Download Supplementary Data (Online) Long-term studies on

Supplementary Data (Online) Long-term studies on wild population of vertebrates,
which have estimated heritabilities (h2), selection intensities (s') and selection
gradients (β) and made predictions about expected and observed responses to
selection. ‘Observed phenotypic change’ indicates whether phenotypic trends matched
the expectation from selection (opposite: phenotypic trend opposite to expectation
based on selection; no change: phenotypes showed no time-trend although a
decrease/increase was expected; as expected: phenotypic trend matched expectation
from selection). ‘Years’ gives the number of years over which the study was carried
out.
Species
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Cervus elaphus
Ovis aries
Ovis aries
Ovis canadensis
Ovis canadensis
Tamiascurus
hudsonicus
Tamiascurus
hudsonicus
Anser caerulescens
Anser caerulescens
Branta leucopsis
Branta leucopsis
Cygnus olor
Geospiza fortis
Geospiza fortis
Geospiza fortis
Geospiza scandens
Geospiza scandens
Geospiza scandens
Ficedula albicollis
Ficedula albicollis
Ficedula albicollis
Ficedula albicollis
Parus caeruleus
Parus caeruleus
Parus caeruleus
Parus caeruleus
Parus major
Parus major
Parus major
Parus major
Parus major
Observed
phenotypic change
opposite
h2
0.33
s'
0.44
β
0.44
Years
29
Reference
1
as expected
heritable
-0.647
-0.639
26
2
no change
0.25
0.22
29
3, 4
no change
0.11
0.4
29
3, 4
no change
0.24
0.07
10
5, 6
no change
as expected
as expected
0.12
0.23
0.39
0.11
-0.295
-0.331
12
29
26
5, 6
7, 8
7, 8
Growth rateg
as expected2
0.1
12
9
Parturition dateh
Body sizei
Clutch sizej
Tarsus length
(females)k
Tarsus length
(males)k
Clutch sizel
Beak shapem
Beak sizen
Body sizeo
Beak shapep
Beak sizeq
Body sizer
Breeding times
Relative masst
Tarsus length
Tarsus lengthu
Body mass (P)v
Body mass (R)w
Tarsus length (P)x
Tarsus length (R)y
Breeding timez
Clutch sizeaa
Egg sizeab
Fledging mass
Fledging mass
(East)ac
as expected
opposite
opposite
0.16
0.5
0.2
-0.17
positive
0.3
10
18
20
10, 11
12, 13
14-16
opposite
0.53
0.093
13
17, 18
opposite
as expected
as expected
as expected
as expected
as expected
as expected
as expected
no change
opposite
no change
no change
no change
no change
no change
no change
no change
no change
no change
opposite
0.53
0.195
heritable
heritable
heritable
heritable
heritable
heritable
0.19
0.3
0.52
0.35
0.267
0.349
0.469
0.483
0.17
0.51
0.8
0.239
0.03
0.662
variable
variable
variable
variable
variable
variable
-0.221
0.23
0.12
0.183
0.314
0.421
0.274
0.212
-0.215
positive
0.38
0.209
13
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
19
17
4
17
14
12
13
12
30
23
7
36
17, 18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
22, 23
24
25
26
26
26
26
27
28
29
30
opposite
0.199
0.14
36
31
Trait1
Antler massa
Birth date (males
and females)b
Birth mass
(females)c
Birth mass
(males)c
Body mass
(females)d
Body mass
(males)d
Body weighte
Horn lengthf
-0.206
-0.24
-0.24
0.519
-0.281
0.03
0.197
0.189
0.419
0.186
-0.001
Parus major
Fledging mass
(North)ad
no change
0.294
0.179
36
31
1
Letters indicate which traits were included and the same letter indicates traits were
regarded as dependent and pooled in Fig.1.
2
As exptected when maternal effects are taken into account.
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