earth caused by gases
trapping heat in the atmosphere
j. a period of reduced activity that some mammals
undergo in the winter
k. areas between tropics and polar zones
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Describe how the Koppen system classifies climate.
2. List four of the classifications used in the Köppen climate classification system.
Climate
119
Assessment
Directions: Match the terms in Column I with their description in Column II. Write the letter of the correct
description in the blank at the left.
Column II
Column I
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
3. Describe how El Niño affects the climate.
4. How do spiny leaves help a cactus survive in the desert?
5. Explain the difference between the greenhouse effect and global warming. Does one have anything to do with the other? Explain.
6. How has Earth’s climate changed in the past?
8. Explain how humans add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and how they can reduce the
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
120 Climate
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
7. How do mountains affect the climate of nearby areas?
Name
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Ocean Water
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. Elements are added to oceans at a faster rate than they are removed.
Meeting Individual Needs
2. Oxygen enters the ocean in two ways—directly from the atmosphere and indirectly from
organisms when they go through the process of respiration.
3. The most abundant elements in seawater are carbon and nitrogen.
4. About 20 percent of Earth is covered by ocean water.
5. Salts can be removed from ocean water by a process called salinity.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. After water vapor from volcanoes cooled, torrents of rain filled basins on Earth’s surface to
form more volcanoes.
7. Salinity is usually measured in grams of seawater per kilogram of dissolved salt.
8. Magnesium and chloride make up most of the ions in seawater.
9. Some of the ions in seawater come from rocks that are slowly formed by rivers and groundwater.
10. The proportion and the amount of dissolved salts in seawater have greatly increased over
hundreds of millions of years.
11. Although oceans provide food, oxygen, and natural resources, they have no effect on weather.
Ocean Motion
121
Name
Date
Reinforcement
2
Class
Ocean Currents
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What kind of current forms when more dense seawater moves toward less dense seawater?
2. What causes an upwelling?
L a b ra
Gu
.
rC
do
m
trea
lf S
Sargasso Sea
Per
u
B
t
ren
Cur
o
i
h
ros
Ku
N. Equatorial Current
nt
Equatorial Counter Current
S. Equatorial Current
nt
rre
E. Australian
Cu
rent
Benguela Cur
.
A gulhas C
.
C
r
a
l
o
p
um
rctic Circ
Anta
ific Current
h Pac
Nort
Cali
for
ni
aC
ur
re
3. What is the name of the current that flows southerly along the west coast of the United States?
Is this current warm or cold?
4. In what direction do cold currents generally flow in the northern hemisphere?
5. Because of the influence of the Coriolis effect, what is the general motion of surface currents
north of the equator?
south of the equator?
122 Ocean Motion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
t
rren
Cu
z il C.
C.
N. E q u a t o r i a l
Equatorial
S. Eq Counter Current
ua t
ori a l C.
ra
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: Use the information from the figures below to help answer the following questions.
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Ocean Waves and Tides
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed
letters to answer question 11.
1. collapsing wave
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
2. kind of tide that occurs when the
Sun, Earth, and the Moon form a right
angle
___ ___
3. horizontal distance between
two waves or two crests
___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. lowest point of a wave
___ ___ ___ ___
___
5. rise and fall in sea level
___ ___
6. rhythmic movement that carries
energy through matter or space
___ ___ ___
7. kind of tide that occurs when the
Sun, Earth, and the Moon line up
together
___ ___ ___ ___
8. pulls the water back into the
sea after a wave breaks
___
9. highest point of a wave
___ ___ ___ ___
10. vertical distance between
a wave’s crest and trough
___ ___ ___ ___
Meeting Individual Needs
___
___
___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___ ___
11. What is the difference between the level of the ocean at high tide and low tide?
Ocean Motion
123
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Ocean Motion
Directions: Use the following terms and descriptions to fill in the outline.
Meeting Individual Needs
crest
Move water horizontally
High tide
trough
Covers 70 percent of Earth
Low tide
Are affected by the Coriolis effect
Tidal range
Form when a mass of seawater becomes more dense than the water around it
I. Ocean water
A.
B. Contains many dissolved salts
II. Ocean currents
A. Surface currents
1.
2. Are powered by wind
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
B. Upwellings
C. Density currents
1. Water that circulates deep in the ocean
2.
III. Ocean waves and tides
A. Parts of a wave
1. The highest point of the wave, or the ________________________.
2. The lowest point of the wave, or the ________________________.
B. Tides
1. ________________________, when sea level appears to rise
2. ________________________, when sea level appears to drop
3. ________________________, the difference between the level of the ocean at high
tide and low tide
Ocean Motion
125
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Section 2
■
■
Class
Ocean Water
Ocean Currents
Directions: Use the terms to complete the paragraphs below them.
salts
sodium
chloride
rivers
salinity
basins
Billions of years ago, low areas on Earth called 1. ____________________ filled with water to
form oceans. In addition to water, oceans contain dissolved
2. ____________________. Many of them come from 3. ____________________ that empty
Meeting Individual Needs
into the ocean. The measure of the amount of salt in seawater is called
4. ____________________. The two most common ions in ocean water,
5. ____________________ and 6. ____________________, combine to form halite, or table salt.
Coriolis effect
rotation
current
warm
upwelling
surface
density
Ocean water is always moving. The mass movement or flow of ocean water is called a
7. ____________________. Currents caused by wind that moves water
parallel to Earth’s surface are called 8. ____________________ currents. The
10. ____________________ of Earth. Other currents, called
11. ____________________ currents, occur because warm seawater is less dense than cold
seawater. This means the 12. ____________________ water rises, and the cold water sinks and
travels along the ocean bottom. Areas of 13. ____________________ occur when a vertical
circulation in the ocean brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface.
126 Ocean Motion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
direction of currents is influenced by the 9. ____________________, which is caused by the
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 3
Class
■
Ocean Waves and Tides
Directions: Study the following diagram. Then label the waves using the correct terms from the list.
wave height
Direction of wave
wavelength
1.
trough
2.
Meeting Individual Needs
crest
4.
3.
Directions: Circle the term that correctly completes the sentence.
5. For the most part, the Moon’s gravity causes (tides/wind).
6. Water waves are caused by (crests/wind).
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Friction with the ocean bottom causes water at the bottom of the wave to
(slow down/speed up).
8. High tides are higher than normal when there are (neap tides/spring tides).
Directions: Label each figure below as conditions either for a spring tide or a neap tide.
Sun
Sun
New
moon
Earth
Earth
1st
quarter
moon
9.
10.
Ocean Motion
127
Name
Date
Class
Key Terms
Ocean Motion
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
Meeting Individual Needs
8
9
10
Across
7. Mass movements, or flows, that move water horizontally
8. The difference between the levels at high tide and low tide is the ______ range.
9. Low area in which oceans formed
10. A rise and fall in sea level
Down
2. Circulation in the ocean that brings deep, cold water to the surface
3. The highest point of a wave
4. When denser seawater sinks under less dense seawater, a ______ current is formed.
5. Rhythmic movement that carries energy from one place to another
6. A collapsing wave
7. Measure of the salts dissolved in seawater
128 Ocean Motion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. The lowest point of a wave
Name
Date
Class
Ocean Motion
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the puzzle.
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
8
9
10
12
Across
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11
Down
1. Causes the wind and surface currents to
turn (two words)
2. Mass movement of water horizontally
(two words)
3. A collapsing wave
5. Measure of the amount of salts dissolved
in seawater
4. A low area on Earth
7. Rhythmic movements that carry energy
through matter and space
6. Highest point of a wave
8. Rise and fall in sea level
9. Movement that occurs when more dense
seawater sinks under less dense seawater
10. The difference between sea level at high
tide and at low tide (two words)
11. Vertical circulation that brings deep, cold
water to the ocean’s surface
12. Lowest point of a wave
Ocean Motion
129
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Describe how Earth’s oceans may have been formed.
2. Ocean water contains dissolved gases and salts. From where do such substances originate?
3. List two reasons why some substances do not remain dissolved in the water for long periods
of time.
4. How does the Coriolis effect cause surface currents to move in certain directions?
6. Explain the movement of water molecules in waves.
7. Explain how breakers form.
8. Explain the difference between spring and neap tides.
130 Ocean Motion
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
5. Why are currents on the western coasts of continents relatively cold, whereas currents on the
eastern coasts are relatively warm?
Name
1
Date
Reinforcement
Class
What is energy?
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is energy?
2. How can you tell when something has energy?
Example
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: Fill in the following table with what kind of energy each of the examples contains.
Type of energy
3. a flying bird
4. a burning candle
5. a battery
6. a hamburger
7. a book on a shelf
8. a green plant
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. a beam of sunlight
10. a piece of radioactive metal
11. a cup of hot cocoa
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the terms that best complete the statements.
12. ____________________ energy is the energy of motion.
13. A balloon floating in the air has more ____________________ energy than a boulder at the
top of a cliff.
14. When you pick up a book, you are ____________________ energy from your hands to the book.
15. The faster an object moves, the ____________________ its kinetic energy.
16. A scooter moving at 10 km/h has ____________________ kinetic energy than a motorcycle
moving at the same speed.
17. ____________________ is energy stored due to an object’s position.
18. A bowling ball sitting on a shelf has ____________________ potential energy than a
basketball on the same shelf.
19. A sock lying on a dresser has ____________________ potential energy than a skateboard on
the floor.
Energy and Energy Resources
131
Name
2
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Energy Transformations
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the terms that best complete the statements.
1. In every energy transformation, some ____________________ is released.
2. When you climb a rope, you change ____________________ energy into
____________________ energy.
3. Energy can never be created or destroyed, just ____________________ or
Meeting Individual Needs
____________________.
4. As temperature increases, ____________________ energy increases.
5. Fireworks change ____________________ into ____________________ and
____________________ energy.
6. When a pendulum swings, if it is not continuously pushed, it will stop eventually because
some of its energy is changed into ____________________ energy.
7. In the muscle cells in your body, ____________________ energy is changed into
____________________ energy.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
9. In most forms of generation of electrical energy in power plants, the last two steps are the
same. What are they?
10. Trace the energy transformations from a radio signal to the music you hear.
132 Energy and Energy Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Trace the energy transformations from a hamburger you eat to riding your bike.
Name
3
Date
Reinforcement
Class
Sources of Energy
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes the following statements.
1. (Oil, Wind, Water) is a fossil fuel.
2. As you go deeper into Earth, the temperature (increases, decreases, stays the same).
3. (Coal, Oil, Water) is a renewable resource.
5. A mountainous region would be a likely source for (nuclear, hydroelectric, wind) energy.
Directions: Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. If it is true, write true on the
line. If it is false, change the underlined term to make it true.
6. Fossil fuels cause air pollution.
7. Geothermal energy is caused by falling water.
8. A thermal cell produces electricity directly from sunlight.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. A reflecting panel uses the kinetic energy of moving air.
10. About 68% of the electrical energy in the United States is produced by nuclear fuel.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
11. Explain why it would be necessary for a home using solar energy to have some type of an
energy storage device.
12. Explain how hydroelectric energy works.
13. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using fossil fuels.
Energy and Energy Resources
133
Meeting Individual Needs
4. (Geothermal energy, Fossil fuels, Hydroelectric energy) cause(s) acid rain.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Energy and Energy Resources
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
magma
power plants
nuclear
electrical
2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
chemical
Some forms
of energy
4.
are
geothermal
6.
potential
light
solar
food and fuel
which is
produced
by
which
comes
from
1.
the Sun
which is
stored in
3.
which is
stored in
the nucleus
of an atom
which
comes
from
5.
which
is
an
which is
energy
of
Meeting Individual Needs
position
inexhaustible
resource
7.
Energy and Energy Resources
135
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Class
■
What is energy?
Directions: Draw a line between each type of energy on the left to the example of this type of energy on the right.
Meeting Individual Needs
1. kinetic energy
energy stored in a bicycle at the top of a hill
2. radiant energy
the heat released by a steaming bag of popcorn
3. nuclear energy
the bonds between the protons of a silver atom
4. thermal energy
the bonds between the atoms of a match
5. potential energy
energy used to power a computer
6. chemical energy
the motion of a skateboard
7. electrical energy
the light of a candle
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
9. Your body’s source of energy is the aecchilm energy in food.
10. Whenever a change in your surroundings occurs, yrngee is being
transferred from one place to another.
11. If two roller coasters have the same mass, the one with the greater
ceilotvy will have greater kinetic energy.
12. In a light bulb, acceeillrt energy produces thermal energy, which
then produces radiant energy.
136 Energy and Energy Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. If two skydivers are the same distance from the ground, the one with
the greater mass will have greater aeilnoptt energy.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Section 2
■
Section 3
■
Energy
Transformations
Sources of Energy
Directions: Read each step. Then put the steps in order from first to last. Write 1 for the first step, 2 for the
second step, and so on.
1. Fossil fuels are burned. The thermal energy of the burning fuel turns water into
steam.
3. The turbine turns a generator. The kinetic energy of the generator is converted
to electrical energy.
4. Organisms transform the radiant energy in sunlight into chemical energy.
5. The kinetic energy of steam is transferred to a turbine.
Directions: Use the words in the list to fill in the blanks below.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
conservation
nonrenewable
electrical
turbine
hydroelectric
renewable
nuclear
photovoltaic
6. One problem with using _________________________ energy is that it
produces radioactive waste.
7. The _________________________ of a _________________________ power plant is
turned by moving water.
8. A _________________________ device converts solar energy directly into
_________________________ energy.
9. Windmills produce electricity by using a _________________________ source
of energy.
10. The law of _________________________ of energy states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed; it can only change form.
11. Coal and oil are examples of _________________________ resources.
Energy and Energy Resources
137
Meeting Individual Needs
2. Over millions of years, the chemical energy in ancient organisms is transformed
into the chemical energy of fossil fuels.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Energy and Energy Resources
Directions: Circle eleven terms in the puzzle and then write the terms in the blanks at the left of their definitions.
R T
K H E N E R G Y E R
A E
I
G T U R B
I
D A N E S A B C A
I
E E N U C L
A
L
Meeting Individual Needs
N U
T
T E R N A
I
N E W
L
C L
E A R H D
T
I
V E E
R S T A C E C M L
A C A R C E S C R
B P O T
E N T
I
A
L
I
U
C B
A N H O A T H E R M A L
N O N R E N E W A B
L E
1. the ability to cause change
2. type of energy stored within an atom
3. form of energy also known as light energy
4. kind of energy that is stored in bonds between atoms
6. form of energy that an object has due to its
temperature
7. type of energy that an object has because of its
movement
8. device that converts energy of motion into electrical energy
9. type of energy that is stored in an object because of its
position
10. wheel composed of a series of blades that is used to turn
a generator
11. type of energy source that will eventually be used up
138 Energy and Energy Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. another name for a renewable energy source
Name
Date
Class
Energy and Energy Resources
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Place the letters of the words defined on the spaces provided. When you are finished, the letters in
the vertical box spell out the answer to question 14.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10
11
12
13
1. Energy sources that are in limited supply
8. Energy stored in the bonds between atoms
are ______ resources.
2. device with blades that uses kinetic
energy to turn a generator
3. a device that directly converts solar energy
into electricity
4. energy of hot objects
5. energy from separation of positive and
negative charges
6. device that converts kinetic energy into
electrical energy
7. resource that is constantly being replenished
is called ______ energy.
9. Energy sources other than fossil fuel are
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
______ resources.
energy of light
energy due to position
energy due to motion
the ability to cause change
What is the energy stored in the bonds
between protons in the nucleus?
Energy and Energy Resources
139
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
1. Number the steps for converting nuclear energy into electrical energy in the correct order in
the blanks provided.
a. kinetic energy turns turbine
b. nuclear energy converted into thermal energy
c. kinetic energy produces electricity
d. thermal energy boils water
e. kinetic energy turns generator
Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that best completes each statement.
2. As the mass of an object moving at a given speed decreases, its kinetic energy (increases,
decreases, remains the same).
3. As the velocity of a falling object increases, its potential energy (increases, decreases, remains the
same).
4. A feather floating in the air has (kinetic energy, potential energy,
both kinetic and potential energy).
5. Hydroelectric energy can generate electricity because of the initial (potential, radiant, kinetic)
energy of the water.
Assessment
7. If you put a book up on a shelf, you increase its (potential, kinetic, both potential and kinetic)
energy.
8. Wind turbines convert (potential, kinetic, thermal) energy into electrical energy.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
9. What is a renewable resource? What is a nonrenewable resource?
10. When you drop a book on the floor, what happens to its original potential energy?
140 Energy and Energy Resources
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. A photovoltaic collector turns radiant energy into (thermal, chemical, electrical) energy.
Name
Date
Electric Charge
Reinforcement
1
Class
Directions: Use the clues to complete the puzzle.
1
2
3
4
Meeting Individual Needs
6
5
7
8
9
11
10
12
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
13
14
Across
Down
1. Negatively charged atomic particle
2. Metal used for electrical wire
6. Can result from touching uninsulated wire
3. Gets stronger as you get closer to an electric
charge (2 words)
7. Positively charged atomic particle
9. Holds protons and neutrons together in
the nucleus (3 words)
11. What like charges do.
13. Something electrons cannot move
through easily
4. Something electrons move through easily
5. What opposite charges do
8. Charge of an atom that has lost electrons
10. Atomic particle that has no charge
12. Buildup of electric charges
14. Tiny particle of matter
Electricity
141
Name
Date
2
Reinforcement
Class
Electric Current
Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed below.
chemical reactions
resistance
negative
ohms
volts
positive
electric potential energy
electric current
V
circuit
Life as we know it would be impossible without electricity. Think of the number of electrical
Meeting Individual Needs
devices we rely on every day: lights, refrigerators, computers, televisions, flashlights, car headlights,
watches–the list is endless. All of these devices, and countless others, need a constant, steady
source of electrical energy. This steady source of electrical energy comes from a(n)
1. _______________________, which is the steady flow of electrons through a conductor.
This steady flow of electricity requires a closed path, or 2. _______________________,
through which to flow. Its basic elements are a conductor, such as wire, through which electrons
flow and a source of electrons, such as a battery.
An electric current carries energy that comes from separating positive and negative charges.
only happen if they travel through the circuit. In a circuit, the electrons flow from the
3. _______________________ end to the 4. _______________________ end.
A familiar source of electrons in electric circuits is a battery. The total stored electrical energy
in a battery—the energy available to do work—is called 5. _______________________. This
energy is measured in units called 6. _______________________, which is abbreviated
7. _______________________. Batteries rely on 8. _______________________ to separate
positive and negative electrical charges. When the negative and positive ends of the charges are
connected by a conductor, a circuit forms and the electrical energy is available to do work.
However, the electrons don’t flow completely freely through the circuit. Depending on the
material used for the conductor, the electrons have more or less difficulty flowing. The measure of
how difficult it is for electrons to flow through a circuit is called 9. _______________________.
This is measured in units called 10. _______________________.
142 Electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Negatively charged electrons “seek out” positively charged electrons to recombine. This can
Name
Date
3
Reinforcement
Class
Electric Circuits
kilowatt
amount of electric energy used by a device
series: a circuit that has only one path for the electric current to follow
series circuit
Ohm’s law
power = current ✕ voltage
parallel: a circuit that has more than one path for the electric current to follow
kW
watt
voltage = current ✕ resistance
parallel circuit
V=I✕R
W
P=I✕V
Important Facts About Electric Circuits
1. There is a relationship among voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit.
a. Name of law:
b. Expression of law:
c. Equation:
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. There are two types of electric circuits.
a. Two types of circuits:
(1)
(2)
b. Definitions of these circuits:
(1)
(2)
3. The electrical power of a circuit can be measured.
a. Definition of electrical power:
b. Unit of electrical power:
(1) Name:
(2) Abbreviation:
(3) Term for 1000 units:
(4) Abbreviation for 1000 units:
c. Determining the electrical
power of a circuit:
(1) Expression:
(2) Formula:
Electricity
143
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: Use the terms and statements from the list below to complete the table.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Overview
Electricity
Directions: Use the following terms to complete the concept map below.
circuit
different
parallel
I = V/R
the same
Ohm’s
Meeting Individual Needs
Current electricity
flows in a
1.
which can be
designed using
two types of which are
2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
______________
law
which can be
written as
5.
series circuit
______________
circuit
in which all
included
devices receive
in which all
included
devices receive
4.
6.
______________
current
______________
current
3.
Directions: Number the following statements so that they are in the correct order.
7. The boy puts his hand on the doorknob.
8. The boy walks to the door of his room.
9. The boy walks across the carpet.
10. The boy feels a slight shock from static electricity.
Electricity
145
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 1
Class
■
Electric Charge
Directions: Place a C on the line to the left of each item that is a conductor. Place an I on the line to left of each
item that is an insulator.
1. glass
______
4. wool
______
7. wood
2. gold
______
5. copper
______
8. rubber
3. plastic
______
6. your body
______
9. aluminum
Meeting Individual Needs
Directions: Use the figures below to mark the following statements T for true or F for false. Explain your
answers. In Figure A, a charged rod is repelling a copper ball. In Figure B, two charged balls are attracted.
Figure A
Figure B
Charged balls attracted
Hard rubber rod
+
+
+
+
1
+
+
2 +
+
Copper ball and
rod repelled
11. In Figure B, ball 1 has a negative charge.
12. In Figure B, the positively charged rod will be attracted to ball 2.
146 Electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. In Figure A, the rod is positively charged.
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 2
Section 3
Class
■
■
Electric Current
Electric Circuits
Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the questions below. A is a battery, B is a switch, and C is a lightbulb.
Figure 1
B
Bulb 1
Bulb 2
Bulb 3
Meeting Individual Needs
A
Point 1
Figure 2
B
C
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A
Point 2
1. What kind of circuit is Figure 1?
2. Are the lightbulbs lit in Figure 1?
3. If the switch was closed in Figure 1, how many of the bulbs would be lit?
4. If the circuit was cut at point 1, would any bulbs be lit? If so, which ones?
5. What kind of circuit is Figure 2?
6. Are the lightbulbs lit in Figure 2?
7. If the circuit was cut at point 2, would either bulb be lit?
Electricity
147
Name
Date
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Class
Key Terms
Electricity
Directions: Write the correct term next to its description below.
electric field
electric force
Ohm’s Law
circuit
insulators
ion
conductors
parallel circuit
static charge
electric current
resistance
series circuit
voltage
electrical power
electric discharge
1. the buildup of electric charges on an object
Meeting Individual Needs
2. materials that allow electrons to move through them easily
3. materials through which electrons cannot move easily
4. the steady flow of electrons through a conductor
5. an unbroken path through which an electric current can flow
6. the measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow through
a material
7. a circuit with one path along which current can flow
8. a circuit with more than one path along which current can flow
10. measure of how much electricity a power source can provide
11. causes charged particles to attract or repel each other
12. relationship between voltage, current, and resistance
13. area around an electric charge which is strongest closest to
the charged particle
14. rate at which electrical energy is converted to another type of
energy
15. rapid movement of electric charge from one place
to another
148 Electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9. an atom with a positive or negative charge
Name
Date
Class
Electricity
Chapter
Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Use the clues to complete the puzzle.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
8
10
Assessment
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11
12
13
Across
Down
2. Circuit with more than one path
4. A material that current does not easily
flow through
8. Rapid movement of excess electrons from
one place to another (2 words)
11. Rate at which electric energy is converted
to another form (2 words)
12. Closed path through which current can
flow
13. Buildup of electric charges in one place
(2 words)
1. Exists around every electric charge
(2 words)
3. Steady flow of electrons (2 words)
5. Circuit with only one path
6. Relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance (2 words)
7. Measure of how difficult it is for electrons
to flow
9. A material that current flows through easily
10. Measure of electrical potential energy
Electricity
149
Name
Date
Class
Chapter Review (continued)
Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
1. An object becomes positively charged if it ____________________.
2. Objects with unlike charges ____________________ each other.
3. The farther you get from an electric charge, the ____________________ the electric field.
4. When an object is grounded, it becomes electrically ____________________.
5. A simple circuit consists of a conductor, wires, and ____________________.
6. As energy carried by a current increases, ____________________ increases.
7. Electric energy can be stored by ____________________ charges.
8. In a battery, electrons flow from the ____________________ terminal to the
____________________ terminal.
9. When a wire is made thicker, its resistance ____________________.
10. The unit used to measure electric current is the ____________________.
11. According to Ohm’s law, voltage = ____________________ ✕ ____________________.
12. If a 1.5-V battery is connected in a simple circuit to a lightbulb with a resistance of 8 ohms,
the amount of current flowing through the circuit is ____________________.
14. If you multiply the voltage in a circuit by the current, you are finding the
____________________ of the circuit.
15. Electric energy usage on your electric bill is measured in ____________________.
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
16. How are series and parallel circuits similar? How are they different?
17. What are two ways an electric shock can harm the body?
150 Electricity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Assessment
13. In a series circuit, each device that is added to the circuit decreases the ____________________.