Download 05 APBio Objectives Ch 11, 12, 13, 45, 46, 47 (parts)

AP Biology -- John Burroughs School -- M. Bahe
Objectives for Test Five: Chapter 11 (parts), 12, 13, 45 (parts), 46 (parts), & 47 (parts):
Cell Division & Cell Communication with applications to hormones & reproduction
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In an ecosystem, draw the relationship between light energy, photosynthesis, food, cellular respiration,
Describe the advantages & disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.
Compare the role of mitosis in a single-celled organism to that in a multi-celled one.
Compare the genetic information found in one of your body cells to that found in other body cells.
Explain shy DNA needs to be replicated prior to cell division.
Describe asexual reproduction (binary fission) in prokaryotes (use your text; we did not discuss this).
Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, chromatin, sister chromatids, and chromosome.
Identify the different stages of the cell cycle and label them on a circular diagram. Explain where
mitosis fits into the cell cycle.
Describe what takes place during each stage of Interphase.
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
Describe the events during each phase of Mitosis.
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
Describe and compare the process of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.
Explain how the spindle helps elongate the cell and move the chromosomes to the poles.
Explain the purpose of a checkpoint and identify what the cell is checking for at the G1, G2 and M
checkpoints.
Explain the relationship between cancer and control of cell division.
LAB: Determine the time needed for completion of Interphase and each stage of Mitosis by counting
cells in each phase in a sample of cells.
Identify (in pictures) the different phases of mitosis plus interphase.
Summarize the experiment performed on minnows with black spot disease that support the concept
that sexually reproducing organisms are produced against parasites because of their increased
variation from sexual reproduction. (This is from the “Why Sex” video segment)
Give examples of asexual reproduction in animals.
Distinguish between the following terms:
a. Diploid and Haploid
b. Gonads and Gametes
c. Somatic cells and Sex (germ) cells
d. Autosomal chromosomes and Sex chromosomes
e. Chromatin and Chromosomes
f. Sister Chromatids and Chromosomes
g. Chromosomes and Homologous Chromosomes
Explain why meiosis is needed and used for gamete production in animals but not in plants.
Tell the ploidy (N or 2N) of cells in the at the end of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II. Given a species'
diploid number, predict the number of chromosomes in its somatic cells and gametes. (See the binder
practice sheet)
Identify in pictures and discuss the events of the following phases of Meiosis.
a. Interphase I
b. Meiosis I (Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I)
c. Interphase II (how is it different from interphase I?)
d. Meiosis II (Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, TelophaseII)
Identify when and where Meiosis occurs in animals and plants (See your life cycle diagrams).
Compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
Describe independent assortment and its impact on gametes.
Diagram and describe crossing over and tell its impact on gametes.
Identify several abnormalities caused by nondisjunction.
Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Pay particular attention to how the phases of Meiosis I are
different from the corresponding phases of Mitosis (e.g. compare prophase to prophase I)
Explain how meiosis, mutations, crossing over, independent assortment, and fertilization all play a
vital role in introducing variation into a population.
AP Biology -- John Burroughs School -- M. Bahe
30. The cell cycle is regulated by the a combination of cyclins and Cdks (cyclin-dependent kinases).
Explain the role of cyclins and Cdks in regulation of the cell cycle. You can use MFP or PDGF as an
example.
31. Explain two external factors that also regulate cell division.
32. Discuss the role of growth factors in stimulating cell division.
33. Regarding cell communication, distinguish between a signal, receptor, signal transduction, signal
amplification, and response. What is a hormone?
34. Using epinephrine as an example, summarize the sequence of events leading to the conversion of
glycogen to glucose under the influence of epinephrine.
35. Explain how epinephrine can cause different effects in different cell types.
36. Water soluble signals (like proteins) and lipid soluble signals (like steroids) cause their effect on cells in
the exact same way. Distinguish between them.
37. Identify various types of cell communication.
38. Explain how just a few signal molecules can lead to thousands of molecules being activated within a
cell.
39. Identify an example and explain the purpose of second messengers.
40. Define apoptosis.
41. Using insulin and glucagon as examples, explain the negative feedback look involved in the regulation
of blood glucose levels.
42. Distinguish between Diabetes type I (juvenile) and type II (adult onset). Where is the problem in the
cell communication pathway?
43. Identify the interplay between the hormones of male and female human reproductive systems:
testosterone, GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and HCG
44. LAB: Once an egg is fertilized, it begins cell division (cleavage) and the cells then go through a set of
movements before the cells specialized. Identify the early stages of an embryo in sea urchins, frogs,
birds and humans (cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and neurulaion).
45. In order for successful fertilization, a sperm must communication with an egg. Explain how this
occurs and leads to the fast and low block to polyspermy. (If we discuss this in our lab).
46. THERE WILL BE NOTHING ON PLANT HORMONES ON THIS TEST. ALSO ELIMINTE SECTIONS
45.3 AND 45.4.
47. At the end of each chapter you should be able to answer the following questions:
a. Chapter 11: 1, 6, 7, (9 – Draw, don’t think you’d need to memorize this; it’s practice
understanding a cell signaling pathway)
b. Chapter 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12
c. Chapter 13: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, (12 – not on this test but a good lead in to our next unit)
d. Chapter 45: 1, 3,
e. Chapter 46: 5, 6,
f. Chapter 47: 1, 3, 4, 5, 7-maybe, 8
Some Examples of Calculation questions: These might be the actual questions.
48. Given cell counts in several fields of view of cells in the various stages of mitosis and interphase,
calculate the amount of time each phase requires in the cell cycle and/or in mitosis.
49. Given a species diploid number of chromosomes for a species, calculate the number of chromosomal
combinations that are possible with independent assortment and with random fertilization.
50. **Design an experiment to test the effect of an environmental variable (say the presence of lectin or
caffeine) on the rate of mitosis. Calculate the Chi-square statistic and use it to evaluate the null and
experimental hypotheses. (Guaranteed to be a question on your test!)
51. Any of the objectives above can be converted into a short answer question. In addition, the following
questions are sections of older AP questions and could be possible short answer questions:
52. Several human disorders occur as a result of defects in the meiotic process. Identify ONE such
chromosomal abnormality; what effects does it have on the phenotype of the people with the disorder?
Describe how this abnormality could result from a defect in meiosis.
53. Explain how the reduction and rearrangement are accomplished in meiosis.
54. Production of offspring by parthenogenesis or cloning bypasses the typical meiotic process. Describe
either parthenogenesis or cloning and compare the genomes of he offspring with those of the parents.
55. Homeostasis, maintaining a steady-state internal environment, is a characteristic of all living
organisms. Dscribe how homeostasis of blood-glucose levels is maintained in an organism of your
choice.
56. Feedback mechanisms are used by organisms to maintain the steady-state physiological condition
known as homeostasis. Explain how feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis of blood glucose
levels.
AP Biology -- John Burroughs School -- M. Bahe
57. What environmental conditions would favor sexual reproduction? Explain. What environmental
conditions would favor asexual reproduction? Explain.
58. Discuss the processes of cleavage, gastrulation, or neurulation in the frog embryo; tell what each
process accomplishes.
59. Information transfer is fundamental to all living organisms. Explain in detail how the genetic material
in one eukaryotic cell distributed to two identical daughter cells once I has been copied.
60. The survival of organisms depends on regulatory mechanisms at various levels. Explain how the cell
cycle is regulated.
61. How feedback mechanisms regulate the menstrual cycle in a nonpregnant human female.
62. Describe how the amniotic egg (as an adaptation) has increased the evolutionary success of the
organisms that possess it. Include in your discussion the structure and function related to it.
63. Indicate when and how each of the following occurs in meiosis. Discuss an advantage or
disadvantage associated with each
a. Crossing over
b. Nondisjunction
64. Compare and contrast the origin and maturation of the male and female gametes in mammal.
The Essay to write DURING THE TEST.
(#201)
Homeostatic maintenance of optimal blood glucose levels has been intensively studied in vertebrate
organisms. (I may have you write on only part of this question).
(a) Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels. Identify TWO pancreatic hormones and describe the
effect of each hormone on blood glucose levels.
(b) For ONE of the hormones you identified in (a), identify ONE target cell and discuss the mechanism by
which the hormone can alter activity in that target cell. Include in your discussion a description of
reception, cellular transduction, and response.
(c) Compare the cell-signaling mechanisms of steroid hormones and protein hormones.