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Exploring Geography
Exploring Geography
Terms to Know
Places to Locate
• location 
• formal region 
• Equator 
• absolute location 
• functional region 
• North Pole 
• hemisphere 
• perceptual region 
• South Pole 
• grid system 
• ecosystem 
• Prime Meridian
• relative location 
• movement 
• place 
• human-environment
interaction
• region 
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Section 1–2
Section 1–3
The Elements of Geography
The World in Spatial Terms
• Geographers are specialists who
describe Earth’s physical and human
features and the interactions of people,
places, and environments.
Spatial relations means “relations in
space”: how places, people, and features
of the earth are connected because of
their locations. 
• Absolute location The exact latitude
and longitude at which a place is found
on the globe is its absolute location. 
• Relative location Relative location
describes a place’s location in relation to
another place.
(pages 19–20)
(pages 20–21)
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Section 1–6
Section 1–8
Places and Regions
Places and Regions (cont.)
• A place is a particular space on Earth
with physical and human meaning. 
• A functional region is a central place
and the outlying areas linked to it by
transit systems, for example. 
• A region, larger than a place, is a group
of places that are united by shared
characteristics. 
• A formal region, or uniform region, is an
area defined by a common characteristic.
• A perceptual region is defined by
popular feelings and images rather than
by objective data.
(page 21)
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(page 21)
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Section 1–10
Section 1–11
1
Physical Systems
Human Systems
• Physical systems–volcanoes, floods, and
hurricanes–shape the earth’s surface.
• People affect the earth by settling it,
forming societies, and migrating. 
• People also move goods and ideas
to new places.
(pages 21–22)
(page 22)
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Section 1–13
Section 1–15
Environment and Society
The Uses of Geography
• People affect the environment by clearing
or planting forests, building industries
and cities, and hunting animals. 
• Geographers provide important
information about the planet’s physical
features and processes, living things,
and human systems. Such information
describes the planet and contributes to
planning for future needs.
• Features of the environment such as
mountain ranges and deserts often pose
barriers to human migration.
(page 22)
(page 22)
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Section 1–17
Section 1–19
The Geographer’s Craft
Branches of Geography
Terms to Know
• Physical geography focuses on the
study of Earth’s physical features. 
• physical geography 
• Human geography, or cultural
geography, studies human activities
and their relationship to the
environment.
• human geography 
• meteorology 
• cartography 
• geographic information systems (GIS)
(pages 23–24)
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Section 2–2
Section 2–5
2
Geographers at Work
Geographers at Work
• Direct Observation Going to a
geographic location to see what it
is like is direct observation. 
• Interviewing Cultural geographers often
interview the people whose activities they
study. 
• Sometimes geographers rely on aerial
or satellite photographs. 
• Statistics Geographers use statistics
to present data, find patterns, and study
populations.
• Mapping Cartographers are people
who design and make maps–graphic
representations of places and regions
and more complicated information about
the relationships of people, places, and
things.
(cont.)
(pages 24–26)
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(pages 24–26)
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Section 2–7
Geographers at Work
Section 2–9
Geography and Other Disciplines
(cont.)
• Technology Geographers use
advanced technology–satellite photos,
radar, and geographic information
systems (GIS)–to study the
environment, the weather, and human
settlement patterns.
• History and Government Geographers
study history and government to
understand changes that have taken
place over time. 
• Culture Human geographers study
sociology and anthropology to learn how
people have interacted with their
environment over time.
(pages 24–26)
(pages 26–27)
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Section 2–11
Section 2–13
Geography and Other Disciplines
Geography as a Career
• Economics Geographers study
economics to understand how the
location of resources affects the ways
people make, transport, and use goods
and provide services.
• Knowledge of geography helps people
who work in many other fields.
(cont.)
(pages 26–27)
Section 2–14
(page 27)
Section 2–16
3
Section 1: Exploring Geography
Key Points
(pages 19–22)
• Geographers study the earth’s physical and
human features and their interrelationships. 
• Geographers use absolute and relative
locations as reference points. 
• Geographers identify three types of regions–
formal, functional, and perceptual. 
• Geography contributes knowledge about the
relationships among human activities, the
earth’s physical systems, and the environment
in order to develop a better future.
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Section 2: The Geographer’s Craft
Key Points
(pages 23–27)
• Geographers use special research skills, such
as direct observation, mapping, interviewing,
statistics, and technology. 
• Studying other social sciences helps
geographers analyze the patterns and
relationships among these different fields. 
• Geographers can specialize and may work in
government, business, science, planning, or
education.
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Chapter Summary 1
Chapter Summary 2
Maps and Charts 1
Maps and Charts 2
Maps and Charts 3
Political Map Transparency
4