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Cram Sheet: World War I P E OP L E EV ENTS Wilfred Owen • British poet and soldier who fought in WWI • Killed in battle on 4 November 1918, one week before the end of fighting • His poems still help readers understand life on the warfront during WWI 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, 28 June 1914 • Assassination set into motion a series of events that eventually led to the beginning of WWI John J. Pershing • Commanding general of U.S. Army during WWI • Had nearly 2 million men under his command by the end of the war • Refused to allow his soldiers to enter the line before they were properly trained, thus credited with saving many American lives Gavrilo Princip • 19-year-old Serbian nationalist who assassinated Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, June 1914, providing the catalyst for World War I • Too young to face the death penalty; sentenced to maximum 20 years in prison • Died of disease in prison in April 1918 Manfred von Richthofen • Most successful flying ace of WWI, popularly known as the “Red Baron” • German fighter pilot instrumental in developing techniques of aerial combat • Painted his plane red to help fellow Germans identify him • Killed in action in April 1918 Woodrow Wilson • Democratic U.S. President from 1913 to 1919, pledged to keep America out of WWI during his 1916 reelection campaign • Then asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany in spring 1917 • Authored the Fourteen Points, which advocated for human rights and selfdetermination for all nations • Failed to gain Congress's ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, meaning U.S. failed to join League of Nations 1915 Lusitania Incident • British passenger ship sunk by German submarine • Resulted in death of 1200 people, including 128 Americans • Press coverage steered public opinion in favor of the Allied side in the war 1917 Zimmermann Telegram • British intercepted telegram from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico • Telegram urged Mexico to fight with Germany against U.S. • Promised Mexico that when the war was won, it would recover the territory it lost to the U.S. in the Mexican-American War (the American Southwest) • Mexico declined the offer, but the leaked telegram was published in the American press, spurring anti-German sentiment in U.S. 1917 U.S. Enters WWI • After 3 years of fighting in Europe, U.S. entered the war • Declaration came after series of events that convinced the American public and the government that Germany was a significant threat to the U.S. • Shortly thereafter, Congress passed the Selective Service Act to draft soldiers free online help for homework, papers, and quizzes pg 1 of 3 1917 Espionage Act • Federal law passed in June 1917, just a few months after the U.S. entered WWI • Imposed fine of $10,000 and 20 years in prison for any interference with the draft or any act that encouraged national disloyalty 1918 Sedition Act • Federal law passed in May 1918 • More repressive than the Espionage Act • Criminalized production of antiwar materials and the delivery of any speech deemed unpatriotic or detrimental to the war effort • Imposed fine and imprisonment on anyone who discouraged military recruiting or criticized the government, the flag, or the military uniform 1919 Treaty of Versailles • Officially ended WWI • Treaty terms included the creation of new League of Nations • U.S. Congress refused to ratify treaty and thus didn’t join League of Nations GROUPS Black Hand • Serbian nationalist group • Included 19 year old Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand Central Powers • WWI alliance of the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria joined later in the war • Became enemy of U.S. after 1917 League of Nations • International deliberative body originally proposed as part of the Fourteen Points, authored by President Woodrow Wilson • Created by the Treaty of Versailles, which ended WWI • U.S. Congress refused to ratify it, thus the U.S. didn’t join Triple Entente • WWI alliance originally comprised of Britain, France, and Russia (a.k.a the Allies) • Fought against the Central Powers in WWI • Italy joined after the war began • After Bolshevik Revolution, Russia pulled out • U.S. joined in April 1917, just before Russia withdrew CONCEP TS Barbed Wire • Fencing material invented in 1873 by Joseph Glidden • First used by farmers and ranchers in the American Great Plains • Used by both sides during WWI to protect trenches and slow enemy attacks • Many died in WWI, killed by barbs or trapped in them and then shot by enemy gunners "Flying Circus" • A German military strategy utilized during WWI • Developed with the help of pilot Manfred von Richthofen, a.k.a the “Red Baron” • A mass air attack that confused Allied air forces Fourteen Points • President Wilson's ambitious plan for a just peace at war's end • Most significant portions called for “selfdetermination” for all nations, formation of League of Nations to resolve disputes • Wilson presented the Points at the Paris Peace talks in 1919, but other Allies insisted upon a more punitive final treaty No Man’s Land • Term used to describe the area between opposing trenches • Could be as wide as several miles or as narrow as a few hundred feet • Extremely dangerous area with flying bullets, artillery shells, and poison gas free online help for homework, papers, and quizzes pg 2 of 3 “Rape of Belgium” • British propaganda term for alleged German atrocities committed after 1914 invasion of Belgium • According to Allies, German armies raped and plundered their way through the country; propaganda tilted American opinion against Germany • Debate still rages today over the truth of the Allies’ claims War of Attrition • Type of military strategy based on wearing down the enemy through continuous warfare • In these conflicts, the power with the greatest resources usually prevails PLAC ES The Somme, France • Site of extraordinarily bloody WWI battle, 1916 • British army suffered 60,000 casualties in one day in failed attack on German trenches Belleau Wood, France • Site of first major battle to feature American soldiers, 1918 Versailles, France • Location of sprawling palace complex built by French royalty • Site of peace talks that ended World War I free online help for homework, papers, and quizzes pg 3 of 3